ISBN- 978-93-5967-599-2

CURRENT TRENDS IN
AGRICULTURE & ALLIED
SCIENCES
V O L U M E 2

Chief Editors
Dr.Mukesh Sehgal
Dr.Sayanika Borah
Associate Editors
Dr.Ravi Verma Dr.S.D.Behera
Dr.Yogesh Pandey Dr.C.Ravindran
Arpit Singh Dr. Anurag Shukla Bontha Rajasekar
 ISBN- 978-93-5967-599-2

Current Trends in Agriculture & Allied Sciences

(Volume 2)

Chief Editors
Dr. Mukesh Sehgal
Dr.Sayanika Borah

Associate Editors
Dr.Ravi Verma Dr.Swosti D. Behera Dr.Yogesh Pandey
Dr.C.Ravindran Dr.Anurag Shukla Arpit Singh Bontha Rajasekar
S P Publishing
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Volume: Second

ISBN: 978-93-5967-599-2

Price: Rs . 750.00/-
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 Current Trends in Agriculture & Allied Sciences (Volume 2)
ISBN- 978-93-5967-599-2

CHAPTER 3
Advanced Methods Used in Agriculture (IoT,AI,GIS,GPS)

Anurag Shukla*1, Krishna Kumar2, P. K. Upadhyay3 and

C. L. Maurya4
1Dept. of Plant Pathology, C. S. Azad Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, India.
2Division
of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
3College. of Dairy Technology, C. S. Azad Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, India.
4Dept. of Seed Science & Technology, C. S. Azad Univ. of Agriculture & Technology,

Kanpur, India.

Advanced methods in agriculture have revolutionized the way we produce food, allowing
us to increase yields, optimize resource utilization, and enhance overall efficiency. Several
cutting-edge technologies, including IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence),
drones, GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), remote
sensing, robotics, farm automation, and protected cultivation, are at the forefront of this
agricultural transformation.
1. Internet of Things (IoT): -
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects various devices and sensors across the farm,
allowing for real-time data collection and analysis. IoT systems can track soil moisture
levels, monitor livestock health, and control equipment remotely. By providing actionable
insights, IoT enhances decision-making and resource management on the farm. This note
explores the various advanced methods in agriculture, with a specific focus on IoT
applications.
a) Smart Farming and Precision Agriculture:
o IoT devices, such as sensors, drones, and automated machinery, provide real-time data
on soil conditions, weather patterns, crop health, and livestock behavior.
o Farmers can make data-driven decisions for precise irrigation, fertilization, and
pesticide application, reducing resource wastage and enhancing crop yields.
b) Crop Monitoring:
o IoT-enabled sensors placed in fields continuously monitor soil moisture, temperature,
and nutrient levels.
o This data helps farmers to determine optimal planting times, manage irrigation
efficiently, and prevent overwatering or underwatering.
c) Livestock Management:
o IoT solutions include wearable sensors for tracking animal health, location, and
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behavior.
o Farmers can remotely monitor and manage livestock conditions, detect illnesses early,
and improve breeding practices.
d) Environmental Monitoring:
o IoT sensors measure environmental factors like humidity, temperature, and air quality.
o This data aids in predicting and mitigating the impact of extreme weather events,
ensuring crop and livestock safety.
e) Supply Chain Optimization:
o IoT helps in tracking and monitoring the movement of agricultural products from farm
to table.
o This ensures food safety, reduces spoilage, and enhances traceability, promoting
transparency and trust in the supply chain.
f) Pest and Disease Control:
o IoT devices can identify pest and disease outbreaks through image recognition and data
analysis.
o Farmers receive alerts, enabling early intervention and reducing crop losses.
g) Energy Efficiency:
o IoT-powered smart grids and energy management systems optimize energy usage on
farms.
o Solar-powered IoT devices reduce energy costs and carbon footprint.
h) Market Access and Information:
o IoT solutions connect farmers to marketplaces, providing real-time price information
and demand forecasts.
o Farmers can make informed decisions regarding crop selection and timing of sales.
i) Data Analytics and AI:
o IoT-generated data is analyzed using artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms.
o Predictive analytics help farmers make better decisions regarding planting, harvesting,
and resource allocation.
h) Remote Farming and Automation:
o IoT enables remote farm management, allowing farmers to control machinery,
irrigation, and monitoring systems from smartphones or computers.
o Automation reduces labor costs and improves operational efficiency.
i) Water Management:
o IoT sensors and data analytics assist in efficient water resource management, reducing
water wastage and ensuring sustainable use.
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2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): -

Artificial Intelligence refers to the development of computer systems that can perform
tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning, reasoning,
problem-solving, perception, language understanding, and decision-making. AI systems
use algorithms and data to analyze and make predictions or decisions, often with a high
degree of accuracy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a transformative technology that has the
potential to revolutionize various industries, including agriculture. In recent years, AI has
gained significant traction in the agricultural sector, offering innovative solutions to
address the challenges faced by farmers and the growing global population's need for food
security. Here's a detailed overview of AI and its importance in agriculture.
a) Precision Agriculture:
 AI enables precision agriculture, which involves using data-driven technologies to
optimize farming practices. By integrating AI with sensors, drones, and other data
collection tools, farmers can monitor crop health, soil conditions, and weather
patterns in real-time.
 This data helps in making precise decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and
pesticide application, leading to higher yields and resource efficiency.
b) Crop Management:
 AI-powered image recognition and machine learning algorithms can identify
diseases, pests, and nutrient deficiencies in crops based on images captured by
drones or smartphones.
 Farmers can then take immediate action to address these issues, reducing crop
losses and the need for chemical interventions.
c) Predictive Analytics:
 AI can analyze historical data and current conditions to make predictions about
crop yields, disease outbreaks, and optimal planting times.
 This information allows farmers to plan their operations more effectively and
minimize risks associated with climate variability and market fluctuations.
d) Weed and Pest Control:
 AI-driven robots and autonomous tractors equipped with cameras and machine
learning algorithms can identify and remove weeds or pests with precision,
reducing the reliance on chemical herbicides and pesticides.
 This not only saves costs but also benefits the environment by reducing chemical
runoff.
e) Livestock Management:
 AI can be used to monitor the health and behavior of livestock through wearable
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Advanced methods used in Agriculture

devices and sensors.

 This helps farmers detect illnesses or distress in animals early, ensuring better
animal welfare and higher productivity.
f) Supply Chain Optimization:
 AI can optimize the entire agricultural supply chain, from harvest to distribution.
 It can help farmers make informed decisions about when to harvest, how to store
crops, and the most efficient routes for transportation, reducing food waste and
ensuring fresher produce reaches consumers.
g) Resource Efficiency:
 AI-driven systems can help conserve resources such as water and energy by
providing data-driven insights into when and how much to irrigate, which areas of
the farm need attention, and how to minimize waste.
h) Market Analysis:
 AI can analyze market trends and pricing data to help farmers make decisions
about what crops to plant and when to sell for maximum profit.
 It can also assist in identifying new markets and opportunities for diversification.
i) Research and Development:
 AI is accelerating agricultural research by analyzing vast datasets to develop new crop
varieties, breeding techniques, and sustainable farming practices.
3. Drones:
Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are aircraft that operate without
a human pilot on board. They are controlled remotely or autonomously and have gained
widespread popularity and utility across various industries due to their versatility and
capabilities. They are reshaping traditional farming practices by providing farmers with
valuable data, improved efficiency, and cost-effective solutions. In this article, we will
explore the importance of drones in agriculture, their various applications, and the
benefits they bring to the industry.
3.1. Applications of Drones in Agriculture:
a) Crop Monitoring and Management: Drones equipped with various sensors and
cameras can fly over fields to capture high-resolution images and collect data about
crop health, moisture levels, and nutrient deficiencies. This information helps farmers
make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, leading to
increased crop yields and reduced resource wastage.
b) Precision Agriculture: Drones enable precision agriculture by allowing farmers to
apply inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides with pinpoint accuracy. This reduces
environmental impact and lowers production costs, as only the areas in need receive
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treatment.
c) Crop Health Assessment: Drones equipped with multispectral and thermal cameras
can identify stress or disease in crops before they become visible to the naked eye.
Early detection enables timely intervention, preventing the spread of diseases and
minimizing crop loss.
d) Aerial Seeding: Some drones are capable of aerial seeding, which involves dispersing
seeds over large areas quickly and efficiently. This is particularly valuable in
reforestation efforts and restoring damaged ecosystems.
e) Livestock Management: Drones can be used to monitor livestock, count animals, and
assess their health and well-being. They help farmers identify and address issues like
straying or injured animals more effectively.
f) Weed Detection and Management: Drones equipped with machine learning
algorithms can identify and map weed infestations. This data allows farmers to apply
herbicides only where necessary, reducing chemical usage and preserving soil health.
g) Crop Mapping and Surveying: Drones can create detailed 3D maps of fields, helping
farmers plan and manage land more efficiently. This information is also useful for land
surveyors and agricultural consultants.
3.2. Benefits of Drones in Agriculture:
a) Data-driven Decision-Making: Drones provide real-time data that empowers farmers
to make informed decisions promptly. This data-driven approach optimizes resource
allocation and improves overall farm management.
b) Cost Reduction: By precisely targeting inputs and reducing the need for manual labor,
drones help lower operational costs. This is especially crucial in an industry with thin
profit margins.
c) Increased Productivity: Improved crop monitoring and management lead to
increased crop yields, making agriculture more productive and sustainable.
d) Environmental Benefits: Precision agriculture practices made possible by drones
reduce the environmental impact of farming. They minimize the use of chemicals,
water, and energy, contributing to a greener and more sustainable agriculture sector.
e) Time Savings: Drones can cover large areas quickly, saving farmers a significant
amount of time compared to traditional methods of field inspection and data collection.
f) Safety: Drones reduce the need for farmers to physically inspect difficult or hazardous
terrain, improving overall safety on the farm.
4. Geographic Information System (GIS):-
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful technology that combines geographical
data with software tools to capture, manage, analyze, and visualize various types of spatial
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Advanced methods used in Agriculture

information. GIS plays a significant role in agriculture by helping farmers, researchers, and
policymakers make informed decisions, optimize resource allocation, and improve overall
agricultural practices. Here's a detailed overview of GIS and its importance in agriculture:
a) Data Integration:
 GIS integrates multiple layers of data, including maps, satellite imagery, soil data,
weather information, and crop-specific data.
 This integration enables farmers to have a comprehensive view of their agricultural
operations.
b) Precision Agriculture:
 GIS allows for precise monitoring and management of agricultural fields. By collecting
data on soil properties, moisture levels, and crop health, farmers can make data-driven
decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pesticide application.
 This precision agriculture approach optimizes resource use, reduces costs, and
minimizes environmental impact.
c) Crop Planning and Management:
 Farmers can use GIS to analyze historical data and identify optimal planting times, crop
rotation strategies, and suitable crop varieties for specific areas.
 GIS can also assist in tracking crop growth, predicting yield, and managing harvest
schedules.
d) Soil Management:
 GIS can help farmers assess soil health and quality by analyzing soil type, nutrient
levels, and pH.
 This information guides soil management practices, such as soil amendment and
erosion control, to improve long-term soil fertility and sustainability.
e) Pest and Disease Management:
 GIS can monitor the spread of pests and diseases in real-time by integrating data from
various sources.
 This enables early detection and targeted intervention, reducing the use of pesticides
and preventing crop losses.
f) Water Resource Management:
 Efficient water resource management is crucial in agriculture. GIS helps in monitoring
and optimizing irrigation systems, assessing water availability, and managing
watersheds.
 This ensures sustainable water use and reduces the risk of over-irrigation or water
scarcity.
g) Land Use Planning:
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 Current Trends in Agriculture & Allied Sciences (Volume 2)
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 GIS is instrumental in land use planning, helping governments and agricultural

organizations make informed decisions about land allocation, zoning, and
infrastructure development.
 This contributes to balanced regional development and reduces land conflicts.
h) Climate Change Adaptation:
 As climate change impacts become more apparent, GIS is vital for assessing the effects
on agriculture.
 It aids in identifying climate-resilient crop varieties, adjusting planting schedules, and
implementing adaptive strategies to mitigate risks.
i) Supply Chain Management:
 GIS can be used to track the movement of agricultural products from farm to market.
 It optimizes transportation routes, reduces spoilage, and enhances supply chain
efficiency, benefiting both farmers and consumers.
j) Policy Development: -
 Policymakers can utilize GIS to analyze agricultural trends, identify areas with specific
needs, and formulate policies that support sustainable farming practices, rural
development, and food security.
5. Global Positioning System (GPS):
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides
precise location and time information to users anywhere on Earth, 24 hours a day, in all
weather conditions. It was developed and is maintained by the United States Department
of Defense and consists of a constellation of at least 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. GPS
has found widespread applications in various fields, including agriculture, where it has
revolutionized farming practices. In this article, we will delve into the importance of GPS in
agriculture and how it has transformed the agricultural industry.
5.1. How GPS Works:
GPS works on the principle of trilateration, which involves measuring the time it takes for
signals to travel from multiple satellites to a receiver on Earth. Each satellite broadcasts a
signal that includes its precise location and the current time. The GPS receiver on the
ground collects signals from multiple satellites, and by comparing the time it took for each
signal to arrive, it can determine its exact position in three dimensions: latitude, longitude,
and altitude.
5.3. Importance of GPS in Agriculture:
a) Precision Farming: GPS technology has ushered in the era of precision farming,
allowing farmers to manage their fields with unprecedented accuracy. By knowing
their exact position in the field, farmers can optimize the use of resources such as
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fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water. This leads to more efficient farming
practices, reduced input costs, and higher crop yields.
b) Automated Machinery: GPS-guided tractors and other agricultural machinery have
become commonplace. These vehicles can follow precise paths and avoid overlap,
reducing fuel consumption, minimizing soil compaction, and increasing overall
productivity. Additionally, autonomous machinery can work around the clock,
improving efficiency.
c) Variable Rate Technology (VRT): VRT is a key component of precision agriculture
made possible by GPS. With VRT, farmers can vary the application rates of inputs (e.g.,
seed, fertilizer, and pesticides) based on the specific needs of different areas within a
field. This fine-tuned approach maximizes crop yield while minimizing environmental
impacts.
d) Mapping and Monitoring: GPS technology enables farmers to create accurate maps of
their fields. These maps can be used for tasks such as soil sampling, crop scouting, and
yield monitoring. By collecting data from different areas of the field, farmers can
identify trends and make informed decisions about crop management.
e) Optimized Irrigation: GPS-guided irrigation systems can precisely target areas of the
field that need water the most. This prevents over-irrigation, conserves water
resources, and reduces energy costs associated with pumping water.
f) Harvesting Efficiency: GPS can be used to optimize the path of combine harvesters,
ensuring that no part of the field is missed, and crop losses are minimized. It also
allows for real-time monitoring of crop yield, helping farmers make immediate
decisions during the harvest.
g) Compliance and Record-keeping: GPS data can be used to track the use of inputs and
ensure compliance with regulations. It also aids in record-keeping, making it easier for
farmers to document their practices and meet reporting requirements.
h) Farm Management Software: GPS data can be integrated into farm management
software, allowing farmers to analyze and visualize data collected from their fields.
This information can inform long-term planning and decision-making.
6. Remote Sensing: -
Remote sensing is a powerful technology that plays a crucial role in modern agriculture. It
involves the collection of information about the Earth's surface without direct physical
contact. This is typically done using sensors mounted on aircraft, satellites, drones, or
ground-based equipment. The collected data is then analyzed to extract valuable
information about various aspects of the agricultural landscape. Remote sensing has
become an indispensable tool in agriculture due to its numerous benefits and applications.
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a) Crop Monitoring:
 Remote sensing provides a comprehensive view of crop health and growth patterns. It
allows farmers to monitor the development of crops throughout the growing season.
 By capturing data on factors like plant vigor, moisture content, and nutrient levels,
remote sensing helps farmers identify areas of concern and implement timely
interventions.
b) Precision Agriculture:
 Precision agriculture is all about optimizing resource use, such as water, fertilizers, and
pesticides. Remote sensing enables precise management by mapping variations in the
field.
 By creating detailed field maps based on data from remote sensors, farmers can apply
resources only where they are needed, reducing waste and environmental impact.
c) Disease and Pest Detection:
 Remote sensing can detect early signs of diseases and pest infestations. Changes in
plant reflectance or thermal patterns can indicate stress caused by such issues.
 Identifying problems early allows for targeted treatments and minimizes yield losses.
d) Soil Health Assessment:
 Soil properties like moisture content, temperature, and organic matter can be
monitored remotely. This information is essential for optimizing irrigation and
ensuring proper soil management.
 Soil health assessment helps in preventing over-irrigation, which can lead to water
wastage and soil degradation.
e) Yield Prediction:
 Remote sensing data, when combined with historical records and weather data, can be
used to create predictive models for crop yield.
 Accurate yield predictions assist farmers in making informed decisions regarding
harvest schedules and market strategies.
f) Water Management:
 Water is a precious resource in agriculture, and remote sensing aids in efficient water
management.
 It helps in monitoring water sources, assessing irrigation efficiency, and detecting leaks
or inefficiencies in irrigation systems.
g) Land Use Planning:
 Remote sensing provides valuable data for land use planning and decision-making.
 It helps identify suitable areas for cultivation, assess land degradation, and support
land-use policy development.
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h) Environmental Impact Assessment:

 Agricultural practices can have a significant impact on the environment. Remote
sensing helps in monitoring these impacts and implementing sustainable farming
practices.
 It aids in tracking deforestation, soil erosion, and the spread of invasive species, among
other environmental concerns.
i) Crop Insurance and Risk Management:
 Remote sensing data can be used to assess crop damage caused by natural disasters,
enabling timely insurance claims and risk assessment.
 Insurance companies can use this information to offer more accurate policies to
farmers.
7. Robotics:
Robotics is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering that focuses on the design,
construction, operation, and use of robots. Robots are programmable machines that can
perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, often with the goal of replacing or
augmenting human labor in various industries and applications. Robotics encompasses a
wide range of technologies, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer science, and artificial intelligence. Robotics has become a game-changer in
various industries, and agriculture is no exception. The integration of robotics in
agriculture, often referred to as "agricultural robotics" or "agri-robotics," has transformed
traditional farming practices into more efficient, sustainable, and technologically advanced
systems. This article explores the importance of robotics in the agricultural field and how
it is revolutionizing farming practices.
a) Precision Farming:
 Robotics enables precision farming, which involves the use of advanced technologies to
optimize crop production. Robots equipped with sensors, cameras, and GPS systems
can collect data on soil conditions, moisture levels, and crop health. This data is then
used to make informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.
 Precision farming not only increases crop yields but also reduces the need for
resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides, making agriculture more sustainable.
b) Labor Shortages:
 Many regions are facing labor shortages in agriculture due to factors such as
urbanization and changing demographics.
 Robots can fill this labor gap by performing tasks like planting, harvesting, and
weeding autonomously. This reduces the dependency on human labor and
ensures that essential tasks are completed efficiently, even in the absence of a
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skilled workforce.
c) Increased Productivity:
 Agricultural robots work tirelessly and can operate 24/7, increasing overall
productivity. They are not affected by fatigue, weather conditions, or the need
for breaks, making them highly efficient in performing repetitive tasks.
 This leads to faster and more consistent results, which can significantly impact
the agricultural output.
d) Sustainability:
 Robotics in agriculture promotes sustainable farming practices. By precisely
applying resources and minimizing waste, robots contribute to reducing the
environmental impact of agriculture.
 For instance, autonomous tractors can follow predetermined paths, optimizing fuel
consumption and reducing carbon emissions. This eco-friendly approach aligns
with the growing demand for sustainable food production.
e) Reduced Chemical Usage:
 Robots equipped with vision systems and artificial intelligence can identify and
target specific weeds, pests, and diseases without the need for widespread chemical
applications.
 This reduces the use of pesticides and herbicides, minimizing the negative impact
on ecosystems and human health.
f) Data-Driven Decision-Making:
 The data collected by agricultural robots can be analyzed to make data-driven
decisions. Farmers can gain insights into crop performance, resource utilization,
and potential issues early in the growing season.
 This information empowers farmers to adjust their practices and make informed
decisions to maximize yields and profitability.
g) Customization:
 Robots can be customized and programmed to perform various tasks, making them
adaptable to different agricultural environments and crop types.
 Whether it's picking strawberries, pruning vines, or milking cows, robotics can be
tailored to suit specific farming needs.
h) Labor Focus on Skilled Tasks:
 As robots take over repetitive and labor-intensive tasks, human workers can focus
on more skilled and strategic aspects of farming, such as crop planning, research,
and innovation.
 This shift in labor allocation enhances the overall efficiency and quality of
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agriculture.
8. Farm Automation:
Farm automation refers to the application of technology and machinery to perform various
tasks and activities on a farm without the direct involvement of human labor. This
technological revolution in agriculture has significantly transformed the way farming is
done, making it more efficient, productive, and sustainable. Farm automation encompasses
a wide range of technologies and devices, including autonomous tractors, drones, sensors,
robotic harvesters, and more. This article explores the importance of farm automation in
the agricultural field and its various applications.
8.2. Types of Farm Automation Technologies:
 Autonomous Tractors: These self-driving tractors can plant, plow, and harvest crops
with high precision, reducing the need for human operators.
 Robotic Harvesters: Robots can pick fruits and vegetables with care and consistency,
minimizing damage and waste.
 Precision Planting: Automated planting systems ensure consistent seed spacing and
depth, optimizing crop growth.
 Automated Irrigation: Sensors and controllers manage water distribution, reducing
water consumption and preventing over-irrigation.
 Drone Technology: Drones equipped with cameras and sensors provide real-time
aerial views of fields, helping farmers monitor crop health and detect issues early.
 Smart Sensors: Soil and weather sensors provide data on temperature, moisture
levels, and nutrient content, aiding in decision-making.
 Post-Harvest Automation: Sorting, grading, and packaging of produce can be
automated, improving the quality and shelf life of products.
8.3. Economic Impact:
 According to a report by Grand View Research, the global agricultural robots market
was valued at approximately $3.2 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of
over 20% from 2021 to 2028.
 Farm automation can lead to significant cost savings in the long run, as it reduces labor
expenses, decreases waste, and optimizes resource usage.
8.4. Environmental Benefits:
 Automation promotes sustainable agriculture by minimizing chemical usage,
optimizing water resources, and reducing the carbon footprint of farming operations.
 Precise application of fertilizers and pesticides reduces runoff and minimizes their
impact on the environment.

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8.5. Challenges and Adoption:

 The initial investment in farm automation can be high, which may pose a barrier
to adoption for small-scale farmers.
 Training and maintenance of automation systems require specialized
knowledge and skills.
 As technology advances, there is a need for industry standards and regulations
to ensure safe and ethical use of automation in agriculture.
8.6. Global Impact:
 Farm automation is not limited to developed countries; it has the potential to
transform agriculture in developing nations as well.
 This can improve food security, reduce poverty, and enhance economic growth.
8.7. Importance of Farm Automation:
a) Increased Efficiency:
 Farm automation has revolutionized the efficiency of farming operations. Machines
and robots can work 24/7, without the need for breaks or rest, leading to increased
productivity.
 Tasks such as planting, weeding, harvesting, and irrigation can be carried out with
precision and speed, reducing the time and effort required by human labor.
b) Precision Agriculture:
 Automation allows for precision agriculture, which involves optimizing inputs such
as water, fertilizers, and pesticides to maximize crop yields while minimizing waste
and environmental impact.
 Sensors and GPS technology can collect data on soil conditions, weather, and crop
health, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions for better resource
management.
c) Labor Shortages:
 Many regions are facing labor shortages in agriculture due to factors such as aging
farm populations, rural-to-urban migration, and restrictive immigration policies.
 Farm automation helps bridge this labor gap by automating tasks that would
otherwise require a significant workforce, ensuring that crops are planted,
maintained, and harvested on time.
d) Cost Reduction:
 While the initial investment in farm automation technology can be substantial, it
often leads to long-term cost savings. Automated systems reduce the need for
manual labor, which can be expensive and subject to seasonal variations.

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 Moreover, automation can minimize waste, optimize resource usage, and reduce
the reliance on costly chemical inputs.
e) Sustainability:
 Farm automation contributes to sustainable agriculture by promoting better
resource management. Automated irrigation systems, for example, can reduce
water wastage, while precision application of fertilizers and pesticides minimizes
environmental harm.
 Sustainable practices are essential for preserving soil health and ensuring food
production for future generations.
f) Improved Crop Quality:
 Automation allows for precise monitoring and control of environmental conditions,
which can lead to higher-quality crops.
 For instance, controlled atmosphere storage systems can maintain optimal
conditions for fruits and vegetables, extending their shelf life and preserving
freshness.
g) Data-Driven Decision Making:
 Automation generates a wealth of data that farmers can use to make informed
decisions.
 By analyzing data collected from sensors, drones, and automated machinery,
farmers can adjust their strategies and practices to optimize crop yields, reduce
waste, and increase profitability.
h) Flexibility and Adaptability:
 Modern farm automation systems are designed to be adaptable to various crops
and conditions.
 This flexibility allows farmers to respond to changing market demands and adapt
their farming practices to different environmental factors, making them more
resilient in the face of challenges like climate change.
9. Protected Cultivation: -
Protected cultivation, also known as controlled environment agriculture (CEA) or
greenhouse farming, is a modern agricultural practice that involves cultivating crops
within a controlled environment, such as a greenhouse or polyhouse. This method offers
numerous advantages and plays a significant role in enhancing agricultural productivity
and sustainability. Here, we will delve into the details of protected cultivation and its
importance in the agricultural field.

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9.1. Components of Protected Cultivation:

a) Greenhouses/Polyhouses: The primary infrastructure for protected cultivation is a
greenhouse or polyhouse, which is essentially a structure covered with transparent
materials like glass or plastic. These materials allow sunlight to penetrate while
trapping heat inside.
b) Environmental Control Systems: These include mechanisms for regulating
temperature, humidity, light, and air quality within the protected structure. They often
involve heating and cooling systems, ventilation, shade nets, and automated controls.
c) Irrigation and Fertilization Systems: Precision irrigation and fertigation systems are
used to deliver water and nutrients directly to plant roots. This helps in optimizing
resource usage and ensures that plants receive the right amount of water and
nutrients.
d) Growing Media: Plants are usually grown in containers or raised beds with specialized
growing media like soilless mixes or hydroponic systems, which provide better control
over nutrient levels and root aeration.
9.2. Importance of Protected Cultivation:
a) Year-Round Crop Production: One of the most significant advantages of protected
cultivation is the ability to grow crops throughout the year, irrespective of seasonal
changes and adverse weather conditions. This allows for a consistent and reliable
supply of fresh produce, reducing dependency on seasonal availability.
b) Enhanced Crop Quality: Controlled environments provide optimal conditions for
plant growth. As a result, crops grown in protected structures often exhibit higher
quality characteristics such as better color, taste, and uniformity.
c) Increased Yield: Protected cultivation allows for higher crop yields per unit area due
to the ability to optimize growing conditions. This increased productivity can help meet
the rising demand for food as the global population continues to grow.
d) Reduced Pest and Disease Pressure: Greenhouses and polyhouses act as a physical
barrier to pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Integrated pest
management (IPM) strategies can be more effectively implemented in these controlled
environments.
e) Resource Efficiency: Protected cultivation is known for its resource efficiency. By
controlling factors like water, nutrients, and energy, it minimizes waste and resource
consumption. This is especially important in regions with water scarcity or where the
cost of resources is high.
f) Crop Diversification: Growers can cultivate a wide range of crops, including exotic
and high-value varieties that may not thrive in open-field conditions. This
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Advanced methods used in Agriculture

diversification can lead to increased farm income and reduced market risk.
g) Sustainability: The controlled environment in protected cultivation allows for
sustainable agricultural practices. Reduced pesticide use, efficient resource utilization,
and minimized environmental impacts contribute to a more sustainable food
production system.
h) Local and Urban Farming: Protected cultivation is well-suited for urban and peri-
urban agriculture, where space is limited, and there is a demand for fresh, locally
grown produce. This can reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation.
i) Research and Innovation: Protected cultivation serves as a platform for research and
innovation in agriculture. Scientists and farmers can experiment with new
technologies, crop varieties, and cultivation techniques to continually improve
agricultural practices.
In conclusion, the modernization of agriculture through advanced methods and
technologies has ushered in a new era of food production. These innovative tools and
techniques, such as IoT, AI, drones, GIS, GPS, remote sensing, robotics, farm automation,
and protected cultivation, have collectively reshaped the agricultural landscape. They have
not only expanded our capacity to meet the growing global demand for food but have also
enabled us to do so with increased precision and sustainability. The integration of IoT and
AI has empowered farmers with data-driven insights, enabling them to make informed
decisions about crop management, resource allocation, and pest control. Drones, equipped
with sophisticated sensors, offer an aerial view of fields, facilitating crop monitoring and
disease detection on a scale that was previously unimaginable. GIS and GPS technologies
aid in precise mapping and guidance, optimizing planting, harvesting, and irrigation
processes. Remote sensing satellites have become indispensable tools for monitoring land
use, crop health, and climate patterns, contributing to enhanced agricultural resilience and
adaptability. Robotics and farm automation have further mechanized tasks, reducing labor
requirements and minimizing the environmental impact of farming practices. Meanwhile,
protected cultivation has allowed us to transcend the limitations of traditional farming
seasons and produce high-quality crops year-round. As we face the complex challenges of
feeding a burgeoning global population, conserving natural resources, and mitigating the
effects of climate change, these advanced agricultural methods stand as beacons of hope.
They offer us not only the means to enhance food security but also the opportunity to do
so in a sustainable and environmentally conscious manner. In the coming years, the
continued development and integration of these technologies hold the promise of even
greater strides in agricultural efficiency, productivity, and resilience. As we strive to meet
the demands of the future, our ability to harness these innovations will be crucial in
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 Current Trends in Agriculture & Allied Sciences (Volume 2)
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ensuring that agriculture remains a cornerstone of human well-being and prosperity. The
transformative power of advanced agricultural methods gives us reason to be optimistic
about our ability to meet the evolving challenges of the agricultural sector and nourish a
growing global population.
References: -
A. Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence:
1. Alaba, F. A., Ojiewo, C. O., & Misra, S. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) and big data analytics in
agriculture: A systematic review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 174, 105507.
2. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of
Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347-2376
3. Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The Internet of Things: A survey. Computer Networks,
54(15), 2787-2805.
4. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2019). Digital agriculture: A framework for
agribusiness development. Rome, Italy: FAO.
5. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7),
1645-1660.
6. Kumar, N., Jain, S., & Raghuwanshi, N. S. (2019). Opportunities and challenges with the use of
drone-based precision agriculture. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information
Sciences.
7. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges
for enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), 431-440.
8. Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Masse, J., & Glitho, R. H. (2019). IoT in precision agriculture: A
comprehensive survey. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences.
9. Mishra, S., Raghuwanshi, N. S., & Rawat, D. B. (2017). Multi-sensor data fusion techniques for
IoT: A survey. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences.
10. Mukherjee, A., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2014). Internet of Things: A survey on architecture,
applications, security, and technology. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and
Information Sciences.
11. Rajkumar, R., Karthik, S., & Senthil, K. R. (2019). IoT-based smart agriculture: Toward making
the fields talk. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 161, 271-290.
12. Rathore, M. M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A., Rho, S., & Park, J. (2016). Urban planning and building smart
cities based on the Internet of Things using Big Data analytics. Computer Networks, 101, 63-80.
13. Saha, S., & Mukherjee, A. (2017). Internet of Things in agriculture: A comprehensive survey.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 158, 394-422.
14. Silva, B. J., & Barbosa, A. L. (2016). The role of the Internet of Things in agriculture: A
systematic literature review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 124, 121-140.
15. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of Things for smart
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cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22-32.

B. Drones:
1. Anderson, K., & Valletta, J. (2019). The rise of drone ecology: Implications for policy and
conservation. Biological Conservation, 238, 108233.
2. Anderson, K., & Gaston, K. J. (2013). Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize
spatial ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 11(3), 138-146.
3. Junttila, V., Karjalainen, M., & Saari, H. (2015). Multi-rotor UAVs in agriculture: A narrow band-
to-broadband approach. In 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and
Systems (IROS) (pp. 1263-1268). IEEE.
4. Mishra, A. K., Moharana, S., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2017). Application of drones in agriculture: A
comprehensive review. Journal of Agrometeorology, 19(2), 127-134.
5. Plaza, A., Martínez, P., & Pérez, R. (2015). Assessing the accuracy of mosaics from unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for precision agriculture purposes in wheat. Precision Agriculture,
16(6), 648-660.
6. Puri, V., Pandey, V., & Bhatt, A. (2019). Drones in agriculture: A review. Journal of Unmanned
Vehicle Systems, 7(4), 315-343.
7. Qin, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, H. (2018). Drones for agriculture: State-of-the-art in visual data
acquisition for field monitoring. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 142, 403-413.
8. Senthilnath, J., Kumar, A. S., & Aggarwal, A. (2018). Assessment of drone-based remote sensing
for agriculture. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 46(11), 1759-1767.
9. Torres-Sánchez, J., López-Granados, F., & Serrano, N. (2018). Aragón J. Mapping sugar beet yield
using UAV imagery. In Precision Agriculture '17 (pp. 127-132). Wageningen Academic
Publishers.
10. Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Shen, G., Zhang, X., Liu, F., & Ding, Y. (2019). Estimation of soybean leaf
nitrogen content using unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sensing, 11(5),
560.
11. Zhang, C., Kovacs, J. M., & Theodorou, A. (2018). Applications and research trends in outdoor
human motion capture. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 22-34.
12. Zhang, N., Wang, M., & Zhang, Y. (2018). A review of emerging trends in global dynamic risk
assessment for agriculture drone flights. Precision Agriculture, 19(6), 971-991.

C. Geographic Information Systems (GIS):

1. Agricultural Applications of Geographic Information Systems: A Review by Yuji Murayama,
Shoji Murayama, and Peiwen Xiong (2015).
2. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Agriculture by S. L. Duraisamy (2018).
3. Geographic Information Systems and Science by Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J.
Maguire, and David W. Rhind (2005).

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4. Geospatial Technologies in Agriculture: Issues and Applications edited by David E. Clay (2006).
5. GIS-Based Decision Support Systems for Agricultural Development by G. J. Heuvelink and M. M.
D. Hendriks (2003).
6. GIS for Agriculture by P. Nagabhushan (2006).
7. Geographic Information Systems in Agriculture edited by David E. Clay and Jenks B. Farmer
(1991).
8. GIS and Remote Sensing in Agriculture by C. P. Baruah (2001).
9. GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Biogeography and Ecology edited by André-Marie
Tremblay (2015).
10. Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Agriculture by Francis J. Pierce (2013).
11. The Role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Agriculture by M. H. Mughal and J. T.
Saeed (2013).
12. Use of Geographic Information Systems in Agriculture by Mualla Yilmaz, Harun Genc, and Metin
Demir (2013).

D. Global Positioning System (GPS)

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA):
https://nifa.usda.gov/
2. Precision Agriculture - Purdue University: https://www.purdue.edu/precisionag/
3. GPS.gov - Agriculture: https://www.gps.gov/applications/agriculture/
4. Trimble Agriculture: https://agriculture.trimble.com/
5. John Deere Precision Agriculture: https://www.deere.com/en/agriculture/precision-
agriculture/
6. Precision Agriculture - Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_agriculture

E. Remote Sensing:
1. Chander, G., Markham, B. L., & Helder, D. L. (2009). Summary of Current Radiometric
Calibration Coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI Sensors. Remote Sensing of
Environment, 113(5), 893-903.
2. Heumann, Benjamin W. (2011). An Object-Based Classification of Mangroves Using a Hybrid
Decision Tree—Support Vector Machine Approach. Remote Sensing, 3(11), 2440-2460.
3. O'Neal, Monte E., & Boykin, Kenneth G. (2019). Remote Sensing Technologies in Agriculture:
Past, Present and Future. In S. K. Singh & S. Ganesh (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 37:
Remote Sensing in Crop Protection (pp. 1-33). Springer.
4. Pandey, Bikram Pratap, & Gautam, Mahesh R. (2010). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in
Precision Agriculture: A Review. Advances in Remote Sensing, 2(1), 37-48.
5. Roy, David P., Wulder, Michael A., Loveland, Thomas R., Woodcock, Curtis E., Allen, Richard G.,
Anderson, Martha C., Helder, Dennis, Irons, James R., Johnson, David M., Kennedy, Robert, et. al.,
(2014). Landsat-8: Science and Product Vision for Terrestrial Global Change Research. Remote

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Sensing of Environment, 145, 154-172.

6. Thenkabail, Prasad S., Hanjra, Munir A., Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu, & Gumma, Murali Krishna.
(2009). A Comparative Study on Retrieval of Total Rice Area from Landsat, IRS, and MODIS
Data at Multiple Spatial Resolutions. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 75(6),
647-661.
7. Thenkabail, Prasad S., Mariotto, Isabella, Huete, Alfredo, & Milan, Donald. (2007). Performance
of ETM+ and MODIS Sensors and Their Spectral Indices for Spectral Characterization of
Brazilian Savannas. Sensors, 7(5), 629-650.
8. Thenkabail, Prasad S., Lyon, John G., & Huete, Alfredo. (2012). Advances in Remote Sensing of
Agriculture: Context Description, Existing Operational Monitoring Systems, and Major
Information Needs. Remote Sensing, 4(12), 3270-3290.
9. Wardlow, Brian D., & Egbert, Stephen L. (2008). Large-Area Crop Mapping Using Time-Series
MODIS 250 m NDVI Data: An Assessment for the U.S. Central Great Plains. Remote Sensing of
Environment, 112(3), 1096-1116.
F. Robotics:
1. Balamuralidhar, P., Jain, M., Sharma, A., & Dey, A. (2018). Role of robotics in sustainable
agriculture. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Robotics and Automation
for Humanitarian Applications (RAHA), Amritapuri, India.
2. Demers, D., Gendron, D., & Boissy, P. (2020). Agricultural robotics: Trends and challenges.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 174, 105437.
3. Jha, K., Doshi, A., Patel, P., & Parmar, P. (2021). Robotic applications in agriculture: A review.
Journal of Robotics, 2021, 6659207.
4. Khatkar, M. S., & Rai, S. (2018). Precision agriculture: A new dimension of farming practices.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 3551-3554.
5. Kim, J. W., Guo, S., Li, L., & Huang, Y. (2019). Robotics in agriculture and forestry. In Robotics
(pp. 635-663). Springer.
6. Saenz, T. A., & Loboa, E. G. (2020). Agricultural robots: A review. Robotics, 9(2), 41.
7. Zaman, Q. U., & Saeed, K. (2018). Role of agricultural robots in precision farming. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (ICRAI
2018), Dubai, UAE.
G. Farm Automation:
1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). "Smart Farming: A New Approach to Agriculture."
FAO, 2017. [Online] Available: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7467e.pdf
2. Goggi, Susanna, and Bryan G. Hopkins. "Automation in Agriculture: Technology for a
Sustainable Future." In Proceedings of the 2016 ASABE Annual International Meeting,
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016.
3. Heinemann, Phoebe H., et. al., "Toward Automated Fruit Detection and Counting: A Review."
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 144, 2018, pp. 227-244.
4. Khedekar, Hrushikesh, et. al., "Role of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture for Sustainable

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Development." In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable

Energy, Electronics, and Computing Systems (SEECS), IEEE, 2019.
5. Kisekka, Isaya, et. al., "Economic Analysis of Autonomous and Conventional Tractor Use in
Florida Citrus Production." Agricultural Systems, vol. 175, 2019, p. 102684.
6. Lowenberg-DeBoer, James, et. al., "Automation in Specialty Crops: State of the Art and
Recommendations for the Future." Precision Agriculture, vol. 17, no. 3, 2016, pp. 235-260.
7. Pariyani, Abhishek, and Anil Shrestha. "Farm Automation and Robotics for Improved
Agricultural Productivity." In Proceedings of the 2017 ASABE Annual International Meeting,
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017.
8. Shishika, Johnson. "Automation in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenges." Agriculture and Food
Security, vol. 7, no. 1, 2018, p. 65.
9. Van Henten, Eldert J., et. al., "Precision Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food
Systems, vol. 4, 2014, pp. 66-84.
10. Wang, Xin, et. al., "Farm Automation with Autonomous Ground and Aerial Vehicles: A Review."
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 155, 2018, pp. 71-81.
H. Protected Cultivation:
1. Adams, Stuart R., and Paul A. Nelson. "Greenhouse Tomato Handbook." University of Georgia
Cooperative Extension, 2018.
2. Choudhary, Bhagirath S., and Mark S. Reitenauer. "Protected Agriculture: A Global Review."
HortTechnology 14.4 (2004): 647-670.
3. Jensen, Marvin H., and Anil Shrestha. "Greenhouse tomato production in the United States."
HortTechnology 7.1 (1997): 36-47.
4. Kumar, Ramesh, and K. R. Shivanna. "Protected cultivation of vegetables." Agrobios (2006).
5. Lamont, William J. "Overview of the use of high tunnels worldwide." HortTechnology 20.1
(2010): 5-9.
6. Langhans, Robert W., and Hans-Peter Schuch. "Greenhouse technology: past, present, and
future." Advances in Plant Ethylene Research (2007): 95-118.
7. Lewis, Michael J., and Geoffrey B. Seymour. "Physiological control of postharvest flower
longevity." Horticultural Reviews 20 (1997): 161-204.
8. Nelson, Paul V., and Richard B. McKinley. "Greenhouse Operations and Management." Pearson,
2017.
9. Runkle, Erik S. "Light-emitting diodes in horticulture." Horticultural Reviews 43 (2015): 1-87.
10. Stanghellini, Claudio. "Greenhouse technology: present and future." Acta Horticulturae 801
(2008): 41-60.

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Agencies across India. He awarded with various awards by prestigious institutions, Organization
and societies across India (12 Nos) and abroad (3 Nos).

Arpit Singh currently working as Young Professional-I in AICRP-IFS,

Department of Agronomy, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &
Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.). He has done B.Sc. (Ag) & M.Sc. in
Agronomy from Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, Ayodhya (U.P.) in
2017 and 2019. Mr. Singh has published 5 research papers, 3 book chapters, 10
articles in various popular magazine’s and also attended many training programs,
national and international conferences and seminar. He has won many awards in your academic
and professional career.

Dr. Anurag Shukla currently holds the position of a teaching associate in the
Department of Plant Pathology at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of
Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. Having a commendable five-year tenure
that intertwines the realms of education and research, he accomplished his
academic journey by obtaining his bachelor's in horticulture, master's, and
Ph.D. degrees in the field of Plant Pathology, all hailing from CSAUA&T,
Kanpur. His doctoral research unfolded at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research in Kanpur, where
he delved into the intricate molecular diversity of Rhizoctonia bataticola. Dr. Shukla's erudition
extends further, having successfully completed the MOOC MOBI program at IIT Kanpur. His
literary contributions are not to be understated, for he has authored two books and produced
numerous research papers featured in esteemed international and domestic journals. Additionally,
he has presented abstracts at diverse conferences, showcasing his scholarly prowess. Beyond the
confines of academia, Dr. Shukla exhibits active engagement in pedagogical endeavors and other
supplementary pursuits, and his unwavering commitment extends to his membership in RSS,
ABVP, and Bhartiya Kisan Sangh.

BONTHA RAJASEKAR graduated from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agriculture

University, Hyderabad with distinction in 2013. He completed M. Sc. (Ag.) in
Agricultural Entomology at University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, India
as ICAR- Junior Research Fellow and also received four gold medals in 2015.
He joined as Agriculture officer in Department of Agriculture, Telangana State
and worked for 12 months, then deputed for 6 months as Personal Assistant to
Member of Parliament, Nalgonda. Then after, recruited as Assistant Professor in
Department of Entomology, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University in the
year 2018 and had a service of 5 years. He has credited with publication of two edited books and
ten research articles in peer reviewed journal and international journals.