ICE 1105: Physics

Dr M Mahbubur Rahman
Professor
Department of Physics
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342
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Email: [email protected]
Chapter 1: Oscillations

Free Vibrations

Damped Vibrations

Forced Vibrations 2
 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Free/Undamped Vibrations
If an object such as the bob of a simple
pendulum is displaced from its mean position,
and the released, it will show simple harmonic
motion. If there is no loss of energy due to
friction or otherwise, the pendulum will go on
oscillating with the same time period and
amplitude for any length of time without any
damping or decay of oscillations. Such types of
motions are referred as the undamped or free
vibrations. 3
 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Free/Undamped Vibrations
The displacement—time graph for a body
executing free vibrations is given below:

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Free/Undamped Vibrations
The free vibrations of a body actually
occur only in vacuum because the
presence of a medium offers some
resistance due to which the amplitude of
vibration does not remain constant and
decreases continuously. Thus, we define
free vibrations as the periodic vibrations
of a body of constant amplitude in the
absence of any external force on it. 5
 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Damped Vibrations
Generally, a simple harmonic oscillator vibrates in a
resisting medium such as air and energy is gradually
dissipated in each vibration in overcoming the opposing
frictional/resistive forces. As a result, the amplitude of
vibration gradually goes on decreasing with time. In the
absence of any kind of resistive or damping forces, the
oscillations will continue indefinitely without the change
of amplitude and time period however, in the presence
of damping the amplitude of vibrations decreases
continuously with time and finally the oscillations die
out. These kinds of vibrations are known as the damped
vibrations. 6
Chapter 1: Oscillations
Damped Vibrations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Damped Vibrations
An object showing simple harmonic motions in
a damping medium will be simultaneously
subjected to the following opposing forces:

1. The restoring force acting on the body which

proportional to the displacement of the body
and directed opposite to the direction of
displacement. Let this force be -ay where a is
a force constant)
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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

2. The resistive or damping force which is

proportional to the velocity of the object. Let
this damping force be -bv, where b is the
damping constant or damping coefficient, and v
is the velocity of the object.

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Chapter 1: Oscillations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Equation (1) is a second order linear
homogeneous differential equation.
Let us consider that Eq. (1) has a
solution in the form of:

Where A and k are two arbitrary

constants.
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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Differentiating the trial solution twice
with respect to t, and substituting
these into Eq. (1), we get

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

………... (2)

This is a quadratic equation and has a

solution of

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Thus, y will be the following values that
will satisfy Eq. (1)

Since Eq. (1) is linear, the sum of the two

values of y will be another solution of Eq. (1):

… (3)
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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

Home Work
Do the middle steps………………….find
the values of A1, and A2

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
The final solution of Eq. (1) will be

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Chapter 1: Oscillations

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Chapter 1: Oscillations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Types of Damping
1. Underdamping (Slight/light damping)
2. Critical damping
3. Overdamping (Heavy/strong damping)

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Power Dissipation in a Damped
Harmonic Oscillator

Home Work
(p. 91, GU Ahmad)
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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Forced Vibrations
Whenever a particle oscillates in a medium it
gets damped i.e., its amplitude falls
exponentially with time to zero due to
dissipation of energy. If an external periodic
force is applied to maintain the motion against
the damping force, initially the amplitude of
oscillation will increase, then decreases with
time, becomes minimum and again increases.
Finally the particle will start to oscillate with
frequency of the applied force at a constant
amplitude as long as the force remains active.
Such vibrations of the body are called the
forced vibrations. 21
Chapter 1: Oscillations

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Chapter 1: Oscillations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

Home Work
Solve this equation (1) to obtain the
displacement of the particle having a forced
oscillation. The solution of Eq. (1) will be

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Eq. (1) is an inhomogeneous differential
equation, and solution we have got is not a
complete one. We need to add the
complementary function (which is the solution
of the homogeneous part of Eq. (1)) to it. One
such solution we know is,

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Thus, the complete solution of Eq. (1) will be

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Resonance in Forced Vibrations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

Q-factor in Forced Vibrations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations

Sharpness of Resonance
in Forced Vibrations

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
For the previous studies see the

Book
Physics for Engineers Part. 1 (Gias Uddin Ahmad)

Chapter III
Pages 81-89, 91-94, 107-114
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Chapter 1: Oscillations
Home Work: Sample Questions
(from More Study)

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 Chapter 1: Oscillations
Home Work: Sample Questions
4. What are free, damped, and forced vibrations? A
particle showing damped harmonic motion is subjected to
an external periodic force. Establish the differential
equation of motion of the particle, explain each terms and
solve it to obtain an expression for the displacement of the
oscillator.
5. Explain the phenomena of quality factor and sharpness
of resonance of forced harmonic oscillator and clearly
explain the factors on which the sharpness of resonance
depends.
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Chapter 1: Oscillations

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