Chapter 8: Temperature

Important Terms:

Temperature = A relative measure or indication of hotness or coldness

Heat =The net energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature
difference

Internal Energy = The energy becomes part of the total energy of the molecules of the
object or system

Thermometer = A device constructed to make evident some property of a substance that

changes with temperature.

Thermal Expansion =A change in the dimension or volume of a substance that occurs

when the temperature changes.

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale = The boiling point is 212o while the freezing point is
32o

Celsius Temperature Scale = The boiling point is 100o while the freezing point is 0o

Mole = the quantity that contains Avogadro’s number of a molecule

Absolute Zero = -273.15oC

Kelvin Temperature Scale = absolute zero is the foundation.

Triple Point of Water = Represents a unique set of conditions where water co – exist
simultaneously in equilibrium as a solid, a liquid and a gas

Kinetic Theory of Gases = the molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions with each
other and with the walls of the container.

Diffusion = The process of random molecular mixing in which particular molecules

moves from a region where they are present in higher concentration to one where they are
in lower concentration.

Osmosis = The diffusion of liquid water across a permeable membrane down a

concentration gradient.

Degree of Freedom = Independent way a molecule has for possessing energy.

Equipartition Theorem = On average, the total internal energy of an ideal gas is divided
equally among each degree of freedom its molecules possess.
Important Equations:

Celsius – Fahrenheit Conversion

9
℉= ℃+32
5

5
℃= (℉ – 32)
9

Where: F = Fahrenheit
C = Celsius

Ideal (or Perfect) Gas Law (always absolute temperature)

PV =N k B T
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
PV =nRT

Where: kB = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10-23J/K

R = 8.31J/(mol·K)
NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
N = Number of molecules
n = Number of moles

Kelvin – Celsius Conversion

K=℃ +273.15

Where:K = Kelvin

Thermal Expansion of Solids

Linear: Lf =Lo (1+αΔT )
Area: A f = A o (1+2 αΔT )
Volume: V f =V o (1+ 3 αΔT )

Where: LF = Final length

LO = Initial length
AF = Final area
AO = Initial area
VF = Final volume
VO = Initial volume
T = Temperature
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion for solids
Thermal Volume Expansion of Fluids
ΔV
=βΔT
Vo

Where: β = Coefficient of volume expansion for fluids

Results of Kinetic Theory of Gases

1 2
pV = Nm v rms
3
1 2 3
m v rms = RT (all gases)
2 2
3 3
U = N k B T = nRT (ideal monatomic gases only)
2 2
5 5
U = N k B T = nRT (diatomic gases)
2 2

Where: v = Velocity
U = Total Energy

Example 1: Convert 20oC to Fahrenheit scale and the normal body temperature and
98.6oF to the Celsius scale.

Given: 9
℉= (20)+32
T 1=20 °C 5
T 2=98.6 ° F ℉=68

Required: 5
b . ℃= (℉ −32)
Convert to other units 9
5
℃= (98.6−32)
Solution: 9
9 ℃=37
a . ℉= ℃ +32
5

Example 2: What is the absolute zero on the Fahrenheit scale?

Given: ℃=−273.15
T 1=0 K

Required:
Absolute 0 in oF

Solution: 9 9
℉= ℃+32= (−273.15)+32
K=℃ +273.15 5 5
0=℃+273.15 ℉=−459.67
Example 3: A quantity of low-density gas in a rigid container is initially at room
temperature and a particular pressure. If the gas is heated to a temperature of 60 oC by
what factor does the pressure change?
Given:
T 1=20 ℃ Solution:
T 2=60 ℃ T 1 T 2 P2 T 2
= ; =
P 1 P2 P1 T 1
Required: P 2 60+273.15
P2 =
=? P 1 20+273.15
P1 P 2 333.15
=
P 1 293.15
P2
=1.136
P1

Example 4: A steel beam is 5.0m long at a temperature of 20 oC. On a hot day, the
temperature rises to 40oC. What is the change in the beam’s length due to thermal
expansion?

Given:
L=5 m Required:
T i=20 ℃ a . ΔL=?
T f =40 ℃

Solution
a . LF =Lo [ 1+α ( ΔT ) ]

[ ( )( 40 ℃−20 ℃ ) ]
−6
12 ×10
LF =5.00 m 1+
℃
LF =5.0012 m

ΔL=LF −Lo
ΔL=5.0012 m−5.00 m
ΔL=0.0012 m

Example 5: A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly 50.00 m long at a
temperature of 20oC. What is its length on a hot summer day when the temperature is
35oC?

Given: T f =35℃
Lo=50.00 m
T i=20 ℃ Required:
LF =?

Solution:
LF =Lo [ 1+α ( ΔT ) ]
 [ ( ) ]
−6
12 ×10
LF =50.00 m 1+ ( 35 ℃−20 ℃ ) =50.009 m
℃
Example 6: In the previous example, the surveyor measures a distance when the
temperature is 35oC and obtains the result 35.794m. What is the actual distance?

Given:
Lo=35.794 m Required:
T f =35℃ Lo=?

Solution:
LF =Lo [ 1+α ( ΔT ) ]

[ ( ) ( 35℃−20 ℃ ) ]=35.800 m
−6
12 ×10
LF =35.794 m 1+
℃

Example 7: What is the average (rms) speed of a helium atom (He) in a helium balloon
at room temperature? Take the mass of the helium atom to be 6.65 x 10-27kg.

Given:
−27
m He=6.65 × 10 kg
T =20 ℃+273.15=293.15 K
−23 J
k B=1.38 × 10
K

Required:
V =?

Solution

v rms=
√
3 k BT
m

√ ( )
J
3 1.38 ×10−23 (293.15 K )
K
v rms= −27
6.65× 10 kg
m
v rms=1350.93
s
Example 8: More than 99% of the air we breathe consists of diatomic gases, mainly nitrogen
(N2, 78%) and oxygen (O2, 21%). There are traces of other gases, one of which is radon (Rn), a
monatomic gas arising from radioactive decay of uranium in the ground. Calculate the total
internal energy of 1.00mole samples each of oxygen and radon at room temperature. For each
sample, calculate the amount of internal energy associated with molecular translational kinetic
energy.

Given:
n=1 mole

T =20 ℃+273.15=293.15 K
J
R=8.31
mol ∙ K

Required:
a . U Ra=?
U O =?
2

b . U TRANS of Ra=?
U TRANS of O =?
2

Solution:
3
U Ra= n R T
2
3
(
U Ra= ( 1 mol ) 8.31
2
J
)
mol ∙ K
(293.15 K )

U Ra=3654.11J

5
U O = n RT
22

5
(
U O = ( 1mol ) 8.31
22
J
mol ∙ K)(293.15 K )

U O =6090.19 J
2

U TRANS of Ra=3654.11J

3
U TRANS of O = n R T =3654.11 J
2
2
Name:
Section:

1. A building with a steel framework is 150m tall when the temperature is 0oC. How much taller
is the building on a hot summer day when the temperature is 36oC?

Given:

Required:

Solution:

2. A steel bridge is built in the summer when the temperature is 35oC. At the time of construction
its length is 80m. What is the length of the bridge on a cold winter day when the temperature is -
12oC?

Given:

Required

Solution: