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Arduino™ for Musicians
Arduino™ for Musicians
A Complete Guide to Arduino
and Teensy Microcontrollers

Brent Edstrom

1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

© Oxford University Press 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with
the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Edstrom, Brent.
Arduino for musicians: a complete guide to Arduino and teensy microcontrollers/Brent Edstrom.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-930931-3 (hardcover: alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-19-930932-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Electronic musical instruments—Construction. 2. Arduino (Programmable controller)
3. Microcontrollers—Programming. 4. MIDI controllers—Construction. I. Title.
ML1092.E37 2016
784.190285—dc23
2015024668

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Webcom, Canada on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to my brother, Brian.
Contents
vii

Preface • xxi
Acknowledgments • xxvii
About the Companion Website • xxix

1 Getting Started • 1
Who This Book Is For • 1
What Is Arduino? • 2
What You Can Do with Arduino • 2
What You Can’t Do with Arduino • 3
The Lay of the Land • 3
The Arduino Family • 3
Programming and the Arduino IDE • 6
Circuitry • 6
Review • 7
Design Cycle • 7
Organization of the Book • 8
Things You Will Need to Get Started • 10
Beginner • 10
Intermediate • 11
Advanced • 11
Purchasing Parts • 12
Conclusion • 12

2 Introduction to Programming • 13
What Is a Programming Language? • 14
Why the C Language? • 14
Getting Started • 15
Writing Your First Sketch • 16
Error Messages • 17
Uploading a Program • 18
 Contents

“Hello, world!” in Detail • 19

Functions • 19
Serial Output • 20
viii
Adding Comments • 22
Code Improvisation • 22
Variables, Data Types, and Operators • 22
Initializing Variables • 23
Operators • 23
Code Improvisation • 24
Data Types • 24
Signed and Unsigned Data Types • 25
Universal Data Types • 26
Constants • 27
Enumerations • 27
Comparison Operators and Control Structures • 28
“If” Statements • 29
Boolean Operators • 30
Switch Statements • 31
Code Improvisation • 31
Control Loops • 32
While Loop • 33
Do While Loop • 33
For Loop • 34
Endless Loops • 35
Practical Application • 35
Code Improvisation • 37
Writing a First Function • 37
Function Parameters • 38
Using a Custom Function • 38
A First Sketch Involving Hardware • 42
Introduction to Arrays • 44
Array Syntax • 44
Array Initialization • 45
 Contents

The Ugly Truth: Working with Text in C • 48

String Literals • 48
Character Arrays • 48
ix
An Easier Way: Using the String Class • 49
String Class Example • 49
A Complete Demonstration Program • 50
Playing the Tempo Game • 51
Setup • 51
newGame() Function • 52
Helper Functions • 52
Main loop() • 53
Conclusion • 54

3 Introduction to Electronics • 55
Overview • 55
Pep Talk • 55
Safety Warning • 56
Tools and Process • 57
A First Circuit • 58
9V Battery • 58
SPST Switch • 59
Resistor • 59
LED • 59
Using a Breadboard • 60
A First Breadboard Project • 60
Ohm’s Law • 61
Conceptualizing Voltage, Current, and Resistance • 61
Using Ohm’s Law • 62
Units of Measurement • 63
Practical Example of Ohm’s Law • 64
Using a Digital Multimeter • 65
Measuring Voltage • 65
Measuring Current • 66
Measuring Resistance • 67
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 Contents

A Word About Resistor Color Codes • 68

Safety Diode and Potentiometer • 70
Emergency Music Stand Light • 71
x
Transistors • 72
Incorporating a Photoresistor and Transistor • 73
Cigar Box Amplifier • 73
Operational Amplifier • 74
Capacitors • 75
Calculating Capacitance • 76
Connecting an Audio Signal to the Amplifier • 77
Completed Project • 77
Simple Theremin • 79
Hex Inverter • 79
Phase-Locked Loop IC • 80
Mocking Up the Simple Theremin • 80
Conclusion • 80

4 Interfacing with Arduino • 82

Overview of Arduino UNO • 83
A Caution • 84
Overview of the Metronome Project • 84
Metronome with Speaker • 84
Metronome with Potentiometer • 85
Metronome with Pushbutton Switch • 88
Complete Source Code • 92
Metronome with Quadrature Rotary Encoder • 94
Conclusion • 96

5 Music Instrument Digital Interface I/O • 97

What Is MIDI? • 97
MIDI Ports • 98
MIDI OUT Port • 98
MIDI IN Port • 98
MIDI THRU Port • 99
 Contents

MIDI Messages • 99
Status Byte • 99
Data Byte • 100
xi
Channel Messages and System Messages • 100
Channel Voice Messages • 100
Other Control Changes and Mode Changes • 107
Channel Mode Messages • 108
System Messages • 109
System Common Messages • 109
System Real-Time Messages • 109
System Exclusive Messages • 110
Universal System Exclusive Messages • 111
MIDI Hardware • 114
MIDI Output • 114
MIDI Receiver Circuit • 120
MIDI THRU • 120
Creating Permanent MIDI Circuits • 120
USB MIDI with Teensy • 124
Configuring Teensy • 125
Conclusion • 127

6 Real-Time Input: Musical Expression • 128

Force-Sensitive Resistor • 129
Wiring an FSR • 129
Force-Sensitive Drum Pad • 130
Nintendo DS Touch Screen • 132
Wiring • 132
Reading the X and Y Positions • 133
Pressure Sensor • 135
Pressure Sensor Unit • 135
Wiring the Pressure Sensor • 135
Reading Values from the Pressure Sensor • 135
Joystick • 137
Wiring a Joystick • 137
 Contents

Reading Values from a Joystick • 137

Joystick Sensitivity • 139
Wii Nunchuck • 139
xii
Nunchuck Library • 140
Conclusion • 141

7 Music-Making Shields • 143

Overview • 143
Music Instrument Shield (SparkFun Electronics) • 143
Using the Shield • 144
“Steve Reich” Sketch • 147
Adafruit Wave Shield • 149
Wave Shield Library • 149
Pin Assignments • 150
Preparing Audio Files for Use with the Wave Shield • 150
Loading a File • 151
WaveHC Member Functions and Data Members • 152
Demonstration Sketch • 153
GinSing • 155
Voice Mode • 156
Synthesizer Mode • 158
Mini Synthesizer Project • 159
Gameduino • 162
Using the Gameduino • 163
Additive Synthesis • 164
Additive Gameduino Synthesizer • 164
Using a Structure and an Array • 164
Main Loop() • 166
Codec Shield • 170
Using the Codec Shield • 170
Conclusion • 171

8 Introduction to C++ Programming • 173

Overview: Moving Away from a Procedural Approach • 173
 Contents

Using Objects • 173

Moving to C++ • 174
Classes • 174
xiii
Anatomy of a Class • 175
Member Variables • 176
Public and Private Keywords • 177
Constructors and Destructors • 177
Source File • 178
Destructor • 179
Class Methods • 180
Using a Class • 183
More on Overriding Methods • 183
Other Topics • 184
Developing a Rotary Encoder Class • 184
trackShaftPosition() • 186
Using RotaryEncoder • 187
Making Your Own Library • 187
Developing a 12-Tone Matrix Class • 188
Tone Row • 188
Overview of Design • 190
Header File • 191
Source File • 192
Using ToneRow in a Sketch • 194
Conclusion • 196

9 Audio Output and Sound Synthesis • 197

Analog vs. Digital • 197
Sample Rate and Resolution • 198
Resolution • 199
Conceptualizing a Digital Audio Converter • 199
Digital Audio Conversion • 200
R2R Ladder • 200
DAC Integrated Circuit • 209
TLC7226 Pinout • 209
 Contents

Sound Synthesis • 210

Waveforms • 211
Generating a Waveform • 212
xiv
Synthesizing a Ramp Waveform • 213
Fixed-Point Math • 214
Example 1 • 215
Example 2 • 216
Tuning Oscillator • 216
Volatile Variables • 217
Developing an Oscillator Class • 219
Inheritance • 219
An Oscillator Base Class • 220
Using Inheritance to Create a Ramp Oscillator • 224
Sawtooth Oscillator • 225
Pulse-Width Oscillator • 225
Triangle Oscillator • 227
Noise Generator • 228
Using a Lookup Table • 229
Using Oscillators • 231
Modulation • 233
Introduction to Mozzi • 234
Pulse-Width Modulation • 234
Circuit for PWM Output • 235
A First Mozzi Sketch • 236
Incorporating a Filter • 239
Summing Signals and Adjusting Levels • 240
Further Exploration • 241
Audio Output with Teensy 3 • 241
Exploring Teensy 3 • 243

10 Audio Input • 244

Overview • 244
Analog-to-Digital Conversion • 244
Preparing a Signal for Input • 245
 Contents

Setting Up a Timer for Analog-to-Digital Conversion • 248

Building a Simple Arduino Preamp • 251
Building an Electret Microphone • 252
xv
Visualizing Audio Data • 253
Interfacing with Processing • 254
Testing Waveform View • 257
Fourier Transform • 257
Using Data from the FHT • 259
Spectrum Analyzer • 259
Other Uses for FFT and FHT • 261
A Brief Introduction to Signal Processing • 262
A Few Words About Buffers • 262
Delay • 263
Variable Delay • 264
Tremolo • 267
High-End Audio Using the Open Music Labs Codec Shield for
Real-Time Processing • 269
Using Mozzi for Audio Input and Processing • 272
Hardware Setup • 272
Software Setup • 272
Setting Up a Low-Pass Filter • 272
updateControl() Mechanism • 273
Using mozziAnalogRead() • 273
Scaling Amplitude in updateAudio() • 273
Conclusion • 274

11 Finalizing Projects • 275

Creating a Permanent Project • 275
Personal Safety • 275
Fire Safety • 276
Protecting Sensitive Electronic Components • 276
Tools • 276
Essential Tools • 276
Helpful Tools • 277
 Contents

Visualizing a Final Project • 277

Prototype • 277
Component Connections • 277
xvi
Attaching Components • 278
Consider the Enclosure • 278
Paper Panel Mock-up • 278
Print Drilling/Cutting Guides • 278
Test Drill Bits • 279
Moving from a Solderless Breadboard to a Solder
Breadboard • 279
Staying Neat: Layout and Wires • 279
Consistent Layout • 280
IC Sockets • 280
Solder Breadboard Options • 280
Homemade Printed Circuit Boards • 282
Ordering Online Printed Circuit Boards • 282
Soldering • 283
Solder • 284
Tinning • 284
Soldering Process • 284
Speed • 285
Appearance • 285
Holding Parts in Place • 285
Practical Application • 285
Soldering Étude 1 • 286
Soldering Étude 2 • 286
Project Boxes • 287
Wood Box • 287
Plexiglas Enclosure • 289
Front Panels • 289
Conclusion • 290

12 Standalone Arduino • 292

Why Standalone Arduino? • 292
 Contents

Parts • 292
7805 Voltage Regulator • 293
ATmega328 • 294
xvii
Burning a Bootloader to a Blank ATmega328 • 296
Programming Options • 297
Other Programming Options • 299
A Demonstration Project • 300
Rotary Encoder with Switch • 300
Complete Circuit • 301
Code • 301
7-Segment Serial Display • 303
Finalizing the Project • 303

13 MIDI Hand Drum Project • 306

Overview • 306
Mongo: MIDI Bongo Drum • 307
Hardware • 308
Getting Started • 308
Making Connections • 309
Developing the Mongo Firmware • 310
Software Setup, Global Constants, and Variables • 311
TouchPad Class • 313
Program Logic • 315
Storing Data • 321
Helper Functions • 322
Building the Mongo Drum • 324
Circuit Design • 324
Creating an Enclosure • 325
Joining the Sides • 325
Attaching the Bottom • 326
Adding Corner Posts and Circuit Base • 326
Installing Components on the Face Plate • 326
Finishing the Build • 327
Moving On • 328
 Contents

14 Stella Synthesizer Project • 329

Stella Digital/Analog Synthesizer • 329
Front Panel • 330
xviii
Circuitry • 332
Software: Encoders and Buttons • 333
Serial7Segment Class • 334
Preamble • 335
Setup() • 337
Stella Synth Tasks • 338
SetFrequencyFromMidiNote() • 343
updateAudio() • 345
Stella Synth in Action • 346
Enhancements • 347
Conclusion • 347

15 Step Sequencer Project • 348

Hardware and Function • 348
Getting Started • 349
Making Connections • 350
Step Sequencer Software • 353
Program Logic • 357
Using the Shift Out IC: turnOnLED() • 365
Playback • 366
Building the Step Sequencer • 367
Primary Circuit • 367
LED Circuit • 368
Shift-Register Circuit • 368
Enclosure • 368
Other Enhancements • 369

16 Emöte MIDI Controller • 370

Circuit • 370
Enclosure • 371
Code • 372
 Contents

Constants and Variables • 372

MIDI Breath Controller Class • 372
MIDI Joystick Class • 374
xix
Mapping Modulation Values (Y-Axis) • 374
Mapping Pitch Bend (X-Axis) • 376
Main loop() • 377
Conclusion • 378

Conclusion • 379

Appendix A MIDI Control Changes • 381

Appendix B MMC Commands • 388
Appendix C Introduction to Bit Twiddling • 390
Notes • 399
Bibliography • 405
Index • 411
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Preface
xxi

It,s just that the digital revolution has now reached the workshop, the
lair of Real Stuff, and there it may have its greatest impact yet. Not
just the workshops themselves (although they,re getting pretty cool
these days), but more what can be done in the physical world by regular
people with extraordinary tools.1

Chris Anderson, author of Makers, the New Industrial Revolution, makes a

good point. We live in an era of almost unimaginable creative potential where
a $3.00 microcontroller is capable of doing 16-million instructions per second,
3-D printers can bring an idea into the physical realm, and the Web can con-
nect creative people from around the globe. This book is about tapping into
the creative potential of Arduino—one of the most popular tools of the maker
movement.

What is Arduino?
Arduino is the name of an open-source electronics platform built around mi-
crocontrollers that are functionally similar to a small computer. Although you
won’t use an Arduino to balance your checkbook or run music notation soft-
ware, Arduino microcontrollers are perfectly suited to an incredible range of
musical applications from sound synthesis to custom MIDI control systems.
With the proper tools and knowhow, it is possible to connect circuits to the
microcontroller and use a programming language to tell the “brains” of the
microcontroller what to do. In this sense, you might think of an Arduino as an
autonomous device that can function as a digital/analog synthesizer, MIDI
controller, pitch converter, or for any number of other musical applications.
An Arduino UNO (one of the most popular Arduino microcontrollers)
is shown in Figure 1. (You will learn more about different types of Arduino
microcontrollers and how to use them in Chapter 1.)
 Preface

xxii

Figure 1
Arduino™ UNO.

Extension of the Creative Process

One of the things I most enjoy about exploring Arduino technology is the
vast creative potential. Where a piece of blank manuscript holds the poten-
tial for an unlimited number of musical expressions, Arduino (and related
microcontrollers) provide a nearly limitless potential for creating new per-
formance control systems and sound sources. This extension of creative po-
tential into the physical realm has profound implications: It is now possible

Figure 2
Stella synthesizer.
 Preface

to not only envision but to actually create devices that respond to breath,
touch, proximity, light, or other forms of input. Figures 2 through 4 illus-
trate just a few of the many creations I have enjoyed developing with
Arduino microcontroller technology:
xxiii

Figure 3
Emote MIDI breath
controller.

Figure 4
Step sequencer/
synthesizer.

The Road to Parnassus

In the chapters that follow, you will learn how to program an Arduino and how
to create circuits that will interact with the device. You will also learn about
concepts such as MIDI, direct digital synthesis, and audio input and output that
will help you to unlock an Arduino’s musical potential. By the end of the book
you will be rewarded with a newfound ability to envision and create your own
Arduino projects.
 Preface

How to Use the Book

The book is organized in three primary sections consisting of building-block
chapters, intermediate concepts, and demonstration projects. Readers who are
xxiv new to programming or circuitry will want to take the time to read through the
building-block chapters before attempting projects in the final section of the
book. Readers with a background in electronics will likely want to skip to spe-
cific concepts that are of interest such as MIDI input and output or direct digital
synthesis.
Programmers often talk about object-oriented design, and that is a good
metaphor for using the book. As you read, consider how concepts such as force
sensitivity, MIDI, or audio output could be utilized and combined as building
blocks for your own projects; and be sure to experiment and adapt the concepts
to your own use. This approach will foster a deeper understanding of the mate-
rial and will help you to more easily utilize the concepts in your own work.

Why I Wrote the Book

When I started exploring the potential of Arduino several years ago, I did not
envision that my work would lead to a publication. After all, there are dozens of
good websites and numerous books devoted to Arduino. However, I was fre-
quently frustrated by a lack of centralized information that would enable me to
tap into the musical potential of the Arduino. As my knowledge and confidence
grew, I realized that there must be many other musicians who would benefit by
a book that focuses on the musical potential of the platform, and the seed for
the book was planted.
While most of the concepts in this book can be found in books and various
websites, the sheer volume and complexity of information can be daunting:
Arduino projects not only involve programming and circuitry, they require spe-
cific components, design considerations, soldering, and many other skills to bring
a project to fruition. My sincere hope is that this book provides a useful introduc-
tion to the topic that will enable you to realize your own creative projects. Although
the process can be challenging at times, rest assured that it is not unduly difficult.
There is no false modesty when I say, “if I can do it, you can, too.”

Safety Tips
Although the risk of bodily injury is slight for projects involving low-voltage
circuitry, potential hazards such as an exploding battery or fire could result
from a short circuit or other problem. Further, it should be understood that
there is a potential for damage to components including (but not limited to)
computers, microcontrollers, integrated circuits, and other components when
experimental circuits are connected to such devices.
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(Macmillan) 4s. 6d.
Too beautiful and earnest not to be well worth reading.
588. Four Winds Farm. By Mrs. Molesworth. (Macmillan)
One of the best of Mrs. Molesworth’s dream-like tales.
589. Down the Snow Stairs. By Alice Corkran. (Blackie) 6s.
Of the same type.
 MOTHERS’ MEETINGS.
Weary, hardworked women thoroughly enjoy a bit of interesting
reading, whether pathetic or droll. Foreign tales or those of
adventure do not, as a rule, interest them, and the old-fashioned
book, where a preternaturally wise dame instructs her neighbours is
too much a lecture in disguise. By all means, let there be some
religious reading, then if possible some on sanitary habits, domestic
economy and management of children, but not under the disguise of
a story. A good, genuine fiction gives them a real interest and
something to talk of. It should not appear to be a child’s book or they
will feel insulted, but they like nothing better than when the joys or
sorrows turn on an infant; and there is no better mode of conveying
indirect lessons—to some persons, that is to say, for there are others
who have no notion of applying what they hear to real life. Still,
wholesome amusement is a thing of which they get all too little, and
the pleasure of being read to is one they thoroughly appreciate. Of
course these books are specially fitted for lending to old or young.
They are only classed under the category of books for Mothers’
Meetings because eminently fitted for that purpose as well as for
Lending Library shelves.

FICTION.
590. A Dog’s Mission. By Mrs. Beecher Stowe. (Nelson) 1s. 6d.
A family reconciliation.
591. The Story of the Lost Emerald. By Emma Marshall. (Nelson)
1s.
The loss of an old maid’s much-valued jewel at a fire rouses her to
think of higher things.
592. Pamela’s Bequest. By Mrs. Sandford. (Walter Smith) 2s. 6d.
The bequest is a delicate child, left by a dying mother to a kindly
little formal dressmaker while the father is at sea. The complications
on his return are most effective. When he makes a blundering offer
and gets refused, a listening woman has been known to rap the table
in an ecstasy of enjoyment.
593. Afloat. By Mrs. Stanley Leathes. (John F. Shaw) 3s. 6d.
A family bereaved for a time of a little girl sent adrift in a boat by
an idiot. It excites great interest.
594. Burnt Out. By C. M. Yonge. (Walter Smith) 2s. 6d.
On the demoralising effects of going about with a petition.
595. Aunt Kezia’s Will. By S. M. Sitwell. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
A family quarrel pacified through the love and interest excited by a
blind child.
596. Laddie. (Walter Smith) 1s.
A most touching story of an old peasant woman’s journey to
London to see her son, who has risen to eminence as a doctor.
597. Short Stories for Mothers’ Meetings. By Florence Wilford.
(Masters) 2s.
Well-written stories, especially fitted for those meetings where the
attendance is too irregular for continuous reading to be advisable.
598. Tales for Mission Rooms. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
The first of these is a capital lesson on gossip; the second has a
very touching portrait in it.
599. Meg’s Mistake. By Mrs. O’Reilly. (Strahan)
Originally published as ‘Sussex Stories.’ Very lifelike, and two at
least can be read with admirable effect—namely, ‘Fairy Gold’ and
another bringing in the accident to the London steamboat ‘Princess
Alice.’ The others have been tried, but do not seem as well liked.
Perhaps they are too wordy.
600. Pictures of Cottage Life. By M. Poole. (Macmillan) 3s. 6d.
These are thoroughly delightful. There is an old woman with what
she thinks is a skeleton warning in her eye, also a deserted wife and
an adopted child, who all are completely real and as touching as
they are quaint.
601. The Cottage Next Door. By Helen Shipton. (S.P.C.K.) 1s.
The taming of a rough lad through the helplessness of the pretty
little silly wife and babies whom his brute of a brother abandons for a
while.
602. True Gold. (Church Extension Society) 2s.
A family at the gold-diggings, where the wife realises more at last
by making ginger-beer than the husband by all his find of nuggets,
and her faithful uprightness and industry are the saving of all.
603. Harry’s Discipline. By Laura Lane. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
A good-natured careless young railway porter neglects his mother
till she is almost starved. The lesson is chiefly meant for the sons,
but it deeply affects the mothers, and is a warning to them not to
spoil their boys.
604. The Lion Battalion. Story 2. (See No. 21.)
605. Little Meg’s Children. (See No. 49.)
606. Scenes in a Children’s Hospital. By L. Burke. (R.T.S.) 1s.
Interests the mothers greatly.
607. Wee Willie Winkie. (Cassell) 1s. 6d.
 The beginning, being an old fisherman’s difficulties with a baby
rescued from a wreck, is much enjoyed. The latter part is neither so
natural nor so effective.
608. What a Man Soweth. By G. Stebbing. (Nisbet) 3s. 6d.
A boy perverted by his mother laughing at small pilferings. The
conclusion is improbably happy, but the tale is excellent.
609. The Storm of Life. By Hesba Stretton. (R.T.S.) 1s. 6d.
A painful but very effective story of a poor woman just out of prison
striving to redeem her character and save her little girl from her
wicked husband. The only flaw in the book is the disregard of
baptism for a babe only born to die.
610. An Innocent. By S. M. Sitwell. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
Here a little half-witted girl is the good angel of her rough, careless
parents. The people are very naturally drawn.
611. The Watchers on the Longships. By J. F. Cobb. (Wells
Gardner, Darton, & Co.) 3s. 6d.
A lighthouse story. Very welcome on the coast, where a woman
has been known to lie awake thinking of it.
612. My Little Patient. (Masters) 6d.
Supposed to be told by a doctor. Full of pathos, which touches
mothers more than it does children.
613. Copsley Annals. By Miss Elliot. (Seeley) 5s.
A delightful book for all ages. Perhaps the best for mothers is the
tale that has been published separately under the title of
614. Mrs. Blackett’s Story. 1s.
615. Tried and True. By Florence Wilford. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
The faithfulness of a fly driver, who wins his wife back from habits
of intoxication.
616. Bearing the Yoke. By Helen Shipton. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
A young farmer weighed down by a liability incurred by his father.
617. Young Sixfoot. By Mrs. Garnett. (S.P.C.K.) 6d.
A navvy story, but likely to be highly appreciated by women.
618. Tales of the Bush. By Mrs. Vidal. (Masters) 3s. 6d.
Australian life, but good for all, especially one on Sunday trading.
619. Daddy Dick. By Mrs. Bromfield. 3s. 6d.
The civilisation of a rude lad through a little waif. It appeals to the
maternal sympathy.
620. An Empty House. By E. Wordsworth. (Hatchards) 6d.
A story of much power and beauty, turning on a crime committed
by an intoxicated man.
621. Bede’s Charity. By Hesba Stretton. (R.T.S.) 3s. 6d.
A beautiful and striking tale. No one can better strike the chords of
homely pathos than Hesba Stretton, but all her tales are not equal,
and some are written for special purposes.
622. Friends till Death. By Hesba Stretton. (R.T.S.) 1s. 6d.
The very touching affection of an old shepherd for his helpless
friend.
623. Homes Made and Marred. (R.T.S.) 2s. 6d.
Sensible and useful.
624. Two Christmas Stories. By Hesba Stretton. (R.T.S.) 6d.
The last is specially excellent when a short effective tale is
wanted.
625. Seeketh Not Her Own. (See No. 500.)
626. The Heroine of a Basket Van. By Mary Bramston. (National
Society) 2s. 6d.
 Excellent for mothers as well as children.
627. High and Lowly. By Ellen Davis. (Nisbet) 2s.
Well-told migrations of a retired servant in search of a home. A
Blue Ribbon conquest at the end.
628. For Half-a-Crown. (See No. 114.)
629. A Railway Garden. By Mrs. Sitwell. (S.P.C.K.) 1s.
A bright wife and a nagging wife, also a lesson against being hard
on a sinner.
630. Gran. (Nisbet) 2s. 6d.
A drinking husband suddenly reformed by his child’s death.
631. Five Thousand Pounds. By Agnes Giberne. (Nisbet) 2s.
A sad story of a legacy proving the ruin of a family.
632. The Black Coppice. By Mrs. Lawson. (S.P.C.K.) 1s.
A very excellent narrative of the trials of a poacher’s good wife,
entering more than do many such books into real difficulties in
Church-going.
633. Two Poor Old Women. By Mrs. Lawson. (S.P.C.K.) 12s. per
100.
A spirited tract on content and discontent.

COUNSEL.
When the clergyman will open mothers’ meetings, and give a little
instruction, this is all that is requisite to convey the religious tone. If
he be not there, it may be well to begin with something serious.
Some ladies can explain a chapter of the Bible, but in most cases a
reading will be most convenient for the purpose. Here are a few
suggested:—
634. Letters from an Unknown Friend. By the Author of ‘Charles
Lowder.’ (Kegan Paul) 1s. (See No. 280.)
Short explanations of the claims of the Church, which may be
useful as guarding against Dissent.
635. An Address to Women. By the Bishop of Carlisle. (S.P.C.K.)
2d.
This is a most admirable, practical address given at the time of the
Carlisle Church Congress. It goes into the ordinary trials of woman’s
life with great force, and at the same time gives all encouragement.
636. An Earnest Appeal to Mothers. By Mrs. G. Sumner. (Nisbet)
3d.
Strong and touching appeals to mothers on guarding the purity of
their children from the first.
637. A Few Words to Mothers of Little Children. (Hatchards) 2d.
each or 50 at half-price.
Teaching the same lesson of preserving modesty. These three
little books may be given broadcast, but they will be more effective if
first read.
638. Half-hours at Mothers’ Meetings. 2s.
Some of the little discourses here are very useful. One entitled
‘The Hour of Temper’ merits especial praise.
639. The Chimney Corner. By E. Wordsworth. (Hatchards) 1s.
6d.
640. Short Words for Long Evenings. By E. Wordsworth.
(Hatchards) 1s. 6d.
641. Work-a-Day World. By E. Wordsworth. (Hatchards) 1s. 6d.
All the above three are deeply thoughtful, often poetical, yet simple
moralisings on common things.
642. Plain Words. By the Bishop of Bedford. One series 2s., or in
separate tracts in 3 packets, 1s. each.
The force and beauty of these need no praise here, and they have
the further merit of being just the right length.
643. The Scripture Half-hour at Mothers’ Meetings. (R.T.S.) 2s.
There are some admirable bits here, especially in the way of true
anecdote and application, but some selection may be needful.
644. Bits of Talk on Home Matters. (Sampson Low) 2s.
There are most admirable chapters in this little book; to be valued
by mothers of all degrees. ‘A polite mother’ is an admirable lesson.
The above are serious. Those that follow are domestic and
secular.
645. Ways and Means in a Devonshire Village. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
Conversations on household management and cookery, done with
spirit, and eliciting remarks and comparisons.
646. Lectures on Health. By Mrs. Hallett. (Hatchards) 1s. 6d.
Very useful explanations of sanitary measures in plain language.
647. How to be Well. By Mrs. Hallett. (Walter Smith) 1s.
Good advice on clothing, food, and regulation.
648. Till the Doctor Comes. By Dr. Hope. (R.T.S.) 6d., in cloth 9d.
649. The Making of the Home. By Mrs. C. Barnett. (Cassell) 1s.
6d.
Very good hints on house, health, and clothes.
650. Social Economy Reading Book. (National Society) 2s.
Even better adapted for reading to mothers than by children.

EXTRACTS.
 A few passages are here mentioned as serving well to read aloud
at Mothers’ Meetings, though the whole book might not serve equally
well.
651. The Way of the Cross. By Emily S. Holt. (Shaw) 1s. 6d.
The ‘Web Ismene Wove,’ the third tale in this book, is exceedingly
beautiful, and is an excellent reading near Passiontide. It is the story
of a Greek girl at Jerusalem, who longs to make something to be
used in the service of the God of Israel. The white web she weaves
comes to be sold in haste to Joseph of Arimathæa, and thus her
longing is fulfilled. The second tale is harmless, being of the mother
of Ahaz, and how she spoilt her son; but the first would hardly be
given or read aloud by those who would shrink from the strong
assertion that SS. James, Jude, and Joses were sons of the Blessed
Virgin.
652. The Man on the Top of the Ark, and other Gospel Parables.
By Alexander MacLeod Symington. (Nisbet) 1s.
If at the end of the first parable the reader inserts the text, ‘The like
figure whereunto even Baptism doth now save us,’ the teaching is
complete. The application of the Brazen Serpent and the City of
Refuge is also excellent. They are the Biblical history dramatised, as
it were. (See No. 353.)
653. Catharine and Crawfurd Tait. (Macmillan) 2s. 6d. and 6s.
If the reader can command her voice to get through it, the history
of Mrs. Tait’s successive bereavements will be listened to with
intense interest.
654. Mrs. Gaskell’s Tales. In 7 vols. (Smith, Elder, & Co.) 2s. 6d.
and 3s. 6d. each.
655. Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras.
St. Valentine’s day. Story of a factory girl and a cripple.
656. The Sexton’s Story.
An heroic act of self-sacrifice.
657. Christmas Storms and Sunshine.
A quarrel made up over a baby.
These three admirable stories are bound up with others less useful
in collected editions of Mrs. Gaskell’s Tales, and are not to be had
separately.
658. In Mary Barton, by Mrs. Gaskell (Smith, Elder, & Co.) (see
No. 551),
Job’s description of the two old men’s journey by the coach with
the baby cannot fail to enchant the women.
 FOR MISSIONARY WORKING-
PARTIES.
These are of such very different composition that all that can be
done here is to suggest books bearing on varieties of Mission labour
at home and abroad, such as may interest either cultivated ladies,
middle-class women, or very young people.
659. Home Workers for Foreign Missions. By E. J. Whately.
(R.T.S.) 1s. 6d.
A remarkably sensible, clever book. Should be read by all
beginning a working-party, to show them what to do and what not to
do.
660. Black and White. By H. Forde. (S.P.C.K.) 3s. 6d.
Short sketches of home and foreign missions admirably
sandwiched together.
661. Pioneers and Founders. By C. M. Yonge. (Macmillan) 6s.
Brief biographies of English and American missionaries.
662. Life of Henrietta Robertson. By Anne Mackenzie. (Bell) 3s.
6d.
A record of devoted labours in the earlier days of the Zulu mission.
663. The Story of a Fellow-Soldier. By Frances Awdry.
(Macmillan) 2s. 6d.
A short life of Bishop Patteson.
664. An Elder Sister. By Frances Awdry. (Bemrose) 4s. 6d.
The lives of Charles Mackenzie, first Bishop of Zululand, and his
fellow-worker and sister.
665. Our Maoris. By Lady Martin. (S.P.C.K.) 2s. 6d.
Very life-like accounts of work in New Zealand almost from the first
settlement, often droll, always striking, taken from letters written at
the time the events happened.
666. Three Martyrs of the Nineteenth Century. (S.P.C.K.) 3s. 6d.
Short biographies of Dr. Livingstone, Bishop Patteson, and
General Gordon.
667. A Wider World. By Crona Temple. (S.P.C.K.) 1s.
An attempt to show how interest in missionary life enlarges the
whole mind and interest. The execution is not equal to the
conception, but, such as it is, it may be a useful opening of the
subject.
668. New Ground. By C. M. Yonge. (Walter Smith) 3s.
Story of a missionary’s family in Natal chiefly founded on letters
from the Mackenzie family.
669. Life of Bishop Venables of Nassau. By Rev. W. H. F. King.
(Wells Gardner, Darton, & Co.) 3s. 6d.
670. Life of Bishop Field of Newfoundland. By Rev. H. W.
Tucker. (Wells Gardner, Darton, & Co.) 5s.
Brief and very interesting biographies of two noble-hearted
missionary bishops.
671. Ten Years among the Coloured Folk.
 This is an American clergyman’s experience among the
emancipated negroes of Baltimore. (A small book, about 2s., can no
doubt be procured through Sampson Low.)
672. Dust Ho! By H. A. Forde. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
Descriptions of home mission work.
673. Master Missionaries. By Dr. A. H. Japp. (Unwin) 3s. 6d.
The life of General Oglethorpe, with which this begins, is very
curious and interesting. Fit for the educated.
674. Effie and her Ayah. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
675. Little Tija. (S.P.C.K.) 1s.
Short studies of Indian child life, suited to a simple audience or
those including children.
676. Alone among the Zulus. (S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
The veritable adventures of a lady, some twenty years ago, when
she went to attend a brother who had fallen sick on a hunting
expedition.
677. Mrs. Poynter’s Missionary Box. (S.P.C.K.) 2d.
May be useful in showing how these can be used.
678. My Two Years in an Indian Mission. By H. F. Blackett.
(S.P.C.K.) 1s. 6d.
A vivid picture of actual mission work by the clergy; full of interest
in both town and country work.
679. Ten Years in Melanesia. By the Rev. Alfred Penny. (Wells
Gardner, Darton, & Co.) 5s.
680. Mission Work in British Guiana. By the Rev. W. G. Brett. 3s.
A delightful book, if only regarded as one of travels.
681. Sketches of Sarawak. By Mrs. Macdougall. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
6d.
 There is unfailing interest in the narrative of the devoted life led by
Bishop and Mrs. Macdougall in the days of Rajah Brooke.
682. Glimpses of Maori Land. By Annie R. Butler. (R.T.S.) 5s.
A delightful tour among the clergy in New Zealand.
683. Klatsassan. By C. S. Brown. (S.P.C.K.) 2s.
Missionary work in British Columbia.
684. Straightforward. By H. A. Forde. (Church Extension Society)
1s.
May be reckoned as properly a tale of adventure; but as it results
in intercourse with the Papuans, it might serve well for a work party
needing something of a story to keep up their attention.
685. Our Navvies. By Mrs. Garnett. (Hodder) 3s. 6d.
An excellent book that should be read whenever it is desirable to
interest people in navvy missions.
686. A Promise Kept. (See No. 572.)
 IMPROVING BOOKS.
Under this head are classed those on different countries, on
history, biography, natural history, popular science, and real
adventure.
As has been said before, these are specially suited for prizes, as
they will be read again in after life. For those intended for young
people there will never be any great demand. In almost all lending
libraries they stand still on their shelves with clean pages. We teach
our children too much for them to be willing to learn for themselves.
The appetite may come in after times, and sometimes may exist or
be excited in some particular direction. In cases where young people
are secluded from school by illness, it is desirable on all accounts
that their mental fare should include something besides devotional
books and fiction.
To begin with, the use of maps and the reading lessons at school
make scenes in different countries interesting, and perhaps the
surest books to be appreciated as rewards are those giving pictures
of costumes, &c.

ON DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.
687. All the Russias. By E. C. Phillips. (Cassell) 2s. 6d.