Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems

Course Instructor: Dr. Sanjib Ganguly

Associate professor,
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Week 9: Lecture Notes
❖ Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
• It is one of the FACTS devices
• It is a series compensation device
• There are two types of Thyristor/GTO-based series compensator.
(i) Discrete control device [Switched Capacitor]
Here the switching operation can be either fully ON or fully OFF.
Example: TSSC [Thyristor switched series capacitor]
GSSC [GTO switched series capacitor]
(ii) Continuous control device [Controlled Capacitor]
Here the switching operation can be either fully ON or partially ON or fully OFF.
Example: TCSC [Thyristor controlled series capacitor]
GCSC [ GTO controlled series capacitor]
Basic Schematics of Different Types of Series Compensators
TSSC:
• The TSSC (Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor) consists of a capacitor and a bidirectional
thyristor switch. The schematic diagram of the TSSC is shown in Fig. 1.
• When the bidirectional switches are ON, they create a short circuit path, removing the
capacitor from the system.
• When the switches are fully OFF, the capacitor remains in the system and functions as a
fixed capacitor.

Bidirectional
switch
TSSC
Fig.1. Basic Schematic of TSSC

TCSC:
• The TCSC scheme consists of a fixed capacitor and a controllable reactor in parallel as
shown in Fig.2.
• The bidirectional switches are used to control the overall impedance of the device.
• The overall impedance of the device is controlled by controlling the reactance of the
variable reactor which is conned in parallel with the fixed capacitor.

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• In this TCSC, we are controlling the reactor (as capacitor is fixed). By controlling the
inductor, we are controlling the overall impedance of the LC parallel circuit and this circuit
is series with the whole system. So, the whole system is getting controlled.

Fixed capacitor

C C


L Variable reactor X TCR

Bidirectional TCSC
switch
TCSC
Fig.2. Basic Schematic of TCSC

Practical module for TCSC with protection circuit

The exact schematic of TCSC with protection circuit is shown in Fig.3.

Ld
C.B.

M.O.V.

Transmission Line Fixed capacitor Transmission Line

C UHSC

Reactor
TCSC

Fig.3. Exact Schematic of TCSC

UHSC (Ultra-high-speed contactor):

• It is like an isolator and operate online.
• It will be turned ON when the bidirectional switch is fully ON, in order to bypass the
switches so that the losses can be decreased. (If Thyristors are turned ON for prolong
then conduction losses happen.)
• It should be turned on after few milliseconds of the thyristor circuit is turned on and it
will be turned off before few milli second of the thyristor circuit.
M.O.V(Metal oxide varistor):
• It is a non-linear resistance.

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 • It is used to limit voltage across the capacitor and protects the capacitor from the
overvoltage.
C.B (Circuit Breaker):
• It is used to bypass whole circuit in faulty condition.
𝑳𝒅 (Current limiting Reactor):
• It is used to limit current in capacitor bypass mode.
Typical TCSC scheme
A TCSC scheme is consists of a number of TCSC units connected in series as shown in Fig.4.

C1 C2 Cn

X TCR1 X TCR 2 X TCRn

TCSC-1 TCSC-2 TCSC-n

Fig.4. Connection details of TCSC

Advantages of TCSC:
• Enhancement of power flow with reduced rating. (Power flow is inversely proportional
to the overall reactance of transmission line and TCSC can reduce the value of the
overall reactance of the transmission line).
• Dynamic control of power flow and voltage support.
• Damping of power system oscillation.
• Power scheduling through transmission line.
Disadvantages of TCSC:
• Losses will be higher.
• Resonance problem may occur.
Basic Operating Principle of TCSC
Assumption: The TCSC unit is lossless

I − jX C

jX TCR
I TCR TCSC
Fig.5. Single line diagram of TCSC connected in line

Let us consider a TCSC connected transmission line as shown in Fig.5.

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 1
The reactance of fixed capacitor= 𝑗𝜔𝐶 = −𝑗𝑋𝐶

The reactance of variable reactor= 𝑗𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

The impedance of overall TCSC unit is 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
(−𝑗𝑋𝐶 ).(𝑗𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 )
Now, 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = (−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )//(𝑗𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 ) = −𝑗𝑋𝐶 +𝑗𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

(−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )
Impedance of TCSC (𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ) = 𝑋𝐶
1−
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

−𝑗𝑋
The current flowing through TCR unit 𝐼⃗𝑇𝐶𝑅 = (−𝑗𝑋 +𝑗𝑋𝐶 ) . 𝐼⃗ [ 𝐼⃗ ∶ Line current]
𝐶 𝑇𝐶𝑅

𝐼⃗𝑇𝐶𝑅 1
= 𝑋 [TCR: Variable/controllable reactor]
𝐼⃗ 1− 𝑇𝐶𝑅
𝑋𝐶

• Case 1: When |𝑋𝐶 | > |𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 | ,

(−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = (−𝑣𝑒)
= 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐼⃗
( 𝑇𝐶𝑅 ) = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐼⃗

⇒Inductive mode of operation (TCSC behaves as an inductor connected in series with the
line)
Direction of current flow in TCR is similar to the line current as shown in Fig.6.
I − jX C

jX TCR
I TCR TCSC
Fig.6. Current flow direction in inductive mode of operation

• Case 2: When |𝑋𝐶 | < |𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 |,

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐼⃗
( 𝑇𝐶𝑅 ) = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐼⃗
⇒ Capacitive mode of operation (TCSC behaves as a capacitor connected in series with
the line)
Direction of current flow in TCR will be opposite to the line current as shown in Fig.7.

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 I − jX C

jX TCR
I TCR TCSC
Fig.7. Current flow direction in capacitive mode of operation

• Case 3: When |𝑋𝐶 | = |𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 |,

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ≈ ∞
This is a case which should be prevented. [Prohibited]
⇒ Parallel Resonance

• Case 4: When 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = ∞

This is a fixed capacitor mode of operation of TCSC [Both switches are fully turned OFF]
Suppose:
(i) 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 1.5𝑋𝑐
(−𝑗𝑋𝐶 ) (−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋 = 1 = (−𝑗3𝑋𝐶 ) ⇒ Capacitive mode of operation
1− 𝐶 1−
1.5
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

𝐼⃗𝑇𝐶𝑅 1 1
= 𝑋 = 1−1.5 = −2
𝐼⃗ 1−( 𝑇𝐶𝑅 )
𝑋𝐶

(ii) 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 0.75𝑋𝑐

(−𝑗𝑋𝐶 ) (−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋 = 1 = (+𝑗3𝑋𝐶 ) ⇒ Inductive mode of operation
1− 𝐶 1−
0.75
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

𝐼⃗𝑇𝐶𝑅 1 1
= 𝑋 = 1−0.75 = +4
𝐼⃗ 1−( 𝑇𝐶𝑅 )
𝑋𝐶

In both the cases, the impedances of TCSC are same. However, the TCR current is twice in
inductive mode of operation as that of the capacitive mode. This is an important consideration
in choice of the ratings of thyristors as thyristor should be designed according to maximum
current carrying capability.
Modes of operation of TCSC:
Assumption: TCSC is lossless.
Basically, a TCSC is operated either of these THREE modes.
(i) Bypassed Thyristor Mode:
• In this mode, the GATE of thyristors are controlled to be in fully ON condition.

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 C
L

Fig 8. TCSC operation in bypassed thyristor mode

• TCSC module behaves like a parallel L-C circuit. The reactance of the reactor (TCR) is
designed to be lower value than that of the fixed capacitor. But, the net current is inductive
because inductive reactance is kept lower than capacitive reactance. So, most of the line
current flow through the TCR as indicated in Fig.8.
• This mode is of operation of TCSC used to protect the capacitor against overvoltage.
(ii) Blocked Thyristor Mode:

C
L

Fig 9. TCSC operation in blocked thyristor mode

• In this mode, the thyristor is kept fully OFF as shown in Fig.9. It is also known as fixed
capacitor mode of operation.
• This mode of operation is generally avoided and it is used as waiting mode before the
Vernier control mode.
(iii) Partially conducting Thyristor mode or Vernier Control

C
L

Il: Controlled

Fig 10. TCSC operation in Partially conducting Thyristor mode or Vernier Control

• In this mode of operation, the Thyristors are operated in partially conducting mode.
• There are two different Vernier control modes:
(a) Inductive Vernier control mode:
The net impedance of TCSC, i,e., 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is inductive. [𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 : 𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸]
(b) Capacitive Vernier control mode:
The net impedance of TCSC, i,e., 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is capacitive. [𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 : 𝑁𝐸𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸]

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Mathematical modelling of TCSC:

i (t ) iC ( t ) C
Transmission Line
vC ( t ) sw
L
iTCR ( t )

Fig.11. Equivalent circuit diagram of a TCSC

In Fig.11,
𝑖(𝑡):The instantaneous current flowing through the transmission line
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) (1)
𝑖𝑐 (𝑡): The instantaneous current flowing through the capacitor
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡): The instantaneous voltage across through the capacitor
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡): The instantaneous current flowing through the TCR
Applying KCL at the node indicated in Fig.11
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) (2)
𝐶 ⅆ𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)
Applying KVL, across the capacitor, 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = (3)
ⅆ𝑡

ⅆ𝑖𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
Applying KVL, across the TCR 𝑢𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐿 (4)
ⅆ𝑡

[Where, 𝑢 = 1, when TCR is ON

𝑢 = 0 , otherwise]
Substituting Eqn (1) and Eqn (3), in Eqn (2)
𝐶 ⅆ𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) = +𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) (5)
ⅆ𝑡

Now differentiating both sides of Eqn (4)

ⅆ𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) ⅆ2 𝑖𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
=𝐿 (6)
ⅆ𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 2

Substituting the value of Eqn (6), in Eqn (5)

ⅆ2 𝑖𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐿𝐶 +𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) (7)
ⅆ𝑡 2

By solving Eqn (7), we get:

𝜆2
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑟 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑟 𝑡) (8)

Transient Part Steady State part

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 𝜔𝑟 1
Where, λ = and 𝜔𝑟 = (Resonant frequency) and A and B are two constants.
𝜔 √𝐿𝐶

Voltage and current waveforms

In Fig.12,
𝛽: Angle of advance
𝜎: Conduction angle
𝛼: Firing angle [Measured from zero crossing line current]
𝜔𝑡1 = −𝛽 [TCR current starts]
𝜔𝑡2 = 𝜔𝑡1 + 𝜎 = +𝛽
𝜔𝑡3 = 𝜋 − 𝛽 [TCR current starts]
𝜔𝑡4 = 𝜔𝑡3 + 𝜎

𝜎 = 𝜋 [Thyristors are fully turned ON]

= 0 [Thyristors are fully turned ON]
Vernier control mode of operation, i.e, partial conduction of thyristors will create harmonics.

[TCSC operation in
vc ( t ) fixed capacitor mode]
iTCR ( t )
i (t )

 α
β β
α β β t
Π
σ

t1 t2 t4

 t3

t = 0
Fig.12.Waveforms of 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡), 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)

Boundary conditions to determine the constants A and B

Condition 1: 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)]𝜔𝑡1 =−𝛽 = 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)]𝜔𝑡2 =𝛽 = 0

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 −𝛽 +𝛽
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 ( 𝜔 ) = 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 ( 𝜔 ) = 0
−𝛽 +𝛽
Condition 2: 𝑣𝑐 ( 𝜔 ) = −𝑣𝑐 ( 𝜔 )

Derivations of the expressions for A and B

−𝛽 +𝛽
𝑣𝑐 ( 𝜔 ) = −𝑣𝑐 ( 𝜔 ) ⇒ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝑡=−𝛽 = −𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝑡=+𝛽
𝜔 𝜔

𝜆2
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑟 𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑟 𝑡)
ⅆ𝑖𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
From Eqn (4), we know, 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐿 ⅆ𝑡

Substituting Eqn (8) in Eqn (4)

𝜆2
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝐿 (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡) − 𝐿𝐴𝜔𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑟 𝑡) + 𝐿𝐵𝜔𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑟 𝑡) (9)

Applying the boundary condition (𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝑡=−𝛽 = −𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝑡=+𝛽 ) to (9)

𝜔 𝜔

𝜆2 𝜆2
⇒ 𝐿 (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝐿𝐴𝜔𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝛽 + 𝐿𝐵𝜔𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝛽 = 𝐿 (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝐿𝐴𝜔𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝛽 −
𝐿𝐵𝜔𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝛽
⇒ 2𝐿𝐵𝜔𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝛽 = 0
⇒𝐵=0 (10)
Derivation for the expression of 𝐴
Boundary condition: 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 0]𝜔𝑡=−𝛽 = 0
𝜆2
We know, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝜔𝑡) [As 𝐵 = 0 ]

𝜆2
⇒ 0 = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽)

𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
⇒ 𝐴 = − (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) (11)

So, the expression for the instantaneous current flowing through the TCR (Reactor) is,
𝜆2 𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) − (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝜔𝑡)

𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
⇒ 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 [cos(𝜔𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝜔𝑡)] (12)

The expression for the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor of TCSC is,
𝜆2
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝜔𝐿 ( 2 ) 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡) − 𝐿𝐴𝜔𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑟 𝑡)
𝜆 −1 𝑚

𝜆2 𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
= −𝜔𝐿 ( 2
) 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐿𝜔𝑟 ( 2
) 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)
𝜆 −1 𝜆 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽)

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 𝜆2 𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
= −𝜔𝐿 ( 2 ) 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) + 𝜆 𝜔𝐿 ( 2 ) 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)
𝜆 −1 𝜆 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽)
𝜆2 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
⇒ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝜔𝐿 (𝜆2 −1) 𝐼𝑚 [− sin(𝜔𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)] (13)

Now, 𝜔𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 = reactance of the TCR reactor

𝜔𝑟 1
λ = , 𝜔𝑟 =
𝜔 √𝐿𝐶
1
⇒ λ = 𝜔√𝐿𝐶 ⇒ λ2 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 = 1 ⇒ λ2 (𝜔𝐿)(𝜔𝐶) = 1
1
⇒ λ2 (𝜔𝐿) = (𝜔𝐶) = 𝑋𝐶 [Capacitive reactance] (14)

Substituting Eqn (14) in (13), we get

𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
⇒ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)] (15)
𝜆2 −1

This equation (15) is applicable when 𝑢 = 1 i.e., 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) ≠ 0

When the TCR is non-conducting, the TCSC will act as a fixed capacitor.
So, when 𝑢 = 0 [TCR is non-conducting, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 0 ], we need to derive the expression for
the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor.
𝐶 ⅆ𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)
Thus, 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖(𝑡) = ⅆ𝑡
1
⇒ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝜔𝑡=+𝛽

𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝜔𝑡=+𝛽 = 2
[−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝛽)]
𝜆 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽)
𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)]𝜔𝑡=+𝛽 = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜆𝛽)] = 𝑉𝑐′ (16)
𝜆2 −1

[𝑉𝑐′ : Voltage across the capacitor before the fixed capacitor mode starts]
At fixed capacitor mode of operation,
1
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐶 ∫ 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐼 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽] = 𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝑐 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽] (17)
𝜔𝐶 𝑚

The instantaneous voltage across the capacitor can be written as

𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)], 𝜔𝑡𝜖[−𝛽, 𝛽] ⟸TCR is conducting, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) ≠ 0
𝜆2 −1

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝑐 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽] ⟸TCR is non-conducting, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 0 (18)

𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶
Where, 𝑉𝑐′ = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜆𝛽)] ⟸ Time-invariant.
𝜆2 −1

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Remarks:
(i) The voltage across the fixed capacitor is harmonic in nature.
(ii) We can determine the fundamental component of the capacitor voltage [𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)] from this
equation (18).
(iii) We can also determine the time-varying impedance of TCSC i.e., 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 from this equation
(18).

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