UNIT VI: COMPLEX VARIABLES CHAPTER-11 COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION (fx INTRODUCTION sudents are already acquainted with u defined and the concepts of j function of complex variable is m tility of complex numbers in Electrical Engineering. Functions of complex variable are well it continuity and ditferentiablty ae extended to cover functions of complex variable. Theory of ‘widely used in fluid mechanics, potential theory, electrostatic, electromagnetic engineering and many areas of electronics and ; tranches of engineerin Computer engineering, It is proposed to introduce this subject to the students taking these fu1.2. COMPLEX VARIABLE Arurber ofthe form a + ib where = 1 and ab are certain real numbers, felled a complex number. It can be represented inxoy plane by means ofa point whose cartesian co-ordinates are (a,b). fz = x+.iy where x y are real variables, then 2s called a comple variable. xis the real part of z and y's the imaginary part of z Briefly we write, x= R() and Writing 2 =x + iy 8. From these, = "(cos 6 + i sin 6) and by equating real and imaginary parts, we get x = r cos 6, y = 22794 and tan = i 3 weget = ViF+¥# and tan 0= 4. Heres = ie ys called modulus of z written as [and @ = tant is clled amplitude or argument of z It is written as amp z or arg z Geometrically,“ * le] = 2 [8% some real number represents a circle 2+ y?= a in xoy plane with centre at origin and radius equal to a If 29 = Xo + iyo’ then [zi zah = a ie I + iy) ~ G9 + iol = 2 oF [x ~ HQ) +i a represents a circle (c-10)2+ (yyol? = a with centre at zo = x9 + iyo OF (Ky Ja) and radius equal to a. [z~24] $a represents the interior region of the citcle, including points on the arc of the circle: [z~29] > a represents the exterior region of the circle. 1(2)2.0 represents the entire region above x-axis, including points on the x-ans. 1 (2) « 0 represents the region below x-ai. R() > O represents the region tothe right side of y-ans Ra) O represents the region to the left of y-axis including points on the y-axis. fit:3 FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE. Gin aac ata EEN AA a Consider two complex variables 2 and w. If corresponding to each value of z in some region, there is assigned a value of w, trough the relation w = f (2), then w = f (2 is defined as the function of complex variable z Various examples of the functions of complex variable are = Zw sinz, w= &% w= logzete Consider, wos 2s (cr iPerts2iy + Py or w= yt 2iyeutiv Econ Here u & y) = 2? isthe real part ofthe function w = f 2) and v (xy) = 2xy represents the imaginary part. Similan, We leek) a ehiel =X (cosy +isiny) su siv Here, Rif) = U=eXcosy Tq) = v= eXsiny Various comple functions can be expressed in the form w =f (2)= U (y) + Wy (& ¥) oF W + i Uv Being functions of real vaabes nana y, concepts of Kimi, continuity and ciferentablity of cterental callus of real variable can be applied to ferential calculus of complex variable Yay, «tm foes Wate For y =160, HOF hyo h wa © scanned with OKEN ScannercoMmex OnFERETTIDy _Pvaneeunea mavwnearis maT on) ‘Simian, ‘Yor w = 112) the derivative of f (2) con be defined at, So aiy MEM ana nebo fend f approaches ‘0 via any path. #42) exists, the fat exists. {nt when sist. ungue and friteDefinten of erative ofthe fenton of complex vale 1 Dang Art to hy efniticn ot the derivative of function of real variable x ie {fi a the elementary rules of . ‘splcable n case of comples diferent! calculus. can be easiy estabihed that a 2 Sree Sling + corz Zpogn 93, Ra awmemeen point in some neighbourhood at 4 function (2 said to be analytic ata pint x» 2H defined, and has destvaiv, a every POL Regular, 2 Ta td to be aye tw gion Rif ts enact every point in region ana cates: . ‘Metomorphie. The poiot x « 1, where function ceases to be analytic is called the singular point of the : For example tt)» 4 i diferemiabe eveywhere except a the point x «0, which sa singular point af the function fa , {LS NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR ANALYTIC FUNCTION. ~ ‘We will now investigate the conditions which must be satisfied if the function is analytic. et us assume that { (2) = u + iv is analytic at any point z in region R of the complex plane. This means function f () is «differentiable at all the points in some neighbourhood of the point 2. eth e AN MEERELE ests at a the points In the neighbourhood of, and limi exists and ls unique ith» 0 via any path. rexel he hei Eohe Weh)eiyeny f@ = uaMeMKY) f@oh) = Uaemyeh) eWoeehy shy Fig 124 {Ge ht) = ule, yohy-ule yl rivorshyy + hy=vi%y) tim , a ea haysbicunetee chars mire) ra ence Ty hy ‘ASI +0 hy +0, hy» O and the point Q approaches P, Let us consider the path QRP, via this path hy —+0 first and then hy -+ 0. * toi [eocmucotn, wer neve] bo hy hy tin ves Y-ubey) lim vies hy —voey) “hwo hy tho hy um of 2 = ‘Now, we consider the path QSP. tn this case, hy +0 fest and then hy» 0. ‘ tre 0 iM [feremd—woey fuley + hyavte 18 = yao Pe) : im Eu myehy-Uley tim voey+ had=viKyd hwOT hy tho hy wim Mm Hoy * ay" “ley * by ‘Since f (x) is analytic, {* (x) exists and its values given by (2) and (2) must be same, ¥ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner“ens tA) COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION. equating () and (2), we get ote) ube & tis ae & 0) szatng a3 Inga baron beth est, we ebmin wy my od Be 4 Equations (4) gives the necessa cers 90 te nara Canes Nne the freton #1 be ana tay region R. These Tus iff) = U+ Vis own tobe anayacn lytic then Cauchy-Riemann equations or CR. equations: & IN wy ow 2 Ox Byr. dy = ~ Dy are satisfied. Tovey these conditions, consider) » 22 which is analytic every {9 = 2s tery ots 2iyeueW 2 we ey veo, a u BT man Ena, M ar uw why Thus Gx = By = 2xand 5)» Sa ay are satistied forall values of xand y. Te endl the suficency of Cauchy-Rlemann equations, we have to assume that u,vand their fst order paral derivatives aww & See ay’ dx! ay M8 Continuous, Under this assumption, we shall show that Cauctiy-Rlemann conditions are sufficent conditions for f (2) to be analytic. Ut f@) = ums fh) = Ube hy y+ hy +i e+ hy + ha) * f+ HFG) = (UH hy +h) —u Ge yh +i vc * buy + he) =¥ OY = butiov where, Bu = ube+hyy+hy-uly) By = vies hyy+hy-viKy) Consider, bu = um thy +h)-umY) Woe + hy y + hau Oy + hy) + UG y+ hy) =U OY) Se eee eee ea [ou fou fet ea} -mten} where, ey, 10 as hy» 0, hz 0 (Because of the continuity of partial derivatives) Similarly, we shall have . [av iy = nea} orf a} where, ¢2.m:-1 05h 0, hy 40 2 fu My, me bu +18v = ita +! 3x] ju = y au Using CR equations.3, * ay ay * ax fav | au Busiy = mf aX one a thes hin ashy hp 0. hale. Lea) hata + Ind) where, e= e+ 1ep,7= n+ inzanden—0ashy © scanned with OKEN Scannerese ENGINEERING, MATHEMATICS ~ Im (€ & TC) au Busi = BB emf ad + hye+ han at : . mf «2 inf 1} ehyeshan ; . faim (ye ihy thes hin 30 Sus ify du. av. hy hy ena hytihy * Oe *!ae tye thy © Rye ih” sosohu hast Now Bu + iv = f(z+h)—F(2)andh = hy + ihy lim f@sh-fe) au a byl: st two terms tend to zero as € and n +9) “hao Th 5 ta [heim] Set which proves that f (2) exists and its value is, Py Bd ‘ (®y CR. equations ‘Thus, the function f (2) = u (x y) + iv (& y) Is analytic in region Rif two real valued functions U(x yl, v (% y) and thelr fst partial derivatives are continuous in region R and satisty Cauchy-Riemann equations. ; Note :Iff (2) = u + vis analytic at any point z, CR. equations are definitely satisfied at z, while If CR. equations are satisfied at the point z that does not necessarily mean f (2) is analytic at z, for this continuity of partial derivatives of u,v, must also be ‘ensured, In problems where u,v ae continuous, if CR. equations are satisfied, the function f (2) is analyte, While if CR, equations ‘are not satisfied, f (2 is not analytic. [i.e CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR FORM 2 ig papa mee] Consider, f@) = usiv ‘ where, z (cos 8 + isin @) = rel® % f(el®) = usiv ‘ ’ ~() Differentiating (1) partially wart. r, ‘ ‘ : t F (rel®) -ei0 = : = Differentiating (1) partially wrt. 8, ‘ (re®) riel® = or F (el®) ei8 = ~@) From (2) and (3), equating right hand sides, we get : ae ig ta ar* lar = 7 88 tr a8 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get’ > ~ Be : ju iN Ww = Or" 8" ar 4) which are CR. equations in Polar form. ) Wenotehere that, £) = e242 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerponeONG MATHEMATICS compusx DIFFERENTIATION 7 HARMONIC FUNCHON 15) ipranction @ 0 9) is said to i du ie ars -0) BL : Fy ey * & * ut eu ae Pee 2 * ag? = 0 which shows that u is harmonic. Be $ sitaty,differentiat a me W#L y and 2) virt. x and subtracting, we get, \ G2 * 92 = 0 which shows that vis harmonic. ¢ ‘The real part u of an analytic function f (@) = u + 5 2 B and vice versa (Le. vis: ‘be conjugate has eaaes inction f (2) = u + iv is known as the conjugate harmonic function of v fi.8 MILNE-THOMSON METHOD ay z This method is used to find fi) = utc y) +i vx, yin terms ofz when ube y) and vx y ae given. Wehave 2=x-¥y and 3 =x-¥, : 1@ = URW) +ivay = of} ‘Thus, (2) is obtained in terms Tis being an identity in two independent variables z and Z, we put Z =z ie. x=zandy oz “eee uw é Ft = 3 + 1B is given, then 2; & being uncions of x y by substuting x = x y.= 0, we get F) in terms of z. By integration, we get f (2) in terms of 2 [IL9 TO FIND ANALYTIC FUNCTION f(z) WHOSE REAL OR IMAGINARY PARTIS GIVEN a] Consider analytic function f (2) = u + iv, whose real part u(x y) is given. To find v % y). du au Fist we find 32 and 3. wm my, Byfirst CR equation. 5 = ay = ay known, » Wenow integrate 5, wicty treating xs constant v= oy) +f 60 © scanned with OKEN Scannercoursxow senmmmenmewns-menre mu ___SSSSRAy Mere constant tegration taken ay unton of snefntegation of xs considered as constant New we diferentng \ partially wx treating y a constant BB steppe Be by second CR equation : ‘This gives the value off and by integration ffs determined, determining the valve of (x y- Same procedure Is adopteg hen v fy) is given to find wy) Beastund {og (2 + y2), find vsuch thot f(a) = u + vis analytic. Determine f@)in terms ofz. (May 2016, Nov. 19) ft: us Fopie ey) 2 ae x wll Ly ye Be 2 waye aye By 2 eeyl HP By fist CR. & lh equation = 5 x ay * Faye Integrating wart y treating x as constant, va Spigot 2 art! ste 2 amt® oto . x By second CR equation, 5 = ~ 5 wa SG ere £70) = 0 orf (d= constant = ¢ f venrt® +46) art +c fta = F log 2+) vital +e To find f (2) in terms of z, we put x= 2, = 0 using Mine-Thompson method 1 f@ = 2 logtz)+ fia =} -2leg2+¢ or (4) =log2 +e ” H ‘a fee rere ‘Bx 2:if v= 3x?y-y3, find its harmonic conjugate u. Find f (2) = u + iv in terms of z. (Dec. 2011) Sol. v= ady-y w a x 7 ON By 2 BP -3P my i oy Oe F : (By frst CR, equation) @ scanned with OKEN Scannerusa, 3 Sy xt ~ ‘ a w a pysecond CR equation,” te My Oy TE ae: ~8y Ee Ley x fy) = ’ (now gives, “ 2 DOS ReTtna = comtant xe * f@=usiv =. Tofid{Wintems ctx pwtannye one ee ~@ =0in f@=2ee Alternatively, harmonic cor s ayCR equations u, =v, dese Gan be obtain using exact ciferental du = u, dx + up dy = M dx +N Ay. du = Wy) des (vy ay ae du = G2 -3))droc Integrating using ule of Bacto BP de eh ay 82 Se -aydes fLomayee Us eat Oe ae ua eae ‘Remark : In Ex. 1, function v can also be obtain using dv = v, dx + v, dy = M dx + N dy. We note here that apply alternative ile of Exact DE. vs f Noy +f Midc+g ‘civerv= tans Bx 3: f= 6+ iy represents the complex potential fran elect eld and == Dey + 15, determine the function y. E (Dec, 2005) Sol: Ly ee Ly ; ax Sar o 3-H ‘ ay = eae ay st CR equation, #2 = = a+ a-ge Integrating w.rt. y treating x as constant, <2? p 2ody ye HEL fe st a -yey +f) ay’, b2sy)=28 vot ae OSE +100) Geeyae Fe @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION Beste waermamersmmewtg gy ysecond CR equation Me 8 Free ae a x TO) ® 2x or Integrating f 60 =? x verse gS et ety y oe fir u such that 2)» u + tvs analytic ond determine fl) in terms oft, (May 2009, 2010, Dec. 2016) =x Ma te Be A ™ vTap SR Beg ay 0 ByeRewaton By wa Integrating w.rt. y, treating x as constant, warm x ~%s See 009 = Pea ete ws Bayt tio eye ) us ve ees St Replacing x by z and y by zero, by Milne Thomson method, fy «Fece tee y sin 2e x 5: Find the analytic function, whose real partu ls cosh ay con Be" (Dec. 2008 7 sin 2x. Sol: fia) = uel wher, u = : fey a Bg Mg BB HY fe Keita s Fn a 2S08.2x (cosh 2y = €0$ 2x) = 2 sin? 2x (cosh 2y~ cos 2x =2sin 2x sinh 2y © (cash 2y ~ cos 2x} uu Ry : 4, 2so8.2u (cosh 2y = cbs 2x) = 2 sin? 2x + 21 sn 2x-sinh 2y {cosh 2y — cos 24) By Milne Thomson method, replace x by z and y by zero. 2cos 22-2 2 ‘ -2 £0) © (cos 2a " Teeosda) * Dante = cose z By integrating fa) = cotrre sie vie = ‘ @ scanned with OKEN ScannerNSS coshy + sinx coshy + ysinx sinhy = con comhy ~a) main xcoshy + cos x coshy + y €08 sinh y * X sin sinh y~ cos xsinh y= cos x cathy SIN Cosh y cog x cosh y= cos xeoshy ~y cos xsinhy ~@ 1 XN & x e u y a bs et ‘Adding Q) and (2), we g¢ a, ae Owhich shows that u is harmonie. Toft, wie Le x By XCOsx cashy + sin x cosh y + y sin xsinh y eo breegrating ay went. y, ‘eating x as constant, \ = Xeosxsinhy + sinxsinhy + sin. fy sinh yay + 00 © 0s xsinh y + sin sinh y + sinx(y cosh y~ sinh y) + 00 = Xcos x sinh y + ysinx cosh y +f 0) “ft wie 2 = cosx sinh y-xsinxsinhy +y cos xcosh y +f (0) ay. = =x:sinx sinh y + cos x sinh y + y cos x cosh y es 0)" = 0 oF £6) = constant, (3) then gives V = xeosxsiohy +ysinxetthy +6 Be 7: Find the analytic function F@) =u + iv where u = Pcos 384 rsin @ (ay 2015) ‘Sol; uis given in polar form, so we use CR. equations in polar form, 128 ar = aRcoe304sing B s-ansng0s ross au a Here, iy vie vie : BM caer ; : Integrating w.rt. 6, treating ras constant, v= SRE -reosa+tta i = Psin 30-1058 + #00 a r a» BLS gaan go-casdef (9-2 = atin ge cose a * £°(@ = 0 orf() = constant Lv = Psin30-reosO + ft = us = Peos38 rind + (Pin 38—reor 8+ 9 = F(cos 36 + I sin 36) + r (sin 6 i cos 6) + ic ‘ir (cos @ +I sin @) +e ire +c @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPLEX DIFFERENT, mrovemmetwaramucncs- mtg ay Bx. 8: Verify whether fiz) = ay + jyis analytic. ' Sol: Here ft) = ute wy ely 5 vewvey Bw ee Bote te Oy cg au a tee BD esynt nd BY a Gisee ere By = 3p gNesy = 1 and ives x= 0. + CR equations jr Le. at z = |and no where else. niet sae ‘cy batdetel een Ma print becuse fr) tbe analyte a any alt zo, shoud bg ifferentiable in some neighbourhood of za. : Bx 9: Determine k such that the function f(@) = eX cosy + ie sin ky is analytic. : Sol: Here u=eXeosy, v = eXsinky au au vy Set easy, a= et siny, Mw etsy’ SF whet cs by au ByCRequatons HY = MM. a Keosy =kXcasky, ~Xsiny = —eksinky Both these equations are satisfied byk=2. Sok= 1is the required value : x 10: Find k such that the function, f (2) = cos 30+ i sin k@ is analytic sence es Se se ede eet se Sol Let ft) = usiv= Peoe30% iPsinko © s eos 38, ve Paint - mS 1a Using CR equations in polar form 3 = 23S 27S 3 Ea : BY x seeos3e, = =30sn3e, = ano : onions & . ieos ko : | Using CR equations, 32cos30 = kePcosk8, 31? sink8 = 3%sin 30 Both these equations are satisfied for k = 3. ‘Bx 11 Find the conditions under which u = ar + br’y + 097 + dis harmonic. Sol: Re Bas 2bey+ of abe? + 20y-+ 3d? ' Bes cane 2ty, BY eroivey ” , j See _—xal @ scanned with OKEN Scannertons arent ena @ ) = Fe ye uay ae ey mh Gy 20 F ao = a-1 cRequations & .X au OY Oy ay CR equations are not satisfied. fe) 2 ws fe) © is nota cement Obata VERE yoo 5, s a5 =m, Fag Mag cheers sais nly at origin, no where els, hence fi) is not analytic. ‘v analytic, show that u,v att Laplace equation in polar form Ze le 1% OF art eae? =O. Sol. Since f(2) = U+ vis analytic urv satisfy CR: equations in poar form, a oe = Be 3 x au a ar 8 Differentiating (1) partially wart r and (2) wrt. 8 PU es Be ar tor = aree 5 baad we fo Be 1zy are = ~ rae Zuo 1zy 5 "art or rae By lw eu -Or Ft ge os ‘which proves that u satisfies Laplace equation in polar form. Now, consider the equations, * guia > a1 ou 20 =~" ar Differentiating (5) partially wat @ and (6) ws. Be 1k ree * Fa? eu -=w ‘ae = or SOF 1A we Combining (7) and (8, S62 = ~ ar." a? : wy re Lev, or tre hae” 6 -@) (4) - (5) 0) =) 2 =) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPLEX DIFFRENT ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - (ET 2.42) = mat "2004, 2006; May 2022, 2016, x. 142 Show that analytic function fz) with constant modulus is constant. (Dee: ao Sol.: Leta) = us and ffa)|= cthenu?s 2 =e. Ditfereniating partly war. x andy respectively, aoe a a sak coo ud sy%eo _ Sima, ve eo a Using CR. equations (1) and (2), take the form au Buu Being wee (ROMP S GRABP Lo ool BY -+BY -o@ es but w+ = € Given) “Bs sone Meo & Oand by CR equations, 35= 0, 5, Similarly, v = Constant. Hence, 2), = constant, 2 ‘Sol: Let, fe) = uriv Amp (fa)) = tart =e or = tancek Differentiating (1) partially wast. x, | » OF | ‘Similarly, differentiating (1) partially w.rt y; = arg oF vee au, : o Bde “8 CO} 26) ~6) ‘Show that analytic function f@) with constant amplitude is constant. (Dee. 2008, 2012, May 2014, 2017, Nov. 19) a) = @ ~-@) [using CR. equations] 4) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMATHEMATICS (4. "i nas tion gives Pevy Ww My TO bu Csteo wy & * 0 w sisal, 3¢ "9-898 /CR eauniony, et yrocedt he procedure ofthe revs oe I6:1f@) =u + Vea & oe hare ga Vhap ote dy oP) a 847 6) 5 ay) xe 4) jutting (2) By Vand (4) by subi, ue ay 90 We got x le fy + hey + ay tee 3) Using CR. equations ing ES x Os ty se e-yltee ay ating 0) ard (3), Senet eel Subtracting (3) from (1), Gy +i B24 3y2) BIOPSY + Zig) #31 e+ WP =e? {@) = -317 +e% Idee Be AT :Ifu sv =e cosy + siny) +5F sol: usw sty any SOS sy) -20e— e+? vats by es rP + eesny sony + EBS pa¥=2y ee? wie vy + X= (cosy sinyy + = (cosy + siny) + se ae = &(cosy-sinyl + » au ByCR equation, + by 77 aK vo Dy e+? ER: wie fe wie vie = ek (cosy ae ‘Adding (2) and (2), Ay Subtracting (2 from (1), 234 = 20%5Iny + Be we ue cok x2 + 2h a etgosyelanys aaa ip find analytic function fess nie = JoMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION — eo or f(a) = constant. Tee 04,7050) ~@ =) -@) (May 2011) =@ ~@) © scanned with OKEN ScannerSeemenrmens-meeg gg Putting x= zy, 4*(2) raed seed Integrating, tHaaedye z Putting z= 1, Leeriec care fa = eted 48:79 7s bbanaiakenducrs @ Ieayeay ok eT RL a U=V = ey) cosy (e+ Y)sIO Fran FE UK y) cosy (e+ sin yh + a (cosy = sin yh ofl Be = e'-xsiny-cosy + ysiny-xcosy-siny“¥ 250, wy . Eo eneary oyna ye (any? ea gi ¢ Using CR equations 2% By 2% mw Rn e+ easy + =m singh-e' (osy + singh Subtracting (3) from (1) 2 = € (2x cos y~2y siny} + 2e"cosy i Adding (1) and (2) -2%. {rman pacar ony i, f@= Bm «we Ramry + yeoryeysny +biny€ (sy 61doy) Replacing x by z and y by 0, by Milne Thomson method, ~ f'@) = res = Integrating i@) =zeso j (0) =e = 1° f@) = 2e+1 x. 39 xpress the Laplace equation 2 « se = Oin terms of variables z and 2. Sol. shee y Ox afer y-Fe-D + omy =067) 2 mb Be = | ox OK Z | x oe x» me %: a ig 2.2.2 j ox oe a | a 2 .2¢ “0 | j Bee | ay 7 a ey @ scanned with OKEN Scanner“Now 3 % s 2 a 3@) “G3 (e) - 2 ott, | 2) adding (1) and (2), ‘ a xe a y ; Bs ‘ 8 ai ieee ee 1B. 202If fiz) is analytic, sonia S52) ea? =a cae. (ec. 10,16; May 32) Sol: Let ; f= usivn Hepeweg 2 a SES RATA taal ony z ae Iter = 2 ews an = = 2uuyy, +2uy + Diet + 2g z Siiary, ap ler = = ay 2 + 2wy +2 @ +3) Way = 21 (by) + Vor) Bo wy #9) Since'1) 8 shalt, v satisfy Laplace equation, 2 Wat Uyy =O and vax + Hyp = 0 -a . Wars geged “g Using these results, (1) becomes ee &@4) HOP =.2 21 @PI = 4° PF Alternative Method In example 19, we have established that ey Be azar 2 # aa wy + FG). where, #2). is conjugate of fz). a) -7@) (PB) ings at. z.3) Wak = 43 2 cor 248 to F@ 2 4f@F@ = =4/f @P © scanned with OKEN Scannercoum ceFERENTIAM Dy Seemmeemuvmemes-meeto one 2008, Ex 2: ff) i analtic show thee (Z 5 (tay 2008, 2008, 2029 oats Far = qwrt = a Fare » (ze =~ 22 ep. us = (8-3) wea Taanes oS ee Tt seen 2 dae 8 onto? re = oP oh a AHS a x 22:If fe) con anh fiction of end fi) = ws roma (Se+ Sp) Reset = 2iF ae BeBe ebb reves 23) +33) = ) - 28) -aB2@ QJ a8 wis harmonic z Bs oe OTe = 21F cat : [re BF rer -@)-Q] 5 23:1 sonabtic show tats + Set = 16 ba ea? 9 (ey 200%) sot: eat = oat? oar = “ema smi = 16 fa) fe) 1) F@ = 16 Re LEE @ scanned with OKEN Scannerfe C—O | | MATHEMATICS « oer en nce | peat Stow thr fo «fay teen 7) [> toh fa) vey cfeOM gh eto sitter es a Wve We a mtg MEthal=wtey a My Ty LOR O-vOo tm SrmIO-0 4 w co hy thao” hy My ony 22m -w9 tm LOTR, Sri th SO hy Rlgm m0 Mag 4 GRequatlons are satised at org, To show that f(z) not analytic at orig, . fim fas Wy =tay é Mes gga fche meth 10) = im fOsh- si Oy HHH | tim =. elm te I eg f stomps re ey Tofind the limit, consider the path y = me 1°) = im Nex tim _ xm X90 xeime "x40 x(+im) ie ; * Tein ' As #10) depends uponthe value of m, limit is not unique. Therefore f* (0) does not exist. Hence f(z) is not analytic at origin. ‘Be. 254 function fiz) (s defined as Bdso-va-9 . “ft « ae rH0 “0 rad ‘Show that Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at origin but fiz) is not onalytic there. ‘Sol. : First we shall prove that CR. equations are satisfied at origin. . Oy) si Ges Here, fy = Salsibeey ae sun voy Bey UO ree VEN © Fey ‘so (0,0) =0, v(0,0) =0 asf) = Oatz = 0. dy im uerhy-ucey) Fe hy 0 hh a Ho fim vO+hy.0-UO.0 tim fim by a h78 hy hi90 Th“ moh TP dy lim) uty ehd-utey) ‘ ym -70 he @ scanned with OKEN Scanner\ ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -I1(E 70) aie ‘i one , a ae fim u(hy-v@o fim te iy loo” ho hy = h70 hy = 3 : hy 2 iil w fim: Vy O=VO.0) tim My : one x Shooe me hae he : fh Sey Batty fim “viGhy=v00.0) tim Re * = hy90 th 90 hy + Reunions 2 =i and ¥ Cy 5-1 are satisfied at gin. Now to show that f(z) is not analytic at origin ‘we shall show that f ' (0) does not exist. i lim a =) +12 + ae wh. en eriN Here 2» 0 via any path, Let us consider the path y = ma. : lim 98 mx) +ife+ mx) £0) = yg Gee me (+ ir) lim 2(0—m) +10 +m i = x90 8 (1+ me) + im) x =m) +i(L + mi (+m?) + im) £()is obtained in terms of mie. ° (0) snot unique (can take ferent ales for diferent m) <= .£4(0) doesnot exist orf) isnot analytic a origins sass reo & z00 “Show that fi) is not analytic at origin, eventhough Cauchy-Riemani conditions are satisfied there. : pitta) = . ‘ Sol: Ubey) = Baw MOM = Be AT soos 4 (0,0) = 0, v(00)=0 SB vey : Mi fim v6. 0)—u ‘ z : ee tO su teo) =0 + La) 9 Py lim wOy-v0.0 Yay YOY * - im, wadev9 ao 0 re lim y(O,y)=v 0.0) 5 9 yy THRECR equtons west tig &. ae To show that fais not analytic af origin, we show that f*(0) does not est. lim i lim 4@)=H0) Saye li FO = a ee 2 2402 2b Rear 98 pe @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAMOUTES Ba coer PEPER aay commune oarreReTATON ‘Thus CR equations are satisied at origin : fo =, S20 8 ae Ot = x30 tim ~ heen ‘Choosing the path y = mx, mete Pe e {Ore oes are zn =i), _2mQ-im)_ * x30 XQ+m)A+im) = Qem) A+ im) £0) depends upon m. Limits not unique. "(9 does not exist a origin. [Exercise 22:3]; 1L_Show that following functions are analytic: @ 2 @.e%_(@ sinh =. {Hint : Express in terms of u + ivand show that CR. equations are satisfied etc] 2. fin =u + ivis analytic show that family of curves = constant v= constant are orthogonal. (Dec. 2027, May 2018) Me Ms slopes = [Hint For orthogonality. = ~ fp = ~y, Product the slopes = 3] * 1 iu. 2. Examine for analyticity, the functions: Qa3ytit-Y @ pF Ans. (Q not analytic, ( not analytic F 1 ty 4 Determine ksuch thatthe function fi) = 3 log 0+ y+ iter tis analytic Ans. k=1 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION PNGNERING MATHEMATICS -m (E870) 120) ind corresponding anal 5 Show tat flowing functions are hamone and find tee hamenic covets. * ieadaiica: ‘Ans.v = 40 =4ny3, fon O uaxt-e2y sy x+t v-=—= ns. 0 ® Frye ea tT Ti Bayete ‘Ans.v = sinh xsiny, 2) = cosh Gil) w = cosh xcosy (Dec. 2012, May 2014) «ne vey zip reteo=i(2 +4). 69 vat y= 22S tay 2010) ( ux &{t2-¥) cosy Dy siny] (Dee. 2005) fa Oat ay S Bu= 30-37 2 fy sich that fi =u + vis nay Determine fa) interns fe AE TIN A ‘stream function. 7. An electrostatic field in the xy plane is given by the potential function x°- 397% fade ‘Ans. 32)—y4.¢ Ans. '& Find the analytic function fiz) whose imaginary partis sin n6. (May 2012) fa) 220 ‘ 2014) ‘Ans. {= 244 9. Find the any funton a) =u + where, u=(r+7) cos, #0, (May 08; Dee. A 110. Find the conjugate harmonic of vy, 6) = 7 0s 20 - r.cos @ + 2. Show that vis harmonic. [Hind foto be hamonic: 24 422%. 424..0| » Ans.uG,6) =~ sin 20+ sing rar ‘LL Find the orthogonal trjectories of oe amet © tart =e @ Bee Ans. (7 109 POT as 12. Hf s and t satisfy Laplace equation, show that fiz) = u + ivis analytic, where, U= ay ax Y= Ox “ay * 13. Show that u = 33 — 3x? and v= Fae are both harmonic functions but u + iv is not analytic. 14. Bf fz) = u + ivis analytic function, find (2) if @ u+v=e% (csy—siny) (Dec. 2006, May 2015) s Ans. f(z) = et eee ee soe mcd 0 ors BEE i= j 115. B the function fiz) = u + ivis analytic find ff) ifu + v= sinx cosh y + cos xsinhy. (May 2007) Ans. f(z) = sinz+¢ x= - 1 16. Tift) = u+iv is analytic find iif +v=3K+ y+ SF (Dee. 2007) Ans.f(a) = 62+7 +6 a fee anabc show (Ss Z) econ = mors ceanr yreae 18 Ston tat the finctin dines fd = eet ieee Os 2810 isnot aac at gh evenhough Cuda Squatins rested thee 1B. wfigisceinedas fy = “Pa v0 ; =o 12-0 ‘show that Cauchy Riemann equations are satisfied at origin but stil (2) i not analytic at origin. What is the possible reason? 000 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCHAPTER-12 —_SOMPLEX INTEGRATION AND CONFORMAL MAPPING —— Saupe ee eee fee NTRODUCHON— INTRODUCTION : - ths 8ett0n. We Shall consider the 2 N9tRtion of function fe) ‘along a given curve ‘in the region of a complex plane. ‘etc be the curve in the region R of the complex plane (xoy plane). ff = ven IS continuous. function and is defined in this region. RS Po) Py 2), Pa (2a) ow Plea (21-2) Pi (2) ~- Po (én) are points located on the ‘Curve. 8; Is the, Jength of arc of the curve joining x (xj - 1) and Pj (zi). G; is any Point on this arc joining Pj. and Pj {{G;) represents the value of the function fiz) Fpaa ‘long this arc. : n mnotthe sum Z 4 J : ” ter MG) B85 ors ated then integral off tan along the curve an is denoted by ) si Ts Siar S © as M0) = ust, rex sy of deb ae + idy Us Stusmeerign = fiudeavay +i fvdesudy . © € 4s ule yh Os ») are rea, evaluation of 1s equivalent to evaluation of ral integrals, and the value of Iwill depend upon the path cfintegration or the equation ofthe curve e ILLUSTRATIONS] fe 1:Evaluate f ft) dz where f) = 2? and isthe path joining the points A (x= 08 (= 1+ 0, where, @ “¢ isa parabola y= 22 joining the points A and 8 \ (@ ‘cis a straight line y = x, joining the points A and B. (ii) ‘cis the path A (0, 0), M (1, 0), B (2, 2). sol: 1s fia = fea ** yet ¢ ‘ is if = f + WP dxsiay uss = Sey) + 2p debian’ KENT) 1 = Sf (P=) dx~ Day dy) +1 f 2ey'dx + 02 =) oy Fig. 122 a2a) © scanned with OKEN ScannerSOME ER HQ QI @ PSR arg vs ere ahs | ose} | & ad “& eel Quad | Wy AKa se ws doracaanifiarsatnne | x x | fat ay as | * vs Pe Mecavansel sae weds | & & | VAQayrd ysdayed | sfos aeayantf aparoene | xshane antse | sks Seanteafaaafons ‘ | a al Hooded Reamomarmattnatbedmamacamlinsy + FL meereoant aden fea anal tam ng Da pn At Nc ae seraee fieee whereas Fane ade gwar ong END LAE, DWH @ Camewaainey ANNE ANOR TAMAR @ TSRRMORAKABAAR seks re figaes fFasfremarig, : . < = Searsanril Agave @ yaya ote faorse} denne = jravve-fel = @ scanned with OKEN ScannerxGERING MATHEMATICS. —s COMPLEXINTEGRATION AND CONFORMAL MAPPING a2) ® eape ok + ch UMS xdy-ydee frais yoy +i Sxey-y om " ond © € ie yA(1, 1) yee YO yegyeo —gatteno_ tetidend 1 Me Sede f 1 . Sve Sa Ltt vee ig. 323 beter ee kee et . ps ste itferent £0)" isnot anaytic function ‘and the values of two integrals along different paths joining same two 720" MereCis the upper arc ofthe cirele e~2 = 2. ‘Sob: re we have to integrate 3: Evaluate f—# long the semi-circular arc ALB. dz = aiel® gp 1s f% at Ex 4:Evaluate f (+ iys 1 de oh 24: “ @ along the path x= +1, y = 3t +1°- a (May 2011) (@ along the straight line joining 2 + 4i and 5 - Si ssi S Wren design Sol: 2 . Soe nae wyersif ony eydi here cisthe patho y = 3+ joining the points 2 +4 and 55 Asked yod Pak xe 5 yan5 tao2 dk a2tdt dy 23t, I esa 2tdt- ten adteif (+2 adr crenata a a ~ Jon Ste Hinst foecnso.a wis oon) = ‘ ee Te [et Sal vifpteatse = 9-42) {Straight tine joining 2 + 4i and 5 - Sis given by, xn2_ y-4 oe j xe 342, y= 944, de = 3dt, dy © scanned with OKEN ScannerJOMPLEX INTEGRATION AND CONFORMAL MAPPIg [ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ (LATO) 2a) £ 4 4 Aya) dt Te fiaes 33 saycapar fare ayn. # aE 9) ° 1 1 = Sere asyaret f (54-18) dt ° ° . [-n§ +] ifs ss} joining same two points, have the same values, Ex 5: Evaluate f (2 + 22) az, where ¢ ls the upper are ofthe circle [el 2+ af the integrals, which Involve two different curves Sol.: Taking parametric equation of the circle # dz = ie do x Tm fe + etl 1e!9 do ° 10. gil” ¥ 2 = 1S (24 0 ao’ (= 5 ° = Freitas} (ety 2 2 cera anh3, [Bxenasstiza)) iy 2. Evaluate f dzalong the straight line joining the points (1 + |,2~ 3). asi : asi 2 Evaluate Sf a?+ 1) dz ° | (along the arc of the parabola xt y = ®. snd caie Ans. Ba +) {along the straight line. ‘Ans, 5 (1+ 5) 3. Evaluate Tarn dz along the pathy = t+ 1, y# 212-1. , ‘Ans, 7 + 14) al (a ‘A. Evaluate’ f => az where, is lower half of the cl [l= 3, described in antclockwise dlreétion, Ans. 12 +31 5 sales fee 322 + 1) dz where, cls the ee oh Wee) Ans. 0 6. Evaluate f (2 2iy) dz along the square, joining the polnts (0,0), (1,0), (1,1) (0,1) In anticlockwise sense, Ans. | 7. Prove that () f 22d = 2niwherec:e~2 «+ ‘6 za Gi) f (a) dz = 0, (7 any integer #1), :|z~a] =r @ scanned with OKEN Scanner& — ———— pega MATIONUTE 4g : INF pees HOR — ay cour TEeRATON AND cOMOAMAL Mapoin 718) 82n2¥7¢ On and Within a covey — wes om yrencis 8 dosed cure, fp d DEER dence by $e) dz and is alld contour Integral The direction of description of ¢ is prenas anticochise, Closeg jain then. “Sion Rand P(x yh. @ ty) are continuous on and $90 118.8 oy consider $08 = Fctndcotgy o $8 Gusrnay iG varus : em ae eee eames a, : tow = py fe Bh aay 61 = [acm ay} dy +i ff (2. 2) aah § Jo taes Je we 3 ion ey BP oc : # SR seat = “ax_and 5 = ay. both the integrals on RHS. become, equal wazero : Sime so 2 ao This proves the Cauchy theorem : R Corollary 2 : Using Cauchy/s integral theorem, we shall prove that ff) dz lependent ofthe path joining the points 7, ‘ R i 2d 2 iff) is analytic function, Proof : Any curve ¢; joins 2,, 2, and ¢, joins z) and 2). ts a a ‘Consider the contour c which consists of ¢ and ¢. Y if fiterde = Soar fra so a a 5 t ‘by Cauchy's theorem. Le : Sades Stejaz=0 or Stade =- Ste dz ‘ Fig. 226 a ® a e : : we reverse the direction of description of ey then ~ f (2) dz = Jf fz) dz, where cy is now the curve joining 2; and 29. a 2 7 a A a < ‘ i far = - f tod Sf toe ne Rta) ne R Since cy and cy are abitary, itis proved that J 0) drs independent ofthe path connecting the points 23 and 2p if 2) is a ‘ealtic function Line integrals evaluated earlier have already demonstrated this result. © scanned with OKEN ScannerENGINEERING MATHEMATICS HG compen ware RAT a MATHUNYATIS = ( OMe 6 and 6 Me HAD EOHFORMAL Uber Hiroe «Hiya, " 4 SGorallary 2 W) 1 analy nthe ogion etweun two mpl clase ena \ (Where ¢ an e a described na sane deetion) root: To prove the result we intioduce the erosscul BA, Consider now the loved! path conwlsting of, € in anticlockwise sonse, pall BA Cy wn lochs sen and AB dexeibed in onponite sense of BA. AB and BA ave te same pall n i described in opposite directions, By Cavehy's theorem, Ste des f tayane 6 tayane f tay ano t tw 4 ” ' —_ Fig dat Ne S tty ae + fray de wf tay aes f ta) de #0 hw Ab tA cy % Stare taaeeo ‘ is * Ste de «6 6 tey de t 4 Reversing the direction of description of ¢ |e, making It same as that of ¢ (anticlockwise) $ teyde © 6 tye t 4 EAR) Is analytic on and within closed contour Ts any point within ¢ then oe j tors ai Baey de Proof: “2 sana everyere within‘ except atthe pon “Let us draw a smal ele of radius 'p* surrounding the polnt ‘a! with the polnt ‘a os centre Now 35 By virtue of! corlag2 of Cauchy's theorem, : eg ae fe, : van NS fies dae f ya ool) Je 4 Mg. 12.8 nalytc Inthe reglon enclosed within ‘andy’, Now consdey fi, ae wher,2=a. pe? we'l= «han Le 1 [6,180 crcl with contre’! and radius p) fy 0 és = pie stone enn aountfuegl g, 98 Ga» fiasoel b eH arb gy {= neh 90 noltghaiab to nosioasin wt) pled = if ‘e+ pe a0. oo) ¢ : pel es Since cs drawn Just to enclose te polnt'' we take the limi Velud of RAY " on ‘ RHS.of (2) a5 p-+01s | f fla) d0« fo) [02 = 2m). gy St gta artnet abt: bg a eel SB a= mite = 4 ie sfuger art betettenomab ybasile-eved wothe boteula ws me go bie py aani2 Aspetol eri soitgrut anism @ scanned with OKEN Scanner7 fy = 2 ¢ & a § & a gan etablishes Cauchy's inte tm cory: fy 2b 2 oieetiting under then sign . 1 Nona $3 (ay Ee =a cya ee we > Similarly, fae 2 5m, fr 228 Mp : = Se gaya 3 ge or differentiating n times, fo = mS oe ean [ILLUSTRATIONS] + 1 over the path ofa rectangle whose vertices are the points ~ 2,2, 2 + 21 Consider the closed path ABCDA as shown in Fig. 129. fi) = 241 = wsiPod (asa —carm Beye 2V FL mys oh dee +1) + 2p (d+ $m 4 ate: oa cao! 22.0) Fig 129 = f of +) dx-2ydy ri S 02-0) dy Hy a pscoa an ‘ ; We wil consider evaluation off along AB, BC, CD, DA separately and add these results. = Jeon dx Dy dy +i f 0 Bed ays Dy dx Along AB, y = 0, dy =O: svietam=2002 28 8 a afieen dee fein x 2% w+ ai 3 = foyer spare fey dy + 2ny de x @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Along BC, x = 2, dx = 0; y varies from 0 to 2, 2 yt g he faaydy +i fe-y) dy » Ley + NSyo'5 > z 048) ly = Sodaylo a) deo day dy +1 f ody) dy + ny de & © ‘Along CD, y = 2, dy # 0; xvares from 2to~2. 2 ‘4 2 = Sota) deel f deax a =2 f p23) dx+0 2 a | 0 uy 8 20 -of-a] fe -a[t-«] 2 1 = So y+ 2) d= dry dy +1 f 2=y2+ 1) dy + day dx EB EN Along DA, x=~2, dx = 0; y vatles from 2 to 0, 0 0 Ws f aydy tif 6=y).dy 2 2 [eel Lo8l 1s f feydz = h+h+h+l 8-F 285,22 ,,204.2 =F na+F is S-a-F i = 16-16 = 0 Here fiz) = 22 +11 which is analytic everywhere, hence Cauchy's theorem Is veified for the closed path ABCDA. Bx 2: Evaluate f log z dz, where, 'c'Isthe circle [| = 4. Sol.: Consider i togzdz and z= el8, dz = 1elO do : a" T= G logzdz= f log (el iel8 de 4 o x * “ = f o-ic®do =~ f 0-ci8de o ° i Jong 5 inerrant [oP pstaf is 2 {o# [ = 10-2) + lt = (6c oP" == janet eR 41 w ani 1 61S ont Tee Note: Here fiz) = log {"(2) =.» fl snot analytic at origin and result is 2ni #0. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMATHEMATICS e ee sets : o cohOnN MAPS 5 se as) CCOMPLEE IVTEGRATION AN 3: Brolvate = $3 Rhee ci wy (May 19) gare? water = 3. fy = 2 freee “this shows that converse. é “pt oad FEE ee 4: Bote : : ; ig SAP wher Oct cena =, @ cuneael £1 (ttay 2018, Nov. 29) Sol? @ iz ee $B ere fe) = B+ Lis a ‘ ssibecean- a sae eeyuher and 9 = 2 he pot ~. By Couchy's-integral formula, 241 § Ye = ata ch shows that is not analytic atx = 0 which sa point inside the contour, but stl ay es @ Hee, $F a = § we ~ s Fig. 1211 Bel i fe) = SF is notanalytic itz is nation an within‘ by Cauchy theorem § ze4 Panes Bs: Btate § de where’cis the cite fr—21 = 3. (@ec. 2004, 2005, 2007, 2014) 3 z+4 24 2 as t = Peres ~ Gr Wrea” ae + isso eae ens and ty =—1 + 2. Out of these wo 3 Sxgular point, 23 ies within the contour ’¢” [222] = zea x fy = FETE g, ieanatyicon and within“. z+4 ze4 f 12 $Feaes @* $ wrraeriea ® -§o@a «Sata Sy Fig. 12.12 © scanned with OKEN Scanner[ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS = I (E 8.7) (230) COMPLEX INTEGRATION AND CONFORMAL wy Here fa) = 72245: is analytic on and witin'c’and a = -L 2 les Inside es + By Cauchy-integral formula, , +204 | +2i¢1+ al +2) Bas = iG) = Fora 1 mata» 2ef (Dee, 2010, May 2014, 2017, 2045 bx 6: Evaluate § SAE de where isthe contour e-31= 3 ater ater ee Sol: Hee SESE eo aa has singulaes atx #2 andz = 1. out of which 2 1 ies inside the contour ang 2 =~1 lies outside the contour. ater od en) 2 $i wernt? Pez 4 aisr a $e rei aol ane eee a Bia =3 “2aifQ) = ni +2) = Sai shed and fe) = see is analytic on and within '¢) F z By Cauchy's theorem Fig. 1213 az é i Saar \ 3 te $a fs ay after zed 2 By Cauchys-integral formula, ns % i | | | | Now, f(z) is analytic on and within 'c' and z = 1is any point withit (ey) T= 2nif) = 2k Spt = Sato 4 aaz 5 Ee7: vate § ep where is the contour j~ 1| = 2. aez $e com Sqay re OPE Here f(2) = 422+ zis analyticon and within ‘€, 2 = 118 a point within é. : 4 By corollary to Cauchy's-integral formula, = if), F GE BT Aa) = = 2nix 9 = 18ri Fig. 12.14 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerte §—@ gol? § Grip & vhere, f2) aa is analytic ont whine ert ipsa yep | syextlay 0 CAUCYsntegaltormug, nS @ 2aif* (4) Le ao 2 i Where fi) = mts / fae ethane Se-y-22 ee e-3 | ~¢@-P GP fry = Gade aia (2-1-3 (2-12 2-3) " =i ! a f(a) = etf1-Me1-y-36 1-9); a , tas eff Coe oo aM * Be 1) bea: brouate § PZT de mee cies 2 (Dec. 2008, 2017, May 2038) Sol: Here sin 22s analytic within ‘cand 11) By Cauchy/s-integral formula corolary, ee ere 2) = sin 22, £°(@) -@) «-taE2) ao seek ved os S12 tne = Bee 2 » eB ane sze5 2? S tc 10: état § ae (ay 2010) ~2) m 2 es ss Sol: f(z) = 22? +z + Sis analytic everywhere and z = 3 lies within the elise. + By erally to Couchy-intega formu, ahs 2+5 0) oy oe 7 dz = 2nif "(| where, (2) = 222+ 245, oe aed 3 @) Ls 2six7 = 14s) ‘ © scanned with OKEN Scannerenna WATHMANES (LAT quay COMME NIFAATIEN AND COMORUA yg : May Be AL: Hotuate PEELE hee es a2 200%, a04y : « (e Sol, Fes wthin the ce, From deduction of Cavehy-ntega formal air (2) $a A ale a fa) = Pecotn tty = 2 =sin2n £"() a 2-2 00822 1°) = 2-200528 =2-2c058 = 2 sf Eearn, 2 Verify Cauchy's theorem fr the closed path ofthe tangle whose vertices are the point (0,0) (1,0), (L 2). 2 Evaluate $ Ese, < (0 is the closed contour containing the point z, Ai point zp is outside the contour '¢. Ane 2x, po 3... Evaluate f f(z) dz where, WBN GES vumeacaneg sa Ca 1 CM = Tyee Cb the ciel +] =}, | | | | 4 evaluate GP Spaz where, cis the crc f= 3, [rms Siayar= 8a ee 2 : tae ans. Fe Cs is the 1 a 100 ahi 5. Evaluate Sapam dz, where cis the contour z + 1| = >. (Dec. 2006, 2011) Ans, =F Bans 6. Evaluate § FI E—y dz where cis the circle el = 3. (May 2025) [met Sf? dewhere, isthe cle (fl = 2.0) ed = 28 tata] Ans. 2ni(@-¢) 7. Evaluate f Ans (0285000 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerstn MATIN tat any {COMPLEX ETIGRATION ANO CONFORALAL MAPPING Sipe wnencave ‘of the square with vertices (2 LS, £ 1.5), (May 2007) boundary: slow 1 4 ag © § S22 — Gea Sameer ane ite BHAT Bethe pee GEE HT | By ctsersng the Runciman easly dace the order PHOS HT, | cose DTT BASIC TL & + Seed acini boson ofthe onder Sates PoiecttnecnderZate © lands ESacingte ese Sees ARCANE Mee atte ncler = carer ns gent 2 oaisese| 8 ee Be 2 Find resitues at exch of the poles of ®@ + SERIES Sb: thas single poteate ai Te~TaneeudlepweRe=E, Leta. Qn bethemstuesatre-2zei we Reeseectveye, . ak] * SS [eos et Ss ragal.: a mean zt ae SHIN? SG=2_§ sar tse [ Ss2 7 & = [O-OeTRee ak f Be2 Oe (ERSTE, "TS IGS pads sie stot oh 8 : cs . THasine* aw 2 Sen eee — @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSEENON MANS __iun_courvrunranarn av corona arr ens Mer ! ah ane wsarnacee al eal ‘Ressal.., < : ther Q=d= ay ad AISI! . 2 bes Fond terete etesch of the pts fp. mt fy esha Per" RGD Tehas Wo simple poles ate eh e ak, ne residuveateay © (sate) : te neresidveattest « [aso ail. edad $$ err a Beas frobste ung reside toem 6 ZESPAL. ae whee the cour +2 2 ee Soke be Gta: : S we "© = weed has simple pole at z = 3 and the pole ef the onder 3 atx = =1. Out ofthese two poles 2 = 2 Wes In the cele fz + = 2 while = 3 lies outside the contour. § tear = aan where, Ris the residue at_z © =, fee BOA. Dir-)- C2 + 22+) . a hes ema] e-¥ Jhea 12) (238-2 2-39 ea 23)=2(08 = 122 e=3 ‘ah ie Fe Be Fe | | ad) L foe Rate tales ae ne nate ile I bb @ scanned with OKEN Scanner