िद#ी िव'विव(ालय

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
Bachelor of Science in Physical Sciences
Or
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences
with Dissertation/ Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship
Or
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences
with Dissertation/ Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship (Discipline - 1 Major)
Or
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences
with Dissertation/ Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship
(Discipline - 1 Major) and (Discipline - 2 Minor)

Under UGCF - 2022 based on NEP - 2020

(Effective from Academic Year 2022-23)

Syllabus as approved by

Academic Council
Date: No:

Executive Council
Date: No:

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 1 of 136 University of Delhi

 Syllabus for Semester I and II is complete and finalized

Syllabus for Semester III to VIII is yet to be decided

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 2 of 136 University of Delhi

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
S. No. List of Contents
Number

Foreword 007
Undergraduate Curriculum Framework – 2022: Preamble 008
1. UGCF 2022: Definitions and Abbreviations 010
2. Features of UGCF 2022 012
3. Introduction to Undergraduate Degree Course in Physical Sciences 015
4. Programme Duration and Exit Options 015
5. Programme Objectives 016
6. Programme Outcomes 017
7. Programme Structure 017
7.1 Details of Discipline Specific Core (DSC) Courses 021
7.2 Details of Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Courses 023
7.3 Details of Skill Enhancement Courses (SECs) 026
7.4 Details of Generic Elective (GE) Courses 028
8. Teaching-Learning Process 030
9. Assessment Methods 031
10. Scheme of Examination 032
11. Syllabus for Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences 036

11.1 Physics - Discipline Specific Core (DSC) Courses 036

Semester I – Physics DSC 1: Mechanics 036

Semester II – Physics DSC 2: Electricity and Magnetism 039
Semester III – Physics DSC 3: Thermal Physics 042
Semester IV – Physics DSC 4: Waves and Optics 043
Semester V – Physics DSC 5: Modern Physics 044
Semester VI – Physics DSC 6: Solid State Physics 045
Semester VII – Physics DSC 7: Quantum Mechanics 046
Semester VIII – Physics DSC 8: Electromagnetic Theory 047

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 Page
S. No. List of Contents
Number
11.2 Physics - Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Courses 048

Semester III – Physics DSE: Biophysics 048

Semester III – Physics DSE: Mathematical Physics I 049

Semester IV – Physics DSE: Numerical Analysis 050

Semester IV – Physics DSE: Analog Electronics 051
Semester IV – Physics DSE: Physics of Earth 052

Semester V – Physics DSE: Astronomy and Astrophysics 053

Semester V – Physics DSE: Digital Electronics 054
Semester V – Physics DSE: Radiation and its Applications 055

Semester VI – Physics DSE: Mathematical Physics II 056

Semester VI – Physics DSE: Communication System 057
Semester VI – Physics DSE: Laser Physics and its Applications 058
Semester VI – Physics DSE: Research Methodology 059

Semester VII – Physics DSE: Physics of Materials 060

Semester VII – Physics DSE: Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Physics 061
Semester VII – Physics DSE: Classical Dynamics 062
Semester VII – Physics DSE: Microprocessor 063
Semester VII – Physics DSE: Sensors and Detectors 064
Semester VII – Physics DSE: Research Methodology 065

Semester VIII – Physics DSE: Nano Science 066

Semester VIII – Physics DSE: Nuclear and Particle Physics 067
Semester VIII – Physics DSE: Statistical Physics 068
Semester VIII – Physics DSE: Photonics 069
Semester VIII – Physics DSE: Physics of Atmosphere and Climate Change 070

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 Page
S. No. List of Contents
Number
11.3 Physics - Skill Enhancement Courses (SECs) 071

Physics SEC 1: Basic of Instruments 071

Physics SEC 2: Programming for Physical Applications (C/C++ or Python) 074
Physics SEC 3: Numerical Techniques 078
Physics SEC 4: Electric Circuits and Networks 080
Physics SEC 5: Sensors and Detection Technology 081
Physics SEC 6: Renewable Energy and Energy Harvesting 082
Physics SEC 7: Introduction to Scilab Programming 083
Physics SEC 8: Technical Drawing and 3D Printing 087
Physics SEC 9: Data Analysis and Statistical Methods 088
Physics SEC 10: Radiation Safety 090
Physics SEC 11: Introduction to Physics of Devices 094
Physics SEC 12: Introduction to Laser and Fibre Optics 096
Physics SEC 13: Weather Forecasting 097
Physics SEC 14: Embedded System Programming 098
Physics SEC 15: Verilog and FPGA Programming 099

11.4 Physics - Generic Elective (GE) Courses 100

Physics GE 1: Mechanics 100

Physics GE 2: Mathematical Physics 103
Physics GE 3: Waves and Optics 105
Physics GE 4: Introduction to Electronics 108
Physics GE 5: Solid State Physics 109
Physics GE 6: Introductory Astronomy 110
Physics GE 7: Biological Physics 113
Physics GE 8: Numerical Analysis and Computational Physics 114
Physics GE 9: Applied Dynamics 115
Physics GE 10: Quantum Information 116
Physics GE 11: Electricity and Magnetism 117
Physics GE 12: Thermal Physics 121
Physics GE 13: Modern Physics 124

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 Page
S. No. List of Contents
Number
Physics GE 14: Introductory Astronomy 128
Physics GE 15: Quantum Mechanics 131
Physics GE 16: Introduction to Embedded System Design 132
Physics GE 17: Nano Physics 133
Physics GE 18: Physics of Detectors 134
Physics GE 19: Nuclear and Particle Physics 135
Physics GE 20: Atomic and Molecular Physics 136

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 6 of 136 University of Delhi

 FOREWORD

The syllabus for undergraduate programme in Physics has been drafted in accordance with
the recommendations of the Undergraduate Curriculum Framework 2022. The preamble,
definitions and abbreviations, features and important aspects of UGCF have been
incorporated in this document as mentioned in UGCF 2022. In step with the evolving trends
and developments in higher education globally, UGCF 2022 distinctly integrates the
objectives and underlying philosophy of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in its
attributes. The salient features such as holistic development, academic flexibility, rootedness,
life-long learning, multidisciplinary education, multilingualism, intra- and inter- university
mobility, apprenticeship, research, innovation, entrepreneurship, social outreach, and the like,
aim to enrich the learning experience, creativity, innovation, and skill development of the
youth of our nation.

- Drafting Committee

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 7 of 136 University of Delhi

 UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK – 2022

PREAMBLE

The Preamble of the Undergraduate Curriculum Framework-2022 underlines the

historical perspective, philosophical basis, and contemporary realities of higher
education as enshrined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and endeavors to
synchronize these cornerstones while charting the road ahead for the state of higher
education.

The University of Delhi, a premier Institution for teaching, learning, and research in higher
education, acclaimed nationally and internationally, has nurtured the quest for reaching
the peak in every sphere of education, in its true sense, in the process of its contribution
to the nation-building. Being a Central University, mandated to act as the torchbearer in
expanding the horizons of human resource development through the expansion of higher
education, it has always paid adequate premium towards constructive and meaningful
innovation as a regular feature in its undergraduate curriculum development over the
years.

A reflection of such sustained and continued endeavor is amply exemplified in the

successive revision of undergraduate curricular framework over the decades and
especially in the last two decades, keeping pace with the emerging trends in higher
education in the new millennium globally and its critical importance in enriching the
youth of our nation, well equipped with the prevailing priorities of skill development
through innovative and practical oriented teaching-learning more than anything else.

To actualize the noble objective, as succinctly brought out in the National Education
Policy 2020, the university has endeavored to explore the possibility of further
restructuring and refinement of its undergraduate curriculum framework in line with the
objective and underlying philosophy of the NEP 2020 to capture the imagination of the
youth of our nation which depicts the contemporary realities of our demographic
advantage globally.

The resultant outcome of this comprehensive exercise undertaken by the university is

the Undergraduate Curriculum Framework-2022 (UGCF 2022) which not only
underlines the heart and soul of the NEP 2020 in letter and spirit but also goes on to
create a teaching-learning framework at the undergraduate level to attract the young
minds towards research, innovation, apprenticeship, social outreach, entrepreneurship
and similar such areas of human knowledge and endeavor while imbibing the truly
charged academic environ of the university and its constituent colleges.

The Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi took up the task of drafting
the framework for Undergraduate Degree Course in Physical Sciences according to the

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 8 of 136 University of Delhi

UGCF 2022 guidelines of the University of Delhi. The Committee of Courses of the
Department formed subject working groups to formulate the content of different sets of
courses for the first year (Semester I and Semester II). The subject working groups included
teachers from various constituent colleges of the University, who have experience of teaching
the respective courses. Faculty members from the Department of Physics and Astrophysics
have also contributed to this important task. The inputs of the subject working groups were
compiled, and the present document was prepared by a final drafting team.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 9 of 136 University of Delhi

1. UGCF-2022: Definitions and Abbreviations

(a) Academic credit: An academic credit is a unit by which the course work is measured. It
determines the number of hours of instructions required per week. One credit is equivalent to
one hour of teaching (lecture or tutorial) or two hours of practical work/field work per week.

(b) Courses of study: Courses of the study indicate pursuance of study in a particular
discipline. Every discipline shall offer four categories of courses of study, viz. Discipline
Specific Core courses (DSCs), Discipline Specific Electives (DSEs), Skill Enhancement
Courses (SECs) and Generic Electives (GEs). Besides these four courses, a student will select
Ability Enhancement Courses (AECs) and Value-Added Courses (VACs) from the respective
pool of courses offered by the University.

(i) Discipline Specific Core (DSC): Discipline Specific Core is a course of study, which
should be pursued by a student as a mandatory requirement of his/her programme of study. In
B.Sc. (Hons.) Physical Sciences programme, DSCs are the core credit courses of Chemistry,
Physics and Mathematics (See Table - 2) which will be appropriately graded and arranged
across the semesters of study, being undertaken by the student, with multiple exit options as
per NEP 2020. A student will study three DSC Courses each, in Semesters I to VI (See Table
- 3). In semesters VII and VIII the student has to study two DSC courses from any one of the
disciplines; Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics, and not a combination of these.

(ii) Discipline Specific Elective (DSE): The Discipline Specific Electives (DSEs) are a pool
of credit courses of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. Up to semester VI, there are 12
DSE courses from Physics discipline (See Table - 4). A student gets an option of choosing
one DSE course in each of the semesters III to VI from a pool of DSE courses as specified in
Table - 4. In semesters VII and VIII the student has an option of choosing a maximum of
three DSE courses from any one of the disciplines; Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics, and
not a combination of Chemistry/ Physics/ Mathematics.

(iii) Generic Elective (GE): Generic Electives is a pool of courses offered by various
disciplines of study which is meant to provide multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary education
to students. In case a student opts for DSEs beyond his/her discipline-specific course(s) of
study, such DSEs shall be treated as GEs for that student. In semesters I, II, V and VI, a
student has to compulsorily study one GE course from a pool of courses offered by the
institution. However, in semesters III and IV a student has an option of choosing either a DSE
course in Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics or a GE course of any discipline offered by the
institution. Similarly, in semesters VII and VIII, a student can exercise an option of choosing
a maximum of two Generic Elective courses out of a combination of DSE and GE courses.

(iv) Ability Enhancement Course (AEC), Skill Enhancement Course (SEC) and Value
Addition Course (VAC)
These three courses are a pool of courses offered by all the Departments in groups of odd and

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 10 of 136 University of Delhi

even semesters from which a student can choose. A student who desires to make Academic
Project/ Entrepreneurship as Minor has to pick the appropriate combination of courses of GE,
SEC, VAC, and Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Project/ Community (IAPC) which shall be
offered in the form of various modules as specified in the scheme of studies.

• AEC courses are the courses based upon the content that leads to knowledge
enhancement through various areas of study. They are Language and Literature and
Environmental Science and Sustainable Development which are mandatory for
all disciplines. Every student has to study “Environmental Science and Sustainable
Development” courses I and II of two credits each in the first year (I/II semester) and the
second year (III/IV semester), respectively. The AEC pool consists of credit courses in
languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as updated from
time to time.

• SECs are skill-based courses in all disciplines and are aimed at providing hands-on
training, competencies, proficiency and skills to students. SEC courses may be chosen
from a pool of courses designed to provide skill-based instruction in all the three
discipline of study i.e. Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.
A student will study one Skill Enhancement Course of 2 credits each (following 1T+1P/
0T+2P credit system) in all the semesters, from semester I to VI. It is to be noted that in
the semesters III, IV, V and VI; students can choose either one SEC paper or can join
any Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Project (following two credit system).

• VAC courses are common pool of courses offered by different disciplines and
aimed towards personality building, embedding ethical, cultural and constitutional
values; promote critical thinking, Indian knowledge systems, scientific temperament,
communication skills, creative writing, presentation skills, sports and physical education
and team work which will help in all round development of students.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 11 of 136 University of Delhi

2. Features of UGCF 2022

The Undergraduate Curriculum Framework 2022 (UGCF 2022) is meant to bring about
systemic change in the higher education system in the University and align itself with the
NEP 2020. The objectives of the NEP 2020 have been reflected in the following features of
UGCF 2022:

a) Holistic Development
Holistic development of the students shall be nurtured through imparting life skills
in initial years. These life skill courses shall include courses on ‘Environment and
Sustainable Development Studies’, ‘Communication Skills’, ‘Ethics and Culture’,
‘Science and Society’, ‘Computational Skills’, ‘IT and Data Analytics’, and similar such
skills which shall make the students better equipped to deal with the life’s
challenges.

b) Academic Flexibility
Flexibility to the students to determine their learning trajectories and pursuance of
programmes of study has been well ingrained in the UGCF 2022. The Framework allows
students to opt for one, two, or more discipline(s) of study as a core discipline(s)
depending on his/her choice. He/she has been provided the option of focusing on
studying allied courses of his/her selected discipline(s) (DSEs) or diversifying in
other areas of study of other disciplines. Students have also been provided with the
flexibility to study SECs or opt for Internships or Apprenticeship or Projects or
Research or Community Outreach at an appropriate stage. In the fourth year,
students are provided flexibility to opt for writing a dissertation (on major, minor, or
combination of the two) or opt for Academic Projects or Entrepreneurship
depending upon their choice and their future outlook, post completion of their
formal education.

c) Multiple Exits/ Re-entry/ Academic Bank of Credit (ABC)/ Academic Outreach

Given the extent of plurality of the Indian society and the diverse background to
which students belong, multiple exits and provision of re-entry have been provided
at various stages of the undergraduate programme to accommodate their
requirement and facilitate them to complete their studies depending upon their
priorities of life. The earning and accumulation of credits in the Academic Bank of
Credit (ABC), and the flexibility to redeem the requisite credit for award of
appropriate Certificate/Diploma/Degree, as the per the norms laid down by the
UGC and the University, shall be made available to the students to provide the
opportunity for lifelong learning as well as for availing academic outreach beyond
the superstructure of the programme of study in another University/Institution at
the national/international level depending upon individual choice of the student(s).

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 12 of 136 University of Delhi

d) Multidisciplinary Education
UGCF 2022 has incorporated multidisciplinary education by providing an opportunity to
study multidisciplinary courses. In B.Sc. (Hons.) Physical Sciences, a student can study DSC,
DSE and SEC courses of Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics. More importantly a student
can choose to study Generic Elective (GE) courses in all the disciplines offered by the
college. Further, a student pursuing multidisciplinary course of study may obtain a Major and
a Minor in two different disciplines if she/he completes the credit requirements.
The framework does not maintain/support hierarchy among fields of
study/disciplines and silos between different areas of learning. As long as a student
fulfills the pre-requisites of a course of study, he/she shall be able to study it.
Modules or systems of study shall be meaningfully laid down so as to guide the
students in choosing the track/academic paths for the desired outcome.

e) Multilingualism
One of the significant hallmarks of the framework is a provision of pursuing
multilingualism while studying any other discipline as core subject(s), which has no
bearing with any language and linguistics. I and II semesters of the programme
provides an opportunity to the students to study languages which are enshrined
under the eighth schedule of the Constitution of India, thereby allowing the students
for their holistic development, including the ability to acquire proficiency in a
language beyond their mother tongue.

f) Research and Innovation

The framework provides a mandatory programme on research methodologies as
one of the discipline specific elective (DSE) courses at the VI and VII semester for
students who opt for writing dissertation on major or minor or interdisciplinary at VII and
VIII semesters. Dissertation/Academic Project/Entrepreneurship in the 4 year shall
commence from VII semester and conclude in VIII semester. Detailed outcomes of each track
chosen out of these three options shall be notified and assessment at the end of VII and VIII
semesters shall be done accordingly. Further, provision for
internship/apprenticeship/project/community outreach right from the III semester up to VI
semester provides ample opportunity to the students to explore areas of knowledge/activity
beyond the four walls of the classroom and reach out to the world outside without any
dilution of the academic feature of the course of study, he/she is pursuing. This also acts a
precursor for the students to take up academic project or entrepreneurship at a later stage in
VII and VIII semester. Such an initiative will help in skill development and laying a strong
foundation for research and thus contribute towards overall national development
through the development of skilled manpower and innovation.

g) Intra- and Inter-university Mobility

Intra- and inter- University mobility of students is another element of critical
importance which has been ingrained in the framework. A student, by virtue of such
mobility, will be able to make lateral movement within the University as well as from
the University to any other Institution and vice-versa. Such an attribute allows a

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 13 of 136 University of Delhi

student maximum flexibility in terms of pursuance of education with special
reference to higher education and enables him/ her to achieve goal in life, the way
he/she perceived it.

Based on the aforementioned features of UGCF 2022, the University expects maximum
involvement of the student fraternity in utilizing the benefits of such a flexible yet rigorous
curriculum framework at the undergraduate level and reaping the benefits of it through
enrichment of their skills in their area of interest which will eventually help them in gaining
employment, entrepreneurship, start-ups and various other ways of a dignified life and living
as a global citizen with comparable skills and innovative ideas befitting to the contemporary
global demands. The university expects the youthful nation to reap the maximum benefits out
of the UGCF 2022 in developing skilled manpower to harness the youthful energy at one
hand and expand the permeation of the skilled workforce globally, taking the demographic
advantage on the other hand.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 14 of 136 University of Delhi

3. Introduction to Undergraduate Degree course in Physical Sciences

As per the recommendations of UGCF 2022, the undergraduate degree course in Physical
Sciences is a six/eight-semester course spread over three/ four academic years. The teaching-
learning process is student-centric and it involves both theory and practical components. It
offers a flexibility of programme structure while ensuring that the student gets a strong
foundation in the subject and gains in-depth knowledge. Besides the DSCs of three different
disciplines i.e. Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics, a student can opt courses from the
syllabus comprising of DSEs, GEs, SECs, AECs and VACs. Thereby, bringing out the
multidisciplinary approach and adherence to innovative ways within the curriculum
framework. Moreover, it allows a student maximum flexibility in pursuing his/her studies at
the undergraduate level to the extent of having the liberty to eventually design the degree
with multiple exit options depending upon the needs and aspirations of the student in terms of
his/her goals of life, without compromising on the teaching learning, both in qualitative and
quantitative terms. This will suit the present day needs of students in terms of securing their
paths towards higher studies or employment.

4. Programme Duration and Exit Options

The minimum credit to be earned by a student per semester is 18 credits and the maximum is
26 credits. However, students are advised to earn 22 credits per semester. This provision is
meant to provide students the comfort of the flexibility of semester-wise academic load and
to learn at his/her own pace. However, the mandatory number of credits has to be secured for
the purpose of award of Undergraduate Certificate/Undergraduate Diploma/Appropriate
Bachelor of Science degree in Physical Science as listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Qualification Type and Credit Requirements

Mandatory
credits to be
S. No. Type of Award Stage of Exit
secured for
the award
After successful completion of
1 Undergraduate Certificate in Physical Sciences 44
Semester II
After successful completion of
2 Undergraduate Diploma in Physical Sciences 88
Semester IV
After successful completion of
3 Bachelor of Science in Physical Sciences 132
Semester VI
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences with After successful completion of
4 176
Dissertation/Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship Semester VIII
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences with
After successful completion of
5 Dissertation/Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship 176
Semester VIII
(Discipline – 1 Major)
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Physical Sciences with After successful completion of
6 Dissertation/Academic Projects/ Entrepreneurship Semester VIII and credit 176
(Discipline – 1 Major) and (Discipline - 2 Minor) requirements for Major & Minor

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 15 of 136 University of Delhi

Major Discipline
A student pursuing four-year undergraduate programme in Physical Sciences shall be
awarded B.Sc. Honours Physical Sciences degree with Major in
Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics on completion of VIII Semester, if he/she secures at least 80
credits in Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics out of the total of 176 credits. He/she shall study 6
DSCs and at least 3 DSEs in the respective discipline (Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics) in
the first six semesters and 2 DSCs, 6 DSEs and write dissertation in respective discipline
(Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics) in the VII and VIII semester.

Minor Discipline
A student of B.Sc. (Hons.) Physical Sciences may be awarded Minor in a discipline
(Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics), on completion of VIII Semester, if he/she earns minimum
28 credits from six DSCs and one DSE of that discipline.
For instance, a student who pursues 4 years B.Sc. (Hons.) Physical Sciences, if he/she earns
minimum 80 credits in Physics from 8 DSCs and at least 9 DSEs from Physics and writes
dissertation on a topic of Physics discipline, then he/she will earn Major in Physics. Such a
student shall get a minor in Chemistry/Mathematics, if he/she earns minimum 28 credits from
6 DSCs and 1 DSE of Chemistry/Mathematics.

5. Programme Objectives
The undergraduate degree course in Physical Sciences aims to provide:
• In-depth knowledge in chemistry, physics and mathematics through understanding of key
concepts, principles, theories and manifestations of the three disciplines.
• Competence and skill in solving both theoretical and applied problems in different
disciplines.
• A conducive learning environment that ensures holistic cognitive development of
students.
• Exposure to the latest advances in chemistry, physics, mathematics and research.
• Development of critical and analytical thinking, scientific reasoning, problem-solving
skills, communication skills and teamwork.
• Moral and ethical awareness, leadership qualities and innovation.
• Multicultural competence and multilinguism.
• Knowledge and skill to undertake higher studies in chemistry, physics, mathematics and
related areas thereby enabling students’ employment/entrepreneurship.
• Sufficient subject matter competence and enable students to prepare for various
competitive exams, such as IIT-JAM, GATE, GRE, UGC-CSIR NET/JRF and Civil
Services Examinations.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 16 of 136 University of Delhi

6. Program Outcomes
The programme learning outcomes of the undergraduate degree course in Physical Sciences
are as follows:
• In-depth knowledge: The student will acquire theoretical knowledge and understanding
of the fundamental concepts, principles and processes in the three different disciplines
chemistry, physics and mathematics. The core papers will provide in-depth understanding
of the subject. A wide choice of elective courses offered to the student will provide
specialized understanding rooted in the core and interdisciplinary areas.
• Hands-on/ Laboratory Skills: Comprehensive hands-on/ laboratory exercises will
impart analytical, computational and instrumentation skills. The students will be able to
demonstrate mature skills for the collating, evaluation, analysis and presentation of
information, ideas, concepts and quantitative and/or qualitative data.
• Research skills: The course provides an opportunity to students to hone
their research and innovation skills through internship/ apprenticeship/
project/ community outreach/ dissertation/ Academic Project/
Entrepreneurship. It will enable the students to demonstrate mature skills in literature
survey, information management skills, and data analysis and research ethics.
• Role of Physical Sciences: The students will develop awareness and appreciation for the
significant role played by chemistry, physics and mathematics in current societal and
global issues, including areas such as sustainable development. They will be able to
address and contribute to such issues through the skills and knowledge acquired during
the programme.
• Communication and IT Skills: Various DSCs, DSEs, SECs, GEs and AECs have been
designed to enhance student’s ability to write methodical, logical and precise reports. The
courses will, in addition, guide the student to communicate effectively through oral/poster
presentations, writing laboratory/ project reports and dissertations. Several IT based
papers in DSEs and SECs will enable students to develop expertise in general and subject
specific computational skills.
• Lateral Thinking: The programme will develop the ability to apply the underlying
concepts and principles of chemistry, physics and mathematics, and allied fields beyond
the classrooms to real life applications, innovation and creativity.
• Competence and Job Opportunities: The skills acquired during the programme will
provide varied opportunities for students’ career progression. They will be able to join
analytical, chemical, pharmaceutical, biochemical, material testing, fast moving consumer
goods (FMCG) and other industries/laboratories, academics, innovation and research at
different exit points.

7. Programme Structure
The detailed framework of undergraduate degree programme in Physical Sciences is provided
in Table 2.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 17 of 136 University of Delhi

 Table 2
Structure of Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences under UGCF 2022

Internship/
Ability Skill
Discipline Specific Discipline Specific Generic Elective Apprenticeship/ Value Addition Total
Semester Enhancement Enhancement
Core (DSC) (4) Elective(DSE) (4) (GE) (4) Project/Community Course (VAC) (2) Credits
Course (AEC) (2) Course (SEC) (2)
Outreach (IAPC) (2)
DSC 1: Chemistry 1 Choose one from a
DSC 2: Physics 1 pool of courses Choose one AEC Choose one from a
Choose one from a
I (2T+2P) NA GE 1 from a pool of pool of courses NA 22
pool of courses
(2T+2P)/ (3T+1P)/ courses (0T+2P)/ (1T+1P)
DSC 3: Mathematics 1 (3T+1Tut)
DSC 4: Chemistry 2 Choose one from a
DSC 5:Physics 2 pool of courses Choose one AEC Choose one from a
Choose one from a
II (2T+2P) NA GE 2 from a pool of pool of courses NA 22
pool of courses
(2T+2P)/ (3T+1P)/ courses (0T+2P)/ (1T+1P)
DSC 6: Mathematics 2 (3T+1Tut)

Students on exit shall be awarded Undergraduate Certificate in Physical Sciences after securing the requisite 44 credits in Semester I and II Total = 44

DSC 7: Chemistry 3 Choose one from a pool of courses

Choose one AEC Choose one SEC (0T+2P) or (1T+1P)
DSC 8: Physics 3 DSE 1 (4T+0P)/(2T+2P) Choose one from a
III from a pool of OR 22
(2T+2P) Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics pool of courses
courses IAPC**
DSC 9: Mathematics 3 OR
GE 3 (2T+2P)/ (3T+1P)/ (3T+1Tut)
DSC 10: Chemistry 4 Choose one from a pool of courses
DSC 11: Physics 4 Choose one AEC Choose one SEC (0T+2P) or (1T+1P)
DSE 2 (4T+0P)/(2T+2P) Choose one from a
IV (2T+2P) from a pool of OR 22
Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics pool of courses
courses IAPC**
DSC 12: Mathematics 4 OR
GE 4 (2T+2P)/ (3T+1P)/ (3T+1Tut)

Students on exit shall be awarded Undergraduate Diploma in Physical Sciences after securing the requisite 88 credits after completion of Semester IV Total = 88

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 18 of 136 University of Delhi

 Internship/
Ability Skill
Discipline Specific Discipline Specific Generic Elective Apprenticeship/ Value Addition Total
Semester Enhancement Enhancement
Core (DSC) (4) Elective(DSE) (4) (GE) (4) Project/Community Course (VAC) (2) Credits
Course (AEC) (2) Course (SEC) (2)
Outreach (IAPC) (2)
DSC 13: Chemistry 5 Choose one from a Choose one form a
DSC 14: Physics 5 pool of courses DSE 3 pool of courses Choose one SEC (0T+2P) or (1T+1P)
V (2T+2P) (4T+0P)/(2T+2P) GE 5 NA OR NA 22
Chemistry/ (2T+2P)/(3T+1P)/ IAPC**
DSC 15: Mathematics 5 Physics/Mathematics (3T+1Tut)
DSC 16: Chemistry 6 Choose one from a Choose one form a
pool of courses DSE 4 pool of courses Choose one SEC (0T+2P) or (1T+1P)
DSC 17: Physics 6
VI (4T+0P)/(2T+2P) GE 6 NA OR NA 22
(2T+2P)
*** Chemistry/ (2T+2P)/(3T+1P)/ IAPC**
DSC 18: Mathematics 6 Physics/Mathematics (3T+1Tut)

Students on exit shall be awarded Bachelor of Science in Physical Sciences after securing the requisite 132 credits on completion of Semester VI Total = 132
DSC 19 Dissertation on
Choose three DSE courses #
Chemistry 7 Major (6) OR
OR
OR # Dissertation on 22
VII Choose two DSE and one GE course NA NA NA
Physics 7 (4T+0P) Minor (6) OR
OR Academic project/
OR
Choose one DSE# and two GE courses Entrepreneurship (6)
Mathematics 7
Choose three DSE# courses Dissertation on
DSC 20 Major (6) OR
OR
Chemistry 8 OR # Dissertation on 22
VIII Choose two DSE and one GE course NA NA NA
Physics 8 (4T+0P) OR Minor (6) OR
OR Academic project/
Mathematics 8
Choose one DSE# and two GE courses Entrepreneurship (6)
Students on exit shall be awarded Bachelor of Science (Hons.) with Research/Academic Projects/Entrepreneurship or Appropriate Bachelor of
Science (Hons.) with Research/Academic Projects/Entrepreneurship (Discipline-1 Major) and (Discipline-2 Minor) after securing the requisite 176 Total = 176
credits on completion of Semester VIII
* There shall be choice in Semesters III and IV to either choose a DSE course from a pool of DSE courses offered by Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics disciplines OR a
GE course from a pool of GE courses offered by all the disciplines in the college. A DSE course if chosen from other discipline except Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics,
such a course will be considered as a GE course.
** There shall be choice in Semesters III and IV to choose either one ‘SEC’ or in the alternative ‘Internship/Apprenticeship/Project/Community Outreach (IAPC)’ in each

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 19 of 136 University of Delhi

Semester of two credits each.
*** ‘Research Methodology’ shall be offered as one of the DSE courses in VI and VII. If a student wishes to pursue four years B.Sc. (Hons.) Physical Science with
Academic Project/Entrepreneurship, he/she shall compulsorily opt for a Research Methodology course in either Semester VI or VII.
# In semesters VII and VIII a student will have the option to choose DSE courses from any one of the discipline Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics, and not a combination of
these disciplines. The following choices will be available in VII and VIII semesters:
(i) to choose three DSEs of 4 credits each either from Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics (not a combination of these disciplines)
OR
(ii) to choose two DSEs of 4 credits each either from Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics (not a combination of these disciplines) and one GE of 4 credits
OR
(iii) to choose one DSE of 4 credits either from Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics and two GEs of 4 credits each.

Note:
The size of the group for Physics practical papers is recommended to be a maximum of 20 students.
The size of the group for Physics tutorial hours is recommended to be a maximum of 16 students.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 20 of 136 University of Delhi

7.1 Semester-wise Distribution of Discipline Specific Core (DSC) Courses

A student will study three Discipline Specific Core Courses each, in Semesters I to VI. In
semesters VII and VIII the student has to study two DSC courses from any one of the
disciplines; Chemistry or Physics or Mathematics, and not a combination of these.
The semester wise distribution of DSC courses over eight semesters is listed in Table 3.

Table 3
Semester-wise Distribution of Discipline Specific Core (DSC) Courses

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSES (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
SEMESTER COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE T = Theory Credits
P = Practical Credits

DSC 1
Chemistry 1

T=2
I Physics DSC 1 Mechanics
P=2

DSC 3
Mathematics 1

DSC 4
Chemistry 2

T=2
II Physics DSC 2 Electricity and Magnetism
P=2

DSC 6
Mathematics 2

DSC 7
Chemistry 3

T=2
III Physics DSC 3 Thermal Physics
P=2

DSC 9
Mathematics 3

DSC 10
Chemistry 4

T=2
IV Physics DSC 4 Waves and Optics
P=2

DSC 12
Mathematics 4

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 21 of 136 University of Delhi

 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSES (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
SEMESTER COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE T = Theory Credits
P = Practical Credits

DSC 13
Chemistry 5

T=2
V Physics DSC 5 Modern Physics
P=2

DSC 15
Mathematics 5

DSC 16
Chemistry 6

T=2
VI Physics DSC 6 Solid State Physics
P=2

DSC 18
Mathematics 6

T=4
VII Physics DSC 7 Quantum Mechanics
P=0

T=4
VIII Physics DSC 8 Electromagnetic Theory
P=0

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 22 of 136 University of Delhi

7.2 Details of Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Courses

The DSE courses will be offered to students from all the three disciplines viz., Chemistry,
Physics and Mathematics in each of the semesters; III, IV, V, and VI as listed below in Table
4. The DSE courses are distributed in Pool A (Pool for Odd Semesters) and Pool B (Pool for
Even Semesters), to be offered to students in odd and even semesters, respectively as
specified in the Table 4. A student studying in semester III and V will have an option of
choosing any DSE course of his/her choice as floated by the respective college from Pool A.
Similarly, a student studying in semester IV and VI will have an option of choosing any DSE
course of his/her choice as floated by the college from Pool B. It is to be noted that the
college will offer at least one DSE course from each of the three disciplines i.e., Chemistry,
Physics and Mathematics. There shall be choice in Semesters III and IV to either choose a
DSE course from a pool of DSE courses offered by Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics
disciplines OR a GE course from a pool of GE courses offered by all the disciplines in the
college. A DSE course if chosen from other discipline except Chemistry, Physics and
Mathematics, such a course will be considered as a GE course. In semesters VII and VIII a
student will have the option to choose DSE courses from any one of the discipline
Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics, and not a combination of these disciplines.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 23 of 136 University of Delhi

 Table 4
Details of Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Courses

DSE COURSES (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
T = Theory Credits
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE
P = Practical Credits
Tut = Tutorial Credits

POOL FOR ODD SEMESTERS

DSE 1 Chemistry

DSE 3 Chemistry

DSE 5 Chemistry

DSE 7 Chemistry

DSE 9 Chemistry

DSE 11 Chemistry
Biophysics T=4
DSE 13a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 3) P=0
Mathematical Physics I T=4
DSE 13b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 3) P=0
Astronomy and Astrophysics T=4
DSE 15a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 5) P=0
Digital Electronics T=2
DSE 15b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 5) P=2
Radiation and its Applications T=2
DSE 15c Physics
(To be offered in Semester 5) P=2
Physics of Materials T=2
DSE 17a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 7) P=2
Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Physics T=4
DSE 17b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 7) P=0
T=3
Classical Dynamics
DSE 17c Physics P=0
(To be offered in Semester 7)
Tut = 1
Microprocessor T=2
DSE 17d Physics
(To be offered in Semester 7) P=2
Sensors and Detectors T=2
DSE 17e Physics
(To be offered in Semester 7) P=2
Research Methodology T=4
DSE 17f Physics
(To be offered in Semester 7) P=0
DSE-19 Mathematics

DSE-21 Mathematics

DSE-23 Mathematics

DSE 26

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 24 of 136 University of Delhi

 DSE COURSES (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE T = Theory Credits
P = Practical Credits

POOL FOR EVEN SEMESTERS

DSE-2 Chemistry

DSE-4 Chemistry

DSE-6 Chemistry

DSE-8 Chemistry

DSE-10 Chemistry

DSE-12 Chemistry
Numerical Analysis T=2
DSE 14a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 4) P=2
Analog Electronics T=2
DSE 14b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 4) P=2
Physics of Earth T=4
DSE 14c Physics
(To be offered in Semester 4) P=0
Mathematical Physics II T=4
DSE 16a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 6) P=0
Communication System T=2
DSE 16b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 6) P=2
Laser Physics and its applications T=2
DSE 16c Physics
(To be offered in Semester 6) P=2
Research Methodology T=4
DSE 16d Physics
(To be offered in Semester 6) P=0
Nano Science T=2
DSE 18a Physics
(To be offered in Semester 8) P=2
Nuclear and Particle Physics T=4
DSE 18b Physics
(To be offered in Semester 8) P=0
Statistical Physics T=4
DSE 18c Physics
(To be offered in Semester 8) P=0
Photonics T=2
DSE 18d Physics
(To be offered in Semester 8) P=2
Physics of Atmosphere and Climate Change T=3
DSE 18e Physics
(To be offered in Semester 8) P=1
DSE 20 Mathematics

DSE 22 Mathematics

DSE 24 Mathematics

DSE 25

Note: It is to be ensured that while choosing DSEs or SECs or GEs a student should not opt
for a paper where the course content is similar to the paper previously studied by the student.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 25 of 136 University of Delhi

7.3 Details of Skill Enhancement Courses (SECs)

To enhance the skills required for advanced studies, research and employability of students
various Skill Enhancement Courses will be offered to students as listed in Table 5.
The SEC courses will be offered to students from all the three disciplines viz., Chemistry,
Physics and Mathematics in each of the semesters; I, II, III, IV, V, and VI as listed below in
Table 5. The SEC courses are distributed in Pool A (Pool for Odd Semesters) and Pool B
(Pool for Even Semesters), to be offered to students in odd and even semesters, respectively
as specified in the Table 5. A student studying in semester I, III and V will have an option of
choosing any SEC course of his/her choice as floated by the respective college from Pool A.
Similarly, a student studying in semester II, IV and VI will have an option of choosing any
SEC course of his/her choice as floated by the college from Pool B. It is to be noted that the
college will offer at least one SEC course from each of the three disciplines i.e. Chemistry,
Physics and Mathematics in each semester. Any other SEC course may also be floated by a
college from the central pool of each discipline.
There shall be a choice in Semesters III, IV, V and VI to either choose an SEC course from a
pool of SEC courses offered by Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics disciplines OR to
choose Internship/Apprenticeship/Project/Community Outreach (IAPC).

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 26 of 136 University of Delhi

 Table 5
Details of Skill Enhancement Courses Offered by Physics

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (2 Credits each)

CREDITS
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE T = Theory Credits
P = Practical Credits

POOL A: (TO BE OFFERED IN SEMESTERS 1/3/5)

T=0
Physics SEC 1 Basic of Instruments
P=2
Programming for Physical Applications T=0
Physics SEC 2
(C/C++ or Python) P=2
T=0
Physics SEC 3 Numerical Techniques
P=2
T=0
Physics SEC 4 Electric Circuits and Networks
P=2
T=1
Physics SEC 5 Sensors and Detection Technology
P=1
T=1
Physics SEC 6 Renewable Energy and Energy Harvesting
P=1
T=0
Physics SEC 7 Introduction to Scilab Programming
P=2
T=0
Physics SEC 8 Technical Drawing and 3D Printing
P=2

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (2 Credits each)

CREDITS
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE T = Theory Credits
P = Practical Credits

POOL B: (TO BE OFFERED IN SEMESTERS 2/4/6)

T=0
Physics SEC 9 Data Analysis and Statistical Methods
P=2
T=1
Physics SEC 10 Radiation Safety
P=1
T=1
Physics SEC 11 Introduction to Physics of Devices
P=1
T=1
Physics SEC 12 Introduction to Laser and Fibre Optics
P=1
T=1
Physics SEC 13 Weather Forecasting
P=1
T=0
Physics SEC 14 Embedded System Programming
P=2
T=0
Physics SEC 15 Verilog and FPGA Programming
P=2

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 27 of 136 University of Delhi

7.4 Details of Generic Elective (GE) Courses Offered by Physics
Generic Elective courses provide multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary education to students.
Various GE courses offered by the Physics Department are listed below in Table 6.

Table 6
Details of Generic Elective (GE) Courses

GENERIC ELECTIVE COURSE (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
T = Theory Credits
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE
P = Practical Credits
Tut = Tutorial Credits
POOL A

(TO BE OFFERED IN SEMESTERS 1/3/5/7)

T=3
Physics GE 1 Mechanics P=1
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 2 Mathematical Physics P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 3 Waves and Optics P=1
Tut = 0
T=2
Physics GE 4 Introduction to Electronics P=2
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 5 Solid State Physics P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 6 Introductory Astronomy P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 7 Biological Physics P=0
Tut = 1
T=2
Physics GE 8 Numerical Analysis and Computational Physics P = 2
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 9 Applied Dynamics P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 10 Quantum Information P=0
Tut = 1

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 28 of 136 University of Delhi

 GENERIC ELECTIVE COURSE (4 Credits each)

CREDITS
T = Theory Credits
COURSE CODE NAME OF THE COURSE
P = Practical Credits
Tut = Tutorial Credits
POOL B

(TO BE OFFERED IN SEMESTERS 2/4/6/8)

T=3
Physics GE 11 Electricity and Magnetism P=1
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 12 Thermal Physics P=1
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 13 Modern Physics P=1
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 14 Introductory Astronomy P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 15 Quantum Mechanics P=0
Tut = 1
T=2
Physics GE 16 Introduction to Embedded System Design P=2
Tut = 0
T=2
Physics GE 17 Nano Physics P=2
Tut = 0
T=3
Physics GE 18 Physics of Detectors P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 19 Nuclear and Particle Physics P=0
Tut = 1
T=3
Physics GE 20 Atomic and Molecular Physics P=0
Tut = 1

The Physics GE courses will be offered in Pool.

Physics GE 1 to GE 10 constitutes Pool A and should be offered in ODD semester.
Physics GE 11 to GE 20 constitutes Pool B and should be offered in EVEN semester.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 29 of 136 University of Delhi

8. Teaching-Learning Process

The undergraduate programme in Physical Sciences is designed to provide students with a

sound theoretical background, practical training in all aspects of Physical Sciences and
research. It will help them develop an appreciation of the importance of Physical Sciences in
different contexts. The programme includes foundational as well as in-depth courses that
span the interdisciplinary approach in Physical Sciences. Along with the above core courses
there are DSEs, GEs, SECs, AECs and VACs which address the need of the hour. The pre-
requisite for this programme is CUET UG entrance exam syllabus.

These courses will be delivered through the conventional chalk and talk method, laboratory
work, projects, case studies, field work, seminars, hands-on training/workshops in a
challenging, engaging, and inclusive manner that accommodates a variety of learning styles
and ICT enabled teaching-learning tools (PowerPoint presentations, audio visual resources, e-
resources, models, softwares, simulations, virtual labs etc).

Students will be encouraged to carry out short term projects and participate in industrial and
institutional visits and outreach programmes. They will be introduced to scientific reasoning
and discovery, innovative problem-solving methodologies, online quizzes, surveys, critical
analysis etc. to develop convergent and divergent thinking abilities.

The laboratory training complements the theoretical principles learned in the classroom and
includes hands-on experience with modern instruments, computational data analysis,
modelling, error estimation and laboratory safety procedures.

Different pedagogies such as experiential learning, participative learning, project-based

learning, inquiry-based learning, peer-led instruction and ICT pedagogy integration
instruction (blended and flipped learning) will be adopted wherever possible. Students will be
encouraged to work in groups to develop their interpersonal skills like communication and
team work.

Students’ diligent and active participation/ engagement in industrial visits/ internships/

Academic Projects/ Dissertations will lay a strong foundation for a successful career in
academics, industry, research, entrepreneurship and community outreach.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 30 of 136 University of Delhi

9. Assessment Methods

The primary objective of assessment will be to assess the learning outcomes of the course in
tune with the broad outcomes of strengthening core theoretical knowledge base, practical
laboratory skills, and research. Assessment will be based on continuous evaluation (class test,
presentation, group discussion, quiz, assignment etc.) and end of semester examination of
University of Delhi.

(i) Internal Assessment or Continuous Evaluation: During a semester, students’ mastery

of the various learning outcomes as described in the syllabus will be assessed through
class tests, assignments, group assignments, laboratory record files, project reports,
quizzes, MCQs, presentations etc. Each theory paper will have 25% marks for internal
assessment. The component of internal assessment for each practical paper will be 50%
marks. The critical analysis of internal assessment/ continuous evaluation outcomes will
provide opportunities to improve the teaching-learning process by focusing on the areas
that need conceptual strengthening, laboratory exposure or design of new experiments,
and research.

(ii) End of Semester University Examinations: The summative end-semester Delhi

University examinations will be conducted for both theory and practical courses. Each
theory paper will have 75% marks and each practical paper will be of 50% marks for end
of semester examination of the University.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 31 of 136 University of Delhi

10. Scheme of Examination

A four credit course has a total of 100 marks and a two credit course is of 50 marks. The
distribution of 100 marks for each of DSC (4T+0P and 2T+2P), DSE (4T+0P, 2T+2P,
3T+1Tut) and GE (2T+2P+0Tut, 3T+1P+0Tut and 3T+0P+1Tut) courses is shown in Table
7. Further, the distribution of 50 marks for each of SEC course in 0T+2P /1T+1P format is
also given in Table 7.

Table 7

Distribution of total marks for DSC/DSE/SEC/GE courses in different credit formats.

Type of Credit
Theory Component Practical Component
Paper Format
Theory: 100 Marks

Internal assessment: 25 Marks

Discipline a) Class Test: 10 Marks
Specific Core 4 T + 0 P b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group NA
(DSC) Discussion: 10 Marks
c) Attendance: 05 Marks

End Semester Theory Examination: 75 Marks

Theory: 50 Marks Practical: 50 Marks

Internal assessment: 12 Marks: Practical Examination: 25 Marks:

Discipline a) Class Test: 05 Marks a) Experiment: 20 Marks
Specific Core 2 T + 2 P b) Assignment/presentation/Quiz/Group b) Viva Voce/ Written Test: 05 Marks
(DSC) discussion: 05 Marks
c) Attendance: 02 Marks Continuous Evaluation: 25 Marks
a) Performance Assessment: 15 Marks
End Semester Theory Examination: 38 Marks b) Record File: 10 Marks
Theory: 100 Marks

Internal assessment: 25 Marks

Discipline a) Class Test: 10 Marks
Specific 4 T + 0 P b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group NA
Elective (DSE) Discussion: 10 Marks
c) Attendance: 05 Marks

End Semester Theory Examination: 75 Marks

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 32 of 136 University of Delhi

 Type of Credit
Theory Component Practical Component
Paper Format
Theory: 50 Marks Practical: 50 Marks

Internal assessment: 12 Marks: Practical Examination: 25 Marks:

Discipline a) Class Test: 05 Marks a) Experiment: 20 Marks
Specific 2 T + 2 P b) Assignment/presentation/Quiz/Group b) Viva Voce/ Written Test: 05 Marks
Elective (DSE) discussion: 05 Marks
c) Attendance: 02 Marks Continuous Evaluation: 25 Marks
a) Performance Assessment: 15 Marks
End Semester Theory Examination: 38 Marks b) Record File: 10 Marks
Theory: 100 Marks

Internal assessment: 25 Marks

Discipline a) Class Test: 10 Marks
3T + 0P
Specific b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group NA
+ 1Tut
Elective (DSE) Discussion: 10 Marks
c) Attendance: 05 Marks

End Semester Theory Examination: 75 Marks

Practical: 50 Marks

Practical Examination: 25 Marks:

Skill a) Experiment: 20 Marks
Enhancement 0 T + 2 P NA b) Viva Voce/ Written Test: 05 Marks
Course (SEC)
Continuous Evaluation: 25 Marks
a) Performance Assessment: 15 Marks
b) Record File: 10 Marks
Theory: 25 Marks Practical: 25 Marks

Internal assessment: 06 Marks: Practical Examination: 12.5 Marks:

Skill a) Class Test: 2.5 Marks a) Experiment: 10 Marks
Enhancement 1 T + 1 P b) Assignment/presentation/Quiz/Group b) Viva Voce: 2.5 Marks
Course (SEC) Discussion: 2.5 Marks
c) Attendance: 1 Marks Continuous Evaluation: 12.5 Marks:
a) Performance Assessment: 7.5 Marks
End Semester Theory Examination: 19 Marks b) Record File: 5 Marks
Theory: 50 Marks Practical: 50 Marks

Internal assessment: 12 Marks Practical Examination: 25 Marks

a) Class Test: 05 Marks a) Experiment: 20 Marks
Generic
2 T + 2 P b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group b) Viva Voce: 05 Marks
Elective (GE)
Discussion: 05 Marks
c) Attendance: 02 Marks Continuous Evaluation: 25 Marks
a) Performance Assessment: 15 Marks
End Semester Theory Examination: 38 Marks b) Record File: 10 Marks

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 33 of 136 University of Delhi

 Type of Credit
Theory Component Practical Component
Paper Format
Theory: 75 Marks Practical: 25 Marks

Internal assessment: 25 Marks Practical Examination: 12.5 Marks:

a) Class Test: 10 Marks a) Experiment: 10 Marks
Generic 3T + 1P
b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group b) Viva Voce: 2.5 Marks
Elective (GE) + 0Tut
Discussion: 10 Marks
c) Attendance: 05 Marks Continuous Evaluation: 12.5 Marks:
a) Performance Assessment: 7.5 Marks
End Semester Theory Examination: 50 Marks b) Record File: 5 Marks
Theory: 100 Marks

Internal assessment: 25 Marks

a) Class Test: 10 Marks
Generic 3T + 0P b) Assignment/Presentation/Quiz/Group
NA
Elective (GE) + 1Tut Discussion/Performance in Tutorial
Session: 10 Marks
c) Attendance: 05 Marks

End Semester Theory Examination: 75 Marks

Minimum Acceptable Level of Academic Standards

The minimum acceptable level of achievement that a student must demonstrate to be eligible
for the award of academic credit or a qualification is the minimum acceptable level of
academic standards. The Letter Grades and Grade Points which shall be used to reflect the
outcome of assessment process of the student’s performance is indicated in Table 8.

TABLE 8
Letter Grades and Grade Points

Letter Grade Grade Point

O (outstanding) 10
A+ (Excellent) 9
A (Very good) 8
B+ (Good) 7
B (Above average) 6
C (Average) 5
P (Pass) 4
F (Fail) 0
AB (Absent) 0

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 34 of 136 University of Delhi

Computation of the grade cut-offs on a 10-point grading system
The results for all the Undergraduate courses under the UGCF 2022 shall be based on a 10
point grading system with Letter Grades as per the formula prescribed in amendment to
Ordinance IX clause 12(3) dated 08th May, 2017 of the University of Delhi in the
computation of the grade cut offs as shown in Table 9.

Table 9
The computation of the grade cut-offs on a 10 point grading system with Letter Grades
Numerical
Letter Grade Formula Computation of Grade Cut off
Grade
the value of !" + 2.5 σ a to be taken into account
O
10 for grade computation will be Actual !" + 2.5 σ or
(Outstanding)
90% whichever is lower
the value of !" + 2.0 σ a to be taken into account
A+
9 for grade computation will be Actual !" + 2.0 σ or
(Excellent)
80% whichever is lower
the value of !" + 1.5 σ a to be taken into account
A
8 form grade computation will be Actual !" + 1.5 σ or
(Very Good)
70% whichever is lower
the value of !" + 1.0 σ a to be taken into account
B+
7 for grade computation will be Actual !" + 1.0 σ or
(Good)
60% whichever is lower
the value of !" a to be taken into account for grade
B
6 computation will be Actual !" or 50% whichever is
(Above average)
lower
the value of !" - 0.5 σ a to be taken into account for
C
5 grade computation will be Actual !" - 0.5 σ or 40%
(Average)
whichever is lower
the value of !" - 1.0 σ a to be taken into account for
D
4 grade computation will be Actual !" - 1.0 σ or 30%
(Pass)
whichever is lower
m is the marks obtained by a student in a particular paper in that semester.
!" is the average of marks obtained by all the students appeared in that particular paper in that
semester.
σ is the standard deviation.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 35 of 136 University of Delhi

 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE (DSC) COURSES

SEMESTER I

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 1

Course Title: MECHANICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: This course reviews the concepts of mechanics learnt at school from a
more advanced perspective and goes on to build new concepts. It begins with dynamics of a
system of particles and ends with the special theory of relativity. Students will appreciate the
concept of rotational motion, gravitation and oscillations. The students will be able to apply
the concepts learnt to several real world problems.

Course Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this course, students are expected to
understand the following concepts.
• Laws of motion and their application to various dynamical situations.
• Conservation of momentum, angular momentum and energy. Their application to basic
problems.
• Particle collision (elastic and in-elastic collisions)
• Motion of simple pendulum
• Postulates of special theory of relativity, inertial and non-inertial frame of reference and
their transformation, relativistic effects on the mass and energy of a moving body.

In the laboratory course, after acquiring knowledge of how to handle measuring instruments
(like screw gauge, vernier calliper and travelling microscope) student shall embark on
verifying various principles and associated measurable quantities.

THEORY (Credit: 02; 30 Hours)

Unit 1: Review of vectors and ordinary differential equation Hours: 4

Gradient of a scalar field, divergence and curl of vectors field, polar and axial vectors
Second order homogeneous ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients
(Operator Method Only).

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 36 of 136 University of Delhi

Unit 2: Fundamentals of Dynamics Hours: 7
Dynamics of a system of particles, centre of mass, determination of centre of mass for
discrete and continuous systems having spherical symmetry
Conservation of momentum and energy, Conservative and non-Conservative forces, work –
energy theorem for conservative forces, force as a gradient of potential energy. Particle
collision (Elastic and in-elastic collisions)

Unit 3: Rotational Dynamics and Oscillatory Motion Hours: 8

Angular momentum, torque, conservation of angular momentum, Moment of inertia,
Theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes (statements only). Calculation of moment of
inertia of discrete and continuous objects (1-D and 2-D).
Idea of simple harmonic motion, differential equation of simple harmonic motion and its
solution, Motion of simple pendulum, damped harmonic oscillator

Unit 4: Gravitation Hours: 3

Newton’s Law of Gravitation, Motion of a particle in a central force field. Kepler’s Laws
(statements only).

Unit 5: Special Theory of Relativity Hours: 8

Frames of reference, Gallilean transformations, inertial and non-inertial frames, Michelson
Morley’s Experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity, length contraction, time
dilation, relativistic transformation of velocity, relativistic variation of mass.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Vector Analysis – Schaum’s Outline, M.R. Spiegel, S. Lipschutz, D. Spellman, 2nd Edn.,
2009, McGraw- Hill Education.
2) An Introduction to Mechanics (2/e), Daniel Kleppner and Robert Kolenkow, 2014,
Cambridge University Press.
3) Mechanics Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 1, 2/e: Charles Kittel, et. al., 2017, McGraw
Hill Education
4) Mechanics, D. S. Mathur, P. S. Hemne, 2012, S. Chand.
5) Intermediate Dynamics, Patrick Hamill, 2010, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Additional Readings:
1) Feynman Lectures, Vol. 1, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson
Education.
2) University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
3) University Physics, H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, 14/e, 2015, Pearson Education.
4) Fundamentals of Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 10/e, 2013, Wiley.
5) Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2/e, 2015, Oxford University Press.
6) Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Randall D Knight, 3/e, 2016, Pearson Education.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 37 of 136 University of Delhi

PRACTICAL (Credit: 02; 60 Hours)

The teacher is expected to give basic idea and working of various apparatus and instruments
related to different experiments. Students should also be given knowledge of recording and
analysing experimental data.

Every student should perform at least 06 experiments from the following list.
1) Measurement of length (or diameter) using vernier calliper, screw gauge and travelling
microscope.
2) Study the random error in observations.
3) Determination of height of a building using a sextant.
4) Study of motion of the spring and calculate (a) spring constant and, (b) acceleration due
to gravity (g)
5) Determination of moment of inertia of a flywheel.
6) Determination of g and velocity for a freely falling body using digital timing technique.
7) Determination of modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle.
8) Determination of elastic constants of a wire by Searle’s method.
9) Determination of value of g using bar pendulum.
10) Determination of value of g using Kater’s pendulum.

References:
1) Advanced practical physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering practical physics, S. Panigrahi and B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd.
3) Practical physics, G. L. Squires, 2015, 4/e, Cambridge University Press.
4) A text book of practical physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11/e, 2011, Kitab Mahal.
5) B. Sc. practical physics, Geeta Sanon, R. Chand and Co., 2016.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 38 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER II

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 2

Course Title: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: This course reviews the concepts of electricity and magnetism learnt at
school from a more advanced perspective and goes on to build new concepts. The course
covers static and dynamic electric and magnetic fields, and the principles of electromagnetic
induction. It also includes analysis of electrical circuits and introduction of network theorems.
The students will be able to apply the concepts learnt to several real world problems.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to,
• Understand Gauss’ law, Coulomb’s law for the electric field, and apply them to systems
of point charges as well as line, surface, and volume distributions of charges. Also to use
the knowledge to solve some simple problems
• Express electric current and capacitance in terms of electric field and electric potential.
• Calculate the force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field
• To determine the magnetic force generated by a current carrying conductor
• Have brief idea of magnetic materials, understand the concept of electromagnetic
induction, solve problems using Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws

In the laboratory course, students will be able to measure resistance (high and low), voltage,
current, self and mutual inductance, capacitor, strength of magnetic field and its variation,
study different electric circuits.

THEORY (Credit: 02; 30 Hours)

Unit 1: Electrostatics Hours: 10

Electric field, electric flux, Gauss’ theorem in electrostatics, applications of Gauss’ theorem
(linear, plane and spherical charge distribution), line integral of electric field, electric
potential due to a point charge, electric potential and electric field of a dipole and charged
disc, capacitance due to parallel plates and spherical condenser. Electrostatic energy of
system of charge (charged sphere), dielectric medium, dielectric polarization, displacement
vector, Gauss’ theorem in dielectrics, parallel plate capacitor filled with dielectric.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 39 of 136 University of Delhi

Unit 2: Magnetostatics Hours: 8
Magnetic force between current elements and definition of magnetic field B, Biot-Savart's
law and its applications (current carrying straight conductor, current carrying circular coil,
current carrying solenoid), divergence and curl of magnetic field, Ampere's circuital law,
magnetic properties of materials (magnetic intensity, magnetic induction, permeability,
magnetic susceptibility), brief introduction of dia-, para- and ferro magnetic materials

Unit 3: Electromagnetic Induction Hours: 7

Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, self-inductance of single coil,
mutual inductance of two coils, energy stored in magnetic field. Maxwell`s equations and
equation of continuity of current, displacement current

Unit 4: Electrical Circuits Hours: 5

DC Circuits: Review of Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws, Thevenin theorem, Norton
theorem, Superposition theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism, Arthur F. Kip, 2nd Edn.1981, McGraw-Hill.
2) Electricity and Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes and J. Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ.
Press
3) Electricity and Magnetism, D C Tayal, 1988, Himalaya Publishing House.
4) Fundamentals of Electromagnetics, M.A.W. Miah, 1982, Tata McGraw Hill
5) Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Edn, 1998, Benjamin Cummings.

Additional Readings:
1) Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-
Hill Education.
2) University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
3) Problems and Solutions in Electromagnetics, Ajoy Ghatak, K Thyagarajan and Ravi
Varshney.
4) Schaum’s Outline of Electric Circuits, J. Edminister and M. Nahvi, 3rd Edn., 1995,
McGraw Hill.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 02; 60 Hours)

The teacher is expected to give basic idea and working of various instruments and circuits
related to different experiments. Students should also be given knowledge of recording and
analyzing experimental data.

Every student should perform at least 06 experiments from the following list of experiments.

1) To use a multimeter for measuring resistances, a.c and d.c voltages, d.c. current,
capacitance and for checking electrical fuses.

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2) Ballistic Galvanometer:
a) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
b) Measurement of critical damping resistance
c) Determine a high resistance by leakage method
d) Determine self-inductance of a coil by Rayleigh’s Method.
3) To compare capacitances using De Sauty’s bridge.
4) Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a Solenoid
5) To study the Characteristics of a Series RC Circuit.
6) To study a series LCR circuit and determine its resonant frequency and quality factor.
7) To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its anti-resonant frequency and quality
factor
8) To determine a low resistance by Carey Foster bridge.
9) To verify the Thevenin, superposition and maximum power transfer theorems
10) To verify Norton theorem

References (for Laboratory Work):

1) Advanced practical physics for students, B.L.Flint and H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering practical physics, S.Panigrahi and B.Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd.
3) A text book of practical physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
4) Practical physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press
5) Advanced level physics practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 41 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER III

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 3

Course Title: THERMAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 42 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER IV

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 4

Course Title: WAVES AND OPTICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 43 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER V

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 5

Course Title: MODERN PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 44 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VI

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 6

Course Title: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 45 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VII

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 7

Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 46 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VIII

Course Code: PHYSICS DSC 8

Course Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 47 of 136 University of Delhi

 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE) COURSES

SEMESTER III

Course Code: DSE 13a PHYSICS

Course Title: BIOPHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 48 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 13b PHYSICS
Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS I
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 49 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER IV

Course Code: DSE 14a PHYSICS

Course Title: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 50 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 14b PHYSICS
Course Title: ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 51 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 14c PHYSICS
Course Title: PHYSICS OF EARTH
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 52 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER V

Course Code: DSE 15a PHYSICS

Course Title: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 53 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 15b PHYSICS
Course Title: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 54 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 15c PHYSICS
Course Title: RADIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 55 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VI

Course Code: DSE 16a PHYSICS

Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 56 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 16b PHYSICS
Course Title: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 57 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 16c PHYSICS
Course Title: LASER PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 58 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 16d PHYSICS
Course Title: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 59 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VII

Course Code: DSE 17a PHYSICS

Course Title: PHYSICS OF MATERIALS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 60 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 17b PHYSICS
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 61 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 17c PHYSICS
Course Title: CLASSICAL DYNAMICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 00, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 00, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 62 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 17d PHYSICS
Course Title: MICROPROCESSOR
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 63 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 17e PHYSICS
Course Title: SENSORS AND DETECTORS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 64 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 17f PHYSICS
Course Title: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 65 of 136 University of Delhi

 SEMESTER VIII

Course Code: DSE 18a PHYSICS

Course Title: NANO SCIENCE
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 66 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 18b PHYSICS
Course Title: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 67 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 18c PHYSICS
Course Title: STATISTICAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 04, Practical: 00)
Total Hours: Theory: 60, Practical: 00

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 68 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 18d PHYSICS
Course Title: PHOTONICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 69 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: DSE 18e PHYSICS
Course Title: PHYSICS OF ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 70 of 136 University of Delhi

 SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES (SEC)

Note: These are suggestive SEC courses. A student may however choose
any SEC from the central pool of Chemistry/Physics/Maths

Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 1

Course Title: BASIC OF INSTRUMENTS
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: To expose the students to various aspects of instruments and their usage
through hands-on mode. To provide them a thorough understanding of basics of
measurement, measurement devices such as electronic voltmeter, oscilloscope, signal and
pulse generators, impedance bridges, digital instruments etc.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students will learn the following.
• The student is expected to have the necessary working knowledge on accuracy, precision,
resolution, range and errors/uncertainty in measurements.
• Course learning begins with the basic understanding of the measurement and errors in
measurement. It then familiarizes about each and every specification of a multimeter,
multivibrators, rectifiers, amplifiers, oscillators and high voltage probes and their
significance with hands on mode.
• Explanation of CRO and their significance. Complete explanation of CRT.
• Students learn the use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (DC and AC), frequency
and time period. Covers the Digital Storage Oscilloscope and its principle of working.
• Students learn principles of voltage measurement. Students should be able to understand
the advantages of electronic voltmeter over conventional multimeter in terms of
sensitivity etc. Types of AC millivoltmeter should be covered.
• Covers the explanation and specifications of Signal and pulse Generators: low frequency
signal generator and pulse generator. Students should be familiarized with testing and
specifications.
• Students learn about the working principles and specifications of basic LCR Bridge.
• Hands on ability to use digital multimeter and frequency counter.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 02; 60 Hours)

The list of experiments for this course is based on the following topics.
• Basics of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 71 of 136 University of Delhi

 etc. Errors in measurements and loading effects. Working principle of time interval,
frequency and period measurement, time-base stability, accuracy and resolution.
• Multimeter: Measurement of dc voltage and dc current, ac voltage, ac current and
resistance. Specifications of electronic voltmeter/multimeter and their significance. AC
milli-voltmeter, working of a digital multimeter.
• Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Specifications of CRO with block diagram and their
significance. Measurement of voltage (dc and ac), frequency and time period. Special
features of dual trace. Digital storage Oscilloscope: principle of working.
• Signal and Pulse Generators: Block diagram and specifications of low frequency signal
and pulse generators. Distortion factor meter, wave analysis.
• Impedance Bridges: Block diagram, working principles of RLC Bridge. Specifications
of RLC Bridge. Block diagram and working principles of a Q-Meter. Digital LCR
bridges.

List of Experiments:
1) To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a low
resistance and high resistance.
2) To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage and
currents.
3) To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using Q-meter.
4) Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase using an oscilloscope.
5) Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/frequency
counter.
6) Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using oscilloscope.
7) Measurement of distortion of a RF signal generator using distortion factor meter.
8) Measurement of R, L and C using LCR Bridge/Universal Bridge.

Open Ended Experiments:

1) Using a Dual Trace Oscilloscope
2) Converting the range of a given measuring instrument (voltmeter, ammeter).
It is further suggested that students may be motivated to pursue semester long dissertation
wherein he/she may do a hands-on extensive project based on the extension of the
experiments enumerated above.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
2) Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.
3) Electronic Devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan and N. S. Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012, Tata Mc-
Graw Hill
4) Digital Circuits and Systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
5) Electronic Instrumentation, H.S. Kalsi, 3rd Ed. Tata McGraw Hill.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 72 of 136 University of Delhi

Additional Readings:
1) A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand and Co.
2) Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 73 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 2
Course Title: PROGRAMMING FOR PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS
(C/C++ OR PYTHON)
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Course Learning Outcomes: The aim of this course is to teach computer programming and
basic idea of numerical analysis, emphasizing its role in solving problems in Physics, and
other fields.
• Use computers for solving problems in Physics
• Prepare algorithms and flowcharts for solving a problem.
• Design, code and test simple programs in C/C++ or Python in the process of solving
various problems.
• Perform various operations of 1-d and 2-d arrays
• Visualise data and functions graphically

The course will consist of practical sessions including relevant lectures on the related
theoretical aspects of the laboratory.
• Evaluation to be done not only on the programming but also on the basis of formulating
the problem.
• Aim at teaching students to construct the computational problem to be solved.
• Students can use any one operating system: Linux or Microsoft Windows.
• At least 12 programs must be attempted from the following covering the entire syllabus.
• The list of programs here is only suggestive. Students should be encouraged to do more
practice.

C/C++
1) Basics of scientific computing: Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers,
single and double precision arithmetic, underflow and overflow, Iterative method.
Algorithms and Flow charts: Purpose, symbols and description.
2) Introduction to C++: Introduction to Programming: Algorithms: Sequence, Selection and
Repetition, Structured programming, basic idea of Compilers. Idea of Headers, Data
Types, Enumerated Data, Conversion and casting, constants and variables, Mathematical,
Relational, Logical and Bit wise Operators. Precedence of Operators, Expressions and
Statements, Scope and Visibility of Data, block, Local and Global variables, Auto, static
and External variables. Input and output statements. Reading Input and sending output
from/to files.

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 Programs (indicative only):
• To calculate area of a rectangle
• To check size of variables in bytes (Use of sizeof( ) Operator)
• Converting plane polar to Cartesian coordinates and vice versa

3) C++ Control Statements: if-statement, if-else statement, Nested if Structure, Else-if

statement, Ternary operator, Goto statement, switch statement, Unconditional and
Conditional looping, While loop, Do-while loop, For loop, nested loops, break and
continue statements
Programs (indicative only):
• To find roots of a quadratic equation
• To find largest of three numbers
• To check whether a number is prime or not
• To list Prime numbers up to 1000

4) Functions and Arrays: Introduction, inbuilt functions, local vs. global variables, function
definition and prototype, user-defined functions, void functions, return statement, passing
arguments by value, arrays, array definition, passing arrays to functions, 2D arrays,
matrix operations (sum, product, transpose etc)
Programs (indicative only):
• Sum and average of a list of numbers
• Largest of a given list of numbers and its location
• Sorting numbers in ascending descending order using Bubble sort and Sequential sort
• Binary search
• Matrix operations (sum, product, transpose etc)
• Approximate functions like sin(x), cos(x) by a finite number of terms of Taylor’s
series.

5) Introduction to gnuplot for plotting functions and data for graphical visualization. Curve
fitting: Linear least square fitting of data.
Programs (indicative only):
• Plotting data from the output file created by a c-program
• Plotting functions (inbuilt), histograms, and graphs.
• Overlapping plots
• Least square fit of data points
• Generation of pseudo-random numbers using inbuilt functions and plot frequency
distribution

References:
1) Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++’, J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw-Hill
Education.
2) C++ How to Program’, Paul J. Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Pearson (2016).
3) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 75 of 136 University of Delhi

4) Computational Physics, Darren Walker, 1st Edn., Scientific International Pvt. Ltd (2015).
5) Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3rd Edn., 2007, Wiley India Edition.

OR

PYTHON
Introduction: Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers, single and double
precision arithmetic, underflow and overflow, numerical errors of elementary floating point
operations, round off and truncation errors with examples.
Introduction to Algorithms and Flow charts. Branching with examples of conditional
statements, for and while loops.
Basic Elements of Python: The Python interpreter, the print statement, comments, Python as
simple calculator, objects and expressions, variables(numeric and sequence types) and
assignments, mathematical operators. Help() in Python, Strings, Lists, Tuples and
Dictionaries, type conversions, input statement, list methods. List mutability, Formatting in
the print statement.
Control Structures: Conditional operations, if, if-else, if-elif-else, while and for Loops,
indentation, break and continue, List comprehension.
Functions: Inbuilt functions, user-defined functions, local and global variables, passing
functions, modules, importing modules, math module, making new modules.
File Handling: ‘r’, ‘w’, ‘a’ modes, Reading from files and writing into text and csv files.
Exception handling with try-except, the with statement.

List of Programs:
• To calculate area of a rectangle
• To check size of variables in bytes (Use of sizeof( ) Operator)
• Converting plane polar to Cartesian coordinates and vice versa
• To find roots of a quadratic equation
• To find largest of three numbers
• To check whether a number is prime or not
• To list Prime numbers up to 1000

Numpy, Pandas and Matplotlib:

Use of Numpy module to (i) determine max, min, mean, variance, standard deviation of a
given array, (i) perform matrix manipulations and (iii) compute scalar, vector and scalar triple
product of vectors.
Use matplotlib to (i) plot of functions given in closed form as well as in the form of discrete
data and (ii) make histogram (iii) contour maps

List of Programs:
• Sum and average of a list of numbers
• Largest of a given list of numbers and its location
• Sorting numbers in ascending descending order using Bubble sort and Sequential sort

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• Binary search
• Matrix operations (sum, product, transpose etc)
• Approximate functions like sin(x), cos(x) by a finite number of terms of Taylor’s series.
• Plotting data from the output file
• Plotting functions (inbuilt), histograms, and graphs.
• Overlapping plots
• Least square fit of data points
• Generation of pseudo-random numbers using inbuilt functions and plot frequency
distribution

References:
1) Documentation at the Python home page (https://docs.python.org/3/) and the tutorials
there (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/).
2) Computational Physics, Darren Walker, 1st Edn., Scientific International Pvt. Ltd (2015).
3) Elementary Numerical Analysis, K. E. Atkinson, 3rd Edn., 2007, Wiley India Edition.
4) An Introduction to Computational Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge University Press (2010).
5) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S. S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
6) Applied numerical analysis, Cutis F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley, Pearson Education,
India
7) Numerical Recipes: The art of scientific computing, William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky
and William Vetterling, Cambridge University Press; 3rd edition

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 77 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 3
Course Title: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: The emphasis of course is to equip students with the mathematical tools
required in solving problem of interest to physicists and to expose them to fundamental
computational physics skills and hence enable them to solve a wide range of physics
problems. To help students develop critical skills and knowledge that will prepare them not
only for doing fundamental and applied research but also prepare them for a wide variety of
careers.

Course Learning Outcomes: The numerical methods given below will be implemented
using C/C++ or Python programming language, and hence a basic knowledge of the
programming language is desirable. The course will consist of practical sessions including
relevant lectures on the following theoretical aspects of the laboratory.
• Errors and iterative methods: Truncation and Round-off Errors. Floating Point
Computation, Overflow and underflow. Single and Double Precision Arithmetic
• Solutions of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations: Fixed point iteration method,
Bisection method, Secant Method, Newton Raphson method
• Interpolation, Numerical Differentiation, and Integration: Forward and Backward
Differences. Symbolic Relation, Newton’s Forward and Backward Interpolation
Formulas, Integration using Trapezoidal Rule, and Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 Rules.
• Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: First Order ODE’s: solution of Initial
Value problems: Euler’s Method, Modified Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method
• Least Square fitting: Linear least square fit on data points, Linearization of exponential
function fitting, Fitting using Polynomial of nth degree.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 02; 60 Hours)

Every student must perform at least 08 programs from the following list.

Algebraic and transcendental equation:

a. To find the roots of an algebraic equation by Bisection method.
b. To find the roots of an algebraic equation by Secant method.
c. To find the roots of an algebraic equation by Newton-Raphson method.

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d. To find the roots of a transcendental equation by Bisection method.

Interpolation
a. To find the forward difference table from a given set of data values.
b. To find a backward difference table from a given set of data values.

Differentiation
a. To find the first and second derivatives near the beginning of the table of values of (x,y).
b. To find the first and second derivatives near the end of the table of values of (x,y).

Integration
a. To evaluate a definite integral by trapezoidal rule.
b. To evaluate a definite integral by Simpson 1/3 rule.
c. To evaluate a definite integral by Simpson 3/8 rule.

Differential Equations
a. To solve differential equations by Euler’s method
b. To solve differential equations by modified Euler’s method
c. To solve differential equations by Runge-Kutta method

Curve fitting
a. To fit a straight line to a given set of data values.
b. To fit a polynomial to a given set of data values.
c. To fit an exponential function to a given set of data values.

References:
1) Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3rd Edn., 2007, Wiley India Edition.
2) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
3) Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw Hill Pub.
4) Numerical Recipes in C++: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Press et.al., 2nd Edn.,
2013, Cambridge University Press.
5) An introduction to Numerical methods in C++, Brian H. Flowers, 2009, Oxford
University Press.
6) C++ How to Program’, Paul J. Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Pearson (2016).
7) Documentation at the Python home page (https://docs.python.org/3/) and the tutorials
there (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/).

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 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 4
Course Title: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 80 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 5
Course Title: SENSORS AND DETECTION TECHNOLOGY
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 81 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 6
Course Title: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 82 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 7
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO SCILAB PROGRAMMING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: This course focuses on the core skills necessary to work with Scilab and
present an overview of Scilab features to get familiar with this environment. The Scilab
language, especially its structured programming features containing real matrices and the linear
algebra library are covered in this course. The definition of functions and the elementary
management of input and output variables are presented. Scilab's graphical features to create
2D/3D plots and how to export that plot into a vectorial or bitmap format are also included in
this course.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will help students in the following ways.
• Awareness and understanding of the free software, Scilab, which provides a powerful
computing environment for engineering and scientific applications.
• Scilab software includes a lot of mathematical functions and is based on a high level
programming language, comprising of advanced data structures and graphical functions.
• The syntax of Scilab enables the students to visualize solutions of non-trivial problems,
which are otherwise difficult to perform in a laboratory set-up. It also helps them to gain
insight into complicated physics problems.
• The graphical features of Scilab are a boon to the students for visually understanding the
complex nature of diverse scientific and engineering problems.
• Scicos/Xcos: an additional tool in Scilab offers a graphical analysis of the complex electrical
circuits, wave phenomenon, etc.

• Teacher may give long duration projects based on this paper.

• Sessions on the review of experimental data analysis and its application to the specific
experiments done in the lab.

Introduction to Scilab
Scilab installation and familiarization with Scilab environment, Command window, Figure
window, Edit window, Variables and arrays, Initializing variables in Scilab, Multidimensional
arrays, Sub-array, Special values, Displaying output data, data file, Scalar and array operations,
Hierarchy of operations, Built in Scilab functions, Introduction to plotting, 2D and 3D plotting
and graphics design, Branching Statements and program design, Relational and logical

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operators, the while loop, for loop, details of loop operations, break and continue statements,
nested loops, logical arrays and vectorization. User defined functions, Introduction to Scilab
functions, Variable passing in Scilab, optional arguments, preserving data between calls to a
function, Complex and Character data, string function, Multidimensional arrays an introduction
to Scilab file processing, file opening and closing, Binary I/O functions, comparing binary and
formatted functions, numerical methods and developing the skills of writing a program.

Programs:
At least 08 programs must be attempted from the following covering the entire syllabus.
The list of programs here is only suggestive. Students should be encouraged to do more practice.

• Series Expansion
Evaluate trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions by series expansion and compare
the results with built-in Scilab functions.
#
Application to evaluation of # (using tan!" 1 = $ )

• Matrix Algebra
Addition/subtraction and multiplication of matrices, trace, transpose, inverse, determinant of a
matrix. Eigenvalues, eigenvector, diagonalization, and function of matrix with application to
physics problem.

• Plotting of graphs
The pre-defined functions and a variety of powerful in-built tools of Scilab should be
extensively utilized for producing self-explanatory and meaningful 2D/3D graphs. This
experiment should also explain how to write user-defined functions for formatting the coordinate
axes of the graph and for customizing the line style, data markers, title and legends of the
graphs.
The plotting can be learnt by following suggestive problems.
• Superposition of waves and formation of wave group
• Familiarization with Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates
• Normal and anomalous dispersion
• Blackbody radiation spectrum
• Plotting of band structure in 3D
• Plotting of vector functions: 2D/3D vector fields and its application in graphical
understanding of the concept of gradient, divergence, and curl.

• Graphics Design
Application to computer graphics: create any arbitrary object of own choice by considering data
points or functions and implement translation, reflection, shear, strain and rotation operator on
the same. Plot old and new object.

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• Integration and Differentiation
Introduction of differentiation and integration using inbuilt Scilab functions. Application to
various mathematical and physical problems may be included, such as differential (gradient,
divergence, and curl) and integral (line, surface, and volume) calculus. Further, this may be
useful in verification of fundamental theorems for gradient, divergence, and curl.

• Ordinary Differential Equation

Applications of first and second order differential equations in physics problems, such as
radioactive decay, motion of a freely falling object, simple harmonic motion, damped and forced
oscillations etc. using Scilab built in functions.

• Fourier Analysis
Generating different periodic functions and their Fourier series. It should also explain how to
perform integral Fourier transform of common functions like square, sine-cosine and Gaussian
functions.

• Special Functions
Generation of special functions using user defined functions and comparison with Scilab built-in
functions. This experiment is based on the implementation of special functions such as Bessel
function, Legendre function, Laguerre function and Hermite function and verification of related
recurrence relations. Some applications of these functions in diverse physical problems such as
the study of planetary motion, diffraction of light at circular aperture and propagation of
electromagnetic waves through cavity resonators can be included.

• Scicos/Xcos
Generating different wave function, such as square wave, sine wave, saw tooth wave etc. An
application to understanding,
• Superposition of waves by concept of Lissajous figures and beat phenomenon.
• Electrical circuits, such as RC, RL, LC, series and parallel LCR etc.
• Diode circuits and its applications

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Urroz, G. E. (2001). Introduction to SCILAB. Retrieved from https://www.scilab.org.
2) Urroz, G. E. (2001). ODEs with SCILAB. Retrieved from https://www.scilab.org.
3) Urroz, G. E. (2001). Ordinary differential equations with SCILAB. Retrieved from
https://www.math.utah.edu.
4) Urroz, G. E. (2001). Orthogonal Functions, Gaussian Quadrature, and Fourier analysis with
SCILAB. Retrieved from https:// www.scilab.org.
5) Sharma, M. (2016). Scilab Codes and Programs for Physics as well as Mathematical
Problems. Retrieved from https://www.bragitoff.com/
6) Jain, M. C. (2014). Vector Spaces and Matrices in Physics (2nd Edition). Narosa Publishing
House.

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7) Coddington, E. A. (2009). An introduction to ordinary differential equations. PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
8) Sastry, S. S. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited.
9) Jain, M. K.; Iyengar, S., Jain, R. K. (2012). Numerical Methods for Scientific and
Engineering Computation (6th Edition). New Age International Publisher.
10) Fausett, L. V. (2012). Applied Numerical Analysis-Using MATLAB. (2nd Edition). Pearson
Education.
11) Folland, G. B. (1992). Fourier Analysis and Its Applications (Wadsworth and Brooks/ Cole
Mathematics Series). Thomson Brooks/Cole.
12) Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Ed., 1998, Benjamin Cummings.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 86 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 8
Course Title: TECHNICAL DRAWING AND 3D PRINTING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 87 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 9
Course Title: DATA ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL METHODS
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Course Objectives: The emphasis of course is to equip students with the data analysis tools
for solving problems in Physics, and in general. Further, students will be exposed to
computational skills required to implement the data analysis techniques.

Course Learning Outcomes: The data analysis methods given below will be implemented
using C/C++ or Python programming language, and hence a basic knowledge of the
programming language is desirable.
After completing this course, student will be able to:
• Idea of random variable and probability distribution function, which is very important for
uncertainty (or error) propagations
• Fitting data points using least square fits, with uncertainties on data values
• Basic idea of interpolation, integration, and solution of ode
• Monte Carlo technique and idea of random number

Introduction to Probability and Random Variables: Review of probability, Idea of 1D

random variable, probability density function – discrete (binomial) and continuous
(Gaussian), Expectation value or mean value, Variance and Standard deviation.
Least Square fitting: Covariance and correlations in 2D random distributions, propagation
of errors, Linear least square fit of data points both with and without uncertainties (or errors),
Finding errors on the estimated parameters.
Integration, Interpolation, and Solution of ODE: Integration using Gauss quadrature,
Lagrange Interpolation, Solution of ODE using Runge-Kutta (order 4 method)
Random Number generation: Idea of Monte Carlo technique, pseudo random number
generation, Idea of Monte Carlo integration: estimating value of pi (or find area of circle)
using Monte Carlo acceptance-rejection method.

Every student must perform experiments covering the entire syllabus.

The list of programs is only suggestive. Students should be encouraged to do more practice.
1) To plot discrete and continuous distributions and find mean, median and mode.
2) Fitting data points with and without errors using least square fitting technique, and

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 88 of 136 University of Delhi

 estimate the errors on the obtained parameters,
3) Perform error propagation on functions of two variables, while understanding the effect
of covariance.
4) Performing polynomial interpolation using Lagrange Interpolating function
5) Performing Integration using Gauss quadrature method
6) Solving ODE (both first and 2nd order) using RK4 method.
7) Generating random numbers using inbuilt functions and plot the frequency distribution
8) Estimate value of pi (or find area of circle) using Monte Carlo acceptance-rejection
method

References:
1) Statistics and Data Analysis: from elementary to intermediate, Ajit C. Tamhane and
Dorothy D. Dunlop, Prentice Hall.
2) Numerical Analysis, Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas Faires and Annette M. Burden,
Cengage Learning; 10th edition
3) Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, by Philip Bevington and D.
Keith Robinson, McGraw-Hill Education; 3rd edition

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 89 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 10
Course Title: RADIATION SAFETY
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This course focuses on the applications of nuclear techniques and
radiation protection. It will not only enhance the skills towards the basic understanding of the
radiation but will also provide the knowledge about the protective measures against radiation
exposure. It imparts all the skills required by a radiation safety officer or any job dealing with
radiation such as X-ray operators, jobs dealing with nuclear medicine: chemotherapists,
operators of PET, MRI, CT scan, gamma camera etc.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will help students in the following ways.
• Awareness and understanding the hazards of radiation and the safety measures to guard
against these hazards.
• Having a comprehensive knowledge about the nature of interaction of matter with
radiations like gamma, beta, alpha rays, neutrons etc. and radiation shielding by
appropriate materials.
• Knowing about the units of radiations and their safety limits, the devices to detect and
measure radiation.
• Learning radiation safety management, biological effects of ionizing radiation,
operational limits and basics of radiation hazards evaluation and control, radiation
protection standards,
• Learning about the devices which apply radiations in medical sciences, such as X -
r a y , MRI, PET, CT-scan

THEORY (Credit: 01; 15 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 6
Radiation and its interaction with matter: Basic idea of different types of radiation
electromagnetic (X-ray, gamma rays, cosmic rays etc.), nuclear radiation and their origin.
Nuclear Radiation: Basic idea of Alpha, Beta, Gamma neutron radiation and their sources
(sealed and unsealed sources).
Interaction of Charged Particles (including alpha particles): Heavy charged particles (e.g.
accelerated ions) - Beth-Bloch Formula, Scaling laws, Mass Stopping Power, Range,

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Straggling.
Interaction of Beta Particles: Collision and Radiation loss (Bremsstrahlung).
Interaction of Photons: Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficients.
Interaction of Neutrons: Collision, slowing down and Moderation.

Unit 2: Hours: 4
Radiation detection and monitoring devices: Basic concepts and working principle
of gas detectors, Scintillation Detectors, Solid State Detectors and Neutron Detectors,
Thermo-luminescent Dosimetry.
Radiation Quantities and Units:
Basic idea of different units of activity, KERMA, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose,
effective dose, collective equivalent dose, annual limit of intake (ALI) and derived air
concentration (DAC).

Unit 3: Hours: 2
Radiation Units, dosage and safety management:
Basic idea of different units of activity, KERMA, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose,
effective dose, collective equivalent dose, annual limit of intake (ALI) and Derived air
concentration (DAC).
Radiation safety management: Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Operational limits and
basics of radiation hazards, its evaluation and control: radiation protection standards.

Unit 4: Hours: 3
Application of radiation as a technique: Application in medical science (e.g., basic
principles of X-rays, MRI, PET, CT scan, Projection Imaging Gamma Camera, Radiation
therapy), Archaeology, Art, Crime detection, Mining and oil. Industrial Uses: Tracing,
Gauging, Material Modification, Sterilization, Food preservation.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

Minimum five experiments need to be performed from the following, graphs to be plotted
using any graphical plotting software

1) Estimate the energy loss of different projectiles/ions in Water and carbon, using
SRIM/TRIM etc. simulation software, (different projectiles/ions to be used by different
students).
2) Simulation study (using SRIM/TRIM or any other software) of radiation depth in
materials (Carbon, Silver, Gold, Lead) using H as projectile/ion.
3) Comparison of interaction of projectiles with ZP = 1 to 92 (where ZP is atomic number of
projectile/ion) in a given medium (Mylar, Carbon, Water) using simulation software
(SRIM etc).
4) SRIM/TRIM based experiments to study ion-matter interaction of heavy projectiles on

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 91 of 136 University of Delhi

 heavy atoms. The range of investigations will be ZP = 6 to 92 on ZA = 16 to 92 (where
ZP and ZA are atomic numbers of projectile and atoms respectively). Draw and infer
appropriate Bragg Curves.
5) Calculation of absorption/transmission of X-rays, γ-rays through Mylar, Be, C, Al, Fe and
ZA = 47 to 92 (where ZA is atomic number of atoms to be investigated as targets) using
XCOM, NIST (https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html).
6) Study the background radiation in different places and identify the source material from
gamma ray energy spectrum. (Gamma ray energies are available in the website
http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/).
7) Study the background radiation levels using Radiation meter.
8) Study of characteristics of GM tube and determination of operating voltage and plateau
length using background radiation as source (without commercial source).
9) Study of counting statistics using background radiation using GM counter.
10) Study of radiation in various materials (e.g. KSO4 etc.). Investigation of possible
radiation in different routine materials by operating GM counter at operating voltage.
11) Study of absorption of beta particles in Aluminum using GM counter.
12) Measurement of gamma ray attenuation co-efficient of aluminium using GM counter.
13) Estimation of half thickness for aluminium using GM Counter.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics: An introductory approach by K Heyde,
third edition, IOP Publication, 1999.
2) Nuclear Physics by S N Ghoshal, First edition, S. Chand Publication, 2010.
3) Nuclear Physics: Principles and Applications by J Lilley, Wiley Publication, 2006.
4) Fundamental Physics of Radiology by W J Meredith and B Massey, John Wright and
Sons, UK, 1989.
5) An Introduction to Radiation Protection by A Martin and S A Harbisor, John Willey
and Sons, Inc. NewYork, 1981.

Additional Readings:
1) Radiation detection and measurement by G F Knoll, 4th Edition, Wiley Publications,
2010.
2) Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics experiments by W R Leo, Springer, 1994.
3) Thermoluminescence dosimetry by A F Mcknlay, Bristol, Adam Hilger (Medical Physics
Hand book 5
4) Medical Radiation Physics by W R Hendee, Year book Medical Publishers, Inc., London,
1981.
5) Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection by S N Ahmed, Academic Press
Elsevier, 2007.
6) IAEA Publications: (a) General safety requirements Part 1, No. GSR Part 1 (2010), Part 3
No. GSR Part 3 (Interium) (2010); (b) Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.5 (2002), Rs-
G-1.9 (2005), Safety Series No. 120 (1996); (c) Safety Guide GS-G-2.1 (2007).

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References (for Laboratory Work):
1) Schaum’s Outline of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
2) Schaum’s Outline of College Physics, by E. Hecht, 11th edition, McGraw Hill, 2009.
3) Modern Physics by K Sivaprasath and R Murugeshan, S Chand Publication, 2010.
4) AERB Safety Guide (Guide No. AERB/RF-RS/SG-1), Security of radioactive sources in
radiation facilities, 2011
5) AERB Safety Standard No. AERB/SS/3 (Rev. 1), Testing and Classification of sealed
Radioactivity Sources., 2007.

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 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 11
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS OF DEVICES
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This paper is based on basic electrical and electronics instruments which
cover the devices such as diode, photodiode, solar cell, electromagnet etc. This course also
covers working of ideal and constant current source; ideal and constant voltage source; and
dependent and independent current and voltage source.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to,
• Develop the basic knowledge of semiconductor device physics and electronic circuits
along with the practical technological considerations and applications.
• Understand the operation of devices such as multimeter, current source and voltage
source etc.

THEORY (Credit: 01; 15 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 4
Measurement of Voltage and current: Working of ideal and constant current source, Ideal
and constant voltage source, Dependent and independent current and voltage source.
Working of moving coil galvanometer, its use as Voltmeter and Ammeter, Use of digital
multimeter for measurement of R, L, C, ac and dc voltage and current, type of transistor
etc.

Unit 2: Hours: 6
Two layered devices: Working principle and I-V characteristics of p-n junction diode, Zener
diode, LED, photo-diode and solar cell. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers,
Calculation of ripple factor and rectification efficiency, basic idea about capacitor filter,
Working of regulator IC 7805.

Unit 3: Hours: 5
Electrical Appliances: Use of capacitor/condenser in electrical motor, Uses of electrical
fuses, MCBs, difference between power, neutral and ground in electrical circuits, Use of
ground terminal in electrical circuits, Working of IR remote control, microwave oven and
water purifier

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PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

Every student must perform at least 06 experiments for the following list.
1) To examine the performance of a constant current source and constant voltage source.
2) Making voltmeter and ammeter using galvanometer.
3) I-V characteristics of LED
4) Zener diode as voltage regulator.
5) Measurement of efficiency and fill factor of solar cell.
6) Measurement of photocurrent using photodiode with variation in intensity of incident
light.
7) To design a regulated power supply (adapter) using bridge rectifier and regulator IC
(7805).
8) Design an electrical switch board with fuse and power indicator.
9) The basic idea of First Aid for Electrical Emergencies.

References (For Theory):

Essential Readings:
1) Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S. M. Sze and K. K. Ng, 3rd Edition 2008, John
Wiley and Sons
2) Electronic Devices and Circuits, A. Mottershead, 1998, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
3) H. S. Kalsi, Electronic Instrumentation, TMH (2006).

References (For Laboratory Work):

1) PC based instrumentation; Concepts and Practice, N. Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of
India
2) Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P. B. Zbar, A. P. Malvino, M. A. Miller,1994,
McGraw Hill
3) Electrical Wiring Components and Accessories and First Aid for Electrical Emergencies
kvdl103.pdf (ncert.nic.in)

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 95 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 12
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO LASER AND FIBRE OPTICS
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 96 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 13
Course Title: WEATHER FORECASTING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 01, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 15, Practical: 30

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 97 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 14
Course Title: EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROGRAMMING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 98 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS SEC 15
Course Title: VERILOG AND FPGA PROGRAMMING
Total Credits: 02 (Credits: Theory: 00, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 00, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 99 of 136 University of Delhi

 GENERIC ELECTIVES COURSES (GE)
Note: These are suggested GE courses. A student may however choose any
GE from the central pool for Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics

Course Code: PHYSICS GE 1

Course Title: MECHANICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This course reviews the concepts of mechanics learnt at school in a more
advanced perspective and goes on to build new concepts. It begins with dynamics of a system
of particles and ends with the special theory of relativity. Students will appreciate the concept
of rotational motion, gravitation and oscillations. The students will be able to apply the
concepts learnt to several real world problems. A brief recapitulation of vector algebra and
differential equations is also done to familiarize students with basic mathematical concepts
which are necessary for a course on mechanics.

Course Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this course, students are expected to
understand the following concepts.
• Laws of motion and their application to various dynamical situations. And their
applications to conservation of momentum, angular momentum and energy.
• Motion of a simple and compound pendulum
• Application of Kepler’s laws to describe the motion of satellites in circular orbit.
• The concept of geosynchronous orbits
• Concept of stress and strain and relation between elastic constants
• Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity, Lorentz transformation, relativistic effects on
the mass and energy of a moving body.

In the laboratory course, after acquiring knowledge of how to handle measuring instruments
(like vernier calliper, screw gauge and travelling microscope) student shall embark on
verifying various principles and associated measurable quantities.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 100 of 136 University of Delhi

THEORY (Credit: 03; 45 Hours)

Unit 1: Recapitulation of Vectors and Ordinary Differential Equation Hours: 8

Vector algebra, scalar and vector product, gradient of a scalar field, divergence and curl of
vectors field
Ordinary Differential Equations: First order homogeneous differential equations, second
order homogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients

Unit 2: Fundamentals of Dynamics Hours: 10

Review of Newton’s laws of motion, dynamics of a system of particles, centre of mass,
determination of centre of mass for discrete and continuous systems having spherical
symmetry, Conservation of momentum and energy, Conservative and non-Conservative
forces, work – energy theorem for conservative forces, force as a gradient of potential energy.

Unit 3: Rotational Dynamics and Oscillatory Motion Hours: 14

Angular velocity, angular momentum, torque, conservation of angular momentum, Moment
of inertia, Theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes, Calculation of moment of inertia of
discrete and continuous objects (1-D and 2-D).
Idea of simple harmonic motion, Differential equation of simple harmonic motion and its
solution, Motion of a simple pendulum and compound pendulum

Unit 4: Gravitation Hours: 5

Newton’s Law of Gravitation, Motion of a particle in a central force field, Kepler’s Laws
(statements only), Satellite in circular orbit and applications, geosynchronous orbits

Unit 5: Elasticity Hours: 3

Concept of stress and strain, Hooke’s law, elastic moduli, twisting torque on a wire, tensile
strength, relation between elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio, rigidity modulus

Unit 6: Special Theory of Relativity Hours: 5

Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity, Lorentz transformation, length contraction, time
dilation, relativistic transformation of velocity, relativistic variation of mass, mass-energy
equivalence

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Vector Analysis – Schaum’s Outline, M.R. Spiegel, S. Lipschutz, D. Spellman, 2nd Edn.,
2009, McGraw- Hill Education.
2) An Introduction to Mechanics (2/e), Daniel Kleppner and Robert Kolenkow, 2014,
Cambridge University Press.
3) Mechanics Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 1, 2/e: Charles Kittel, et. al., 2017, McGraw
Hill Education
4) Mechanics, D. S. Mathur, P. S. Hemne, 2012, S. Chand.
5) Fundamentals of Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 10/e, 2013, Wiley.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 101 of 136 University of Delhi

Additional Readings:
1) Feynman Lectures, Vol. 1, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson
Education.
2) University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
3) University Physics, H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, 14/e, 2015, Pearson Education.
4) Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2/e, 2015, Oxford University Press.
5) Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Randall D Knight, 3/e, 2016, Pearson Education.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

The teacher is expected to give basic idea and working of various apparatus and instruments
related to different experiments. Students should also be given knowledge of recording and
analyzing experimental data.

Every student should perform at least 06 experiments from the following list.
1) Measurement of length (or diameter) using vernier calliper, screw gauge and travelling
microscope.
2) Study the random error in observations.
3) Determination of height of a building using a sextant.
4) Study of motion of the spring and calculate (a) spring constant and, (b) acceleration due
to gravity (g)
5) Determination of moment of inertia of a flywheel.
6) Determination of g and velocity for a freely falling body using digital timing technique.
7) Determination of modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle.
8) Determination of elastic constants of a wire by Searle’s method.
9) Determination of value of g using bar pendulum.
10) Determination of value of g using Kater’s pendulum.

References:
1) Advanced practical physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering practical physics, S. Panigrahi and B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd.
3) Practical physics, G. L. Squires, 2015, 4/e, Cambridge University Press.
4) A text book of practical physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11/e, 2011, Kitab Mahal.
5) B. Sc. practical physics, Geeta Sanon, R. Chand and Co., 2016.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 102 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 2
Course Title: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Course Objectives: The emphasis of course is to equip students with the mathematical tools
required in solving problem of interest to physicists. The course will expose students to
fundamental computational physics skills and hence enable them to solve a wide range of
physics problems.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, the students will be able to,
• Understand functions of several variables.
• Represent a periodic function by a sum of harmonics using Fourier series and their
applications in physical problems such as vibrating strings etc.
• Obtain power series solution of differential equation of second order with variable
coefficient using Frobenius method.
• Understand properties and applications of special functions like Legendre polynomials,
Bessel functions and their differential equations and apply these to various physical
problems such as in quantum mechanics.
• Learn about gamma and beta functions and their applications.
• Solve linear partial differential equations of second order with separation of variable
method.
• Understand the basic concepts of complex analysis and integration.
• During the tutorial classes, students’ skill will be developed to solve more problems
related to the concerned topics.

Unit 1: Hours: 6
Fourier series: Periodic functions. Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Convergence
of Fourier series and Dirichlet Conditions (Statement only). Expansion of periodic functions
in a series of sine and cosine functions and determination of Fourier coefficients. Even and
odd functions and their Fourier expansions (Fourier Cosine Series and Fourier Sine Series).

Unit 2: Hours: 10
Frobenius Method and Special Functions: Singular Points of Second Order Linear
Differential Equations and their importance. Frobenius method and its applications to
differential equations. Legendre and Bessel Differential Equations.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 103 of 136 University of Delhi

Unit 3: Hours: 14
Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and Relation between them. Expression
of integrals in terms of Gamma Functions.
(4 Hours)
Partial Differential Equations: Multivariable functions, Partial derivatives, Functions
Solutions to partial differential equations, using separation of variables: Laplace's Equation in
problems of rectangular geometry, Solution of 1D wave equation.
(10 Hours)

Unit 4: Hours: 15
Complex Analysis: Functions of complex variable, limit, continuity, Analytic function,
Cauchy-Riemann equations, singular points, Cauchy Goursat Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral
Formula, Residues, Cauchy’s Residue Theorem.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 2008, Wiley India.
2) Complex Variables and Applications, J.W.Brown and R.V.Churchill, 7th Ed. 2003, Tata
McGraw-Hill.
3) Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists: Schaum Outline Series, M. R
Spiegel, 2009, McGraw Hill Education.
4) Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, L.A. Pipes and L.R. Harvill, 2014,
Dover Publications.
5) Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.F Riley, M.P. Hobson and S. J.
Bence, 3rd Ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press.

Additional Readings:
1) Mathematical Physics, A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal and S.J. Chua, 2017, Laxmi Publications
Private Limited.
2) Advanced Engineering Mathematics,D.G.Zill and W.S.Wright, 5 Ed.,2012, Jones and
Bartlett Learning.
3) An introduction to ordinary differential equations, E.A.Coddington, 2009, PHI Learning.
4) Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2007, McGraw Hill.
5) Mathematical methods for Scientists and Engineers, D.A.Mc Quarrie, 2003, Viva Books.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 104 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 3
Course Title: WAVES AND OPTICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This coursework reviews the concept of waves and optics learnt at
school level from a more advanced perspective and builds new concepts. This course is
divided into two main parts. The first part deals with vibrations and waves. The second part
pertains to optics and provides the details of interference, diffraction and polarization.

Course Learning Outcomes: After the completion of this course, the students will have
learnt the following.
• Simple harmonic motion, superposition principle and its application to find the resultant
of superposition of harmonic oscillations.
• Concepts of vibrations in strings.
• Interference as superposition of waves from coherent sources.
• Basic concepts of Diffraction: Fraunhoffer and Fresnel Diffraction.
• Elementary concepts of the polarization of light.

THEORY (Credit: 03; 45 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 10
Superposition of Harmonic Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion (SHM). Linearity and
Superposition Principle. Superposition of two collinear harmonic oscillations having (1)
equal frequencies and (2) different frequencies (Beats). Superposition of two perpendicular
harmonic oscillations: Graphical and Analytical Methods. Lissajous Figures (1:1 and 1:2) and
their uses.

Unit 2: Hours: 5
Waves Motion: Types of waves: Longitudinal and Transverse (General idea). Travelling
waves in a string, wave equation. Energy density. Standing waves in a string - modes of
vibration. Phase velocity.

Unit 3: Hours: 12
Interference of Light: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and properties of wave
front. Huygens Principle. Interference: Division of amplitude and division of wave front.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 105 of 136 University of Delhi

Young’s Double Slit experiment. Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stoke’s
treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Newton’s Rings:
measurement of wavelength and refractive index.

Unit 4: Hours: 12
Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction - Single slit, Double slit and Diffraction grating. Fresnel
Diffraction - Half-period zones, Zone plate, Fresnel Diffraction pattern of a straight edge
using half-period zone analysis.

Unit 5: Hours: 6
Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Plane polarized light. Production and
detection of linearly polarized light. Malus’s Law. Idea of circular and elliptical polarization.

References:
Essential Readings:
1) The Physics of Waves and Oscillations: N K Bajaj, Tata Mcgraw Hill
2) Optics: Ajoy Ghatak, Seventh edition, Mcgraw Hill
3) Principle of Optics: B. K. Mathur and T. P. Pandya, Gopal Printing Press
4) Optics: Brij Lal and N. Subramanyam, S. Chand
5) The Fundamentals of Optics: A. Kumar, H. R. Gulati and D. R. Khanna, R. Chand

Additional Readings:
1) Vibrations and Waves: A. P. French, CRC
2) The physics of Vibrations and Waves: H. J. Pain, Wiley
3) Fundamentals of Optics: Jenkins and White, McGraw Hill
4) Optics: E. Hecht and A R. Ganesan, Pearson, India
5) Introduction to Optics: F. Pedrotti, L. M. Pedrotti and L. S. Pedrotti, Pearson, India

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

Every student must perform at least 05 experiments out of the list following experiments.

1) To determine the frequency of an electrically maintained tuning fork by Melde’s

experiment and to verify λ2 – T Law.
2) To study Lissajous Figures.
3) Familiarization with Schuster`s focusing and determination of the angle of prism.
4) To determine the refractive index of the material of a prism using sodium light.
5) To determine the dispersive power of a prism using mercury light.
6) To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s rings.
7) To determine wavelength of sodium light using a plane diffraction grating.
8) To verify Malus’s Law.
9) To determine the wavelength of Laser light using single slit diffraction. (Due care should
be taken not to see Laser light source directly as it may cause injury to eyes.)

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 106 of 136 University of Delhi

References (for Laboratory Work):
1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, Asia Publishing
House
2) A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, Kitab Mahal
3) An advanced course in practical physics, D. Chattopadhyay and P. C. Rakshit, New
Central Book Agency

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 107 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 4
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 108 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 5
Course Title: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 109 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 6
Course Title: INTRODUCTORY ASTRONOMY
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Course Objectives: This course is meant to introduce undergraduate students to the wonders
of the Universe. Students will understand how astronomers over millennia have come to
understand mysteries of the universe using laws of geometry and physics, and more recently
chemistry and biology. They will be introduced to the Indian contribution to astronomy
starting from ancient times up to the modern era. They will learn about diverse set of
astronomical phenomenon, from the daily and yearly motion of stars and planets in the night
sky which they can observe themselves, to the expansion of the universe deduced from the
latest observations and cosmological models. Students will also be introduced to internet
astronomy and the citizen science research platform in astronomy. The course presupposes
school level understanding of mathematics and physics.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completing this course, student will gain an
understanding of,
• Different types of telescopes, diurnal and yearly motion of astronomical objects,
astronomical coordinate systems and their transformations
• Brightness scale for stars, types of stars, their structure and evolution on HR diagram
• Components of solar system and its evolution
• Current research in detection of exoplanets
• Basic structure of different galaxies and rotation of the Milky Way galaxy
• Distribution of chemical compounds in the interstellar medium and astrophysical
conditions necessary for the emergence and existence of life
• Internet based astronomy and the collaborative citizen astronomy projects
• India’s contribution to astronomy, both in ancient times and in modern era.

Unit 1: Hours: 8
Introduction to Astronomy and Astronomical Scales: History of astronomy, wonders of
the Universe, overview of the night sky, diurnal and yearly motions of the Sun, size, mass,
density and temperature of astronomical objects, basic concepts of positional astronomy:
Celestial sphere, Astronomical coordinate systems, Horizon system and Equatorial system

Unit 2: Hours: 6
Basic Parameters of Stars: Stellar energy sources, determination of distance by parallax

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 110 of 136 University of Delhi

method, aberration, proper motion, brightness, radiant flux and luminosity, apparent and
absolute magnitude scales, distance modulus, determination of stellar temperature and radius,
basic results of Saha ionization formula and its applications for stellar astrophysics, stellar
spectra, dependence of spectral types on temperature, luminosity classification, stellar
evolutionary track on Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

Unit 3: Hours: 7
Astronomical Instruments: Observing through the atmosphere (Scintillation, Seeing,
Atmospheric Windows and Extinction). Basic optical definitions for telescopes:
Magnification, Light Gathering Power, Limiting magnitude, Resolving Power, Diffraction
Limit. Optical telescopes, radio telescopes, Hubble space telescope, James Web space
telescope, Fermi Gamma ray space telescope.
Astronomy in the Internet Age: Overview of Aladin Sky Atlas, Astrometrica, Sloan Digital
Sky Survey, Stellarium, virtual telescope
Citizen Science Initiatives: Galaxy Zoo, SETI@Home, RAD@Home India

Unit 4: Hours: 8
Sun and the solar system: Solar parameters, Sun’s internal structure, solar photosphere,
solar atmosphere, chromosphere, corona, solar activity, origin of the solar system, the nebular
model, tidal forces and planetary rings
Exoplanets: Detection methods

Unit 5: Hours: 12
Physics of Galaxies: Basic structure and properties of different types of Galaxies, Nature of
rotation of the Milky Way (Differential rotation of the Galaxy), Idea of dark matter
Cosmology and Astrobiology: Standard Candles (Cepheids and SNe Type1a), Cosmic
distance ladder, Olber’s paradox, Hubble’s expansion, History of the Universe, Chemistry of
life, Origin of life, Chances of life in the solar system

Unit 6: Hours: 4
Astronomy in India: Astronomy in ancient, medieval and early telescopic era of India,
current Indian observatories (Hanle-Indian Astronomical Observatory, Devasthal
Observatory, Vainu Bappu Observatory, Mount Abu Infrared Observatory, Gauribidanur
Radio Observatory, Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope, Udaipur Solar Observatory, LIGO-
India) (qualitative discussion), Indian astronomy missions (Astrosat, Aditya)

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Seven Wonders of the Cosmos, Jayant V Narlikar, Cambridge University Press
2) Fundamental of Astronomy, H. Karttunen et al. Springer
3) Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll and D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
4) Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, Saunders College
Publishing.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 111 of 136 University of Delhi

5) The Molecular Universe, A.G.G.M. Tielens, Reviews of Modern Physics, Volume 85,
July-September, 2013
6) Astronomy in India: A Historical Perspective, Thanu Padmanabhan, Springer

Useful websites for astronomy education and citizen science research platform
1) https://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
2) http://www.astrometrica.at/
3) https://www.sdss.org/
4) http://stellarium.org/
5) https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/zookeeper/galaxy-zoo/
6) https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/
7) https://www.radathomeindia.org/

Additional Readings:
1) Explorations: Introduction to Astronomy, Thomos Arny and Stephen Schneider, McGraw
Hill
2) Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies K D Abhyankar, Universities Press
3) Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B. Bhatia,
Narosa Publication.
4) Baidyanath Basu, An introduction to Astrophysics, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.
5) The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, F H Shu, University Science
Books

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 112 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 7
Course Title: BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 113 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 8
Course Title: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 114 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 9
Course Title: APPLIED DYNAMICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 115 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 10
Course Title: QUANTUM INFORMATION
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 116 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 11
Course Title: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This course begins with theorems of network analysis which are
required to perform the associated experiments in the laboratory. Then course delves into the
elementary vector analysis, an essential mathematical tool for understanding static electric
field and magnetic field. By the end of the course student should appreciate Maxwell’s
equations.

Course Learning Outcomes (Theory): At the end of this course the student will be able to,
• Apply Coulomb’s law to line, surface, and volume distributions of charges.
• Apply Gauss’s law of electrostatics to distribution of charges
• Understand the effects of electric polarization and concepts of bound charges in dielectric
materials
• Understand and calculate the vector potential and magnetic field of arbitrary current
distribution
• Understand the concept of bound currents and ferromagnetism in magnetic materials

THEORY (Credit: 03; 45 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 15
Network Analysis: Superposition, Thevenin, Norton theorems and their applications in DC
and AC circuits with more than one sources. Maximum Power Transfer theorem for AC
circuits
(6 Hours)
Mathematical Preliminaries:
Concept of scalar and vector fields, Gradient of a scalar field, Divergence and curl of vector
fields and their physical interpretation, Conservative forces and Laplace and Poisson
equations.
(4 Hours)
Concept of a line integral of a scalar and vector field, surface integral of vector fields and
volume integral. Gauss’s theorem, Stoke’s theorem.
(5 Hours)

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 117 of 136 University of Delhi

Unit 2: Hours: 15
Electric Field and Electric Potential for continuous charge distributions: Electric field
due to a line charge, surface charge and volume charge distributions, Electric field vector as
negative gradient of scalar potential, Ambiguities of Electric potential, Differential and
integral forms of Gauss’s Law, Applications of Gauss’s Law to various charge distributions
with spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetries. Uniqueness theorem.
(7 Hours)
Electric Field in Matter: Bound charges due to polarization and their physical
interpretation. Average electric field inside a dielectric, Electric Field in spherical and
cylindrical cavities of a dielectric, Displacement vector and its boundary conditions, Gauss’
Law in the presence of dielectrics, Linear dielectrics: electric susceptibility and dielectric
constant, Boundary value problems with linear dielectrics.
(8 Hours)

Unit 3: Hours: 15
Magnetic Field: Divergence and curl of magnetic field B, Magnetic field due to arbitrary
current distribution using Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, integral and differential forms of
Ampere’s Law, Vector potential and its ambiguities.
(4 Hours)
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetization vector. Bound Currents, Magnetic Intensity.
Differential and integral form of Ampere’s Law in the presence of magnetised materials.
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Ferromagnetism (Hund’s rule).
(6 hours)
Electrodynamics: Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law, inductance. Electromotive force, Ohm’s Law
(*⃗ = ,-.⃗). Energy stored in a Magnetic Field. Charge Conservation, Continuity equation,
Differential and integral forms of Maxwell’s equations in matter.
(5 hours)

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, 4th Edn., 2015, Pearson Education India
Learning Private Limited.
2) Schaum’s Outlines of Electromagnetics, M. Nahvi and J. A. Edminister, 2019, McGraw-
Hill Education.
3) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Paul Lorrain and Dale Corson, 1991, W. H. Freeman.
4) Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-Hill Education
5) Network, Lines and Fields, John D. Ryder, 2nd Edn., 2015, Pearson.
6) Introductory circuit analysis, R. Boylestead, 2016, Pearson.
7) Electricity and Magnetism, Tom Weideman, University of California Davis.
[url: https://zhu.physics.ucdavis.edu/Physics9C-
C_2021/Physics%209C_EM%20by%20Tom%20Weideman.pdf]

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 118 of 136 University of Delhi

Additional Readings:
1) Feynman Lectures Vol. 2, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson
Education
2) Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic Theory, S. Mahajan and Choudhury, 2012,
Tata McGraw
3) Fundamentals of Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker 10/e, 2013, Wiley

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

Course Learning Outcome:

• To understand working of Arduino Microcontroller System
• To use Arduino to measure time, count events and time between events
• To use Arduino to measure voltage/current/resistance
• To use Arduino to measure various physical parameters like magnetic field

Unit I (Mandatory)
Arduino Programming
Introduction to Arduino Microcontroller platform. Getting acquainted with the Arduino IDE
and Basic Sketch structure. Digital Input and output. Measuring time and events. Measuring
analog voltage. Generating analog voltage using Pulse Width Modulation. Serial
communication and serial monitor. Programming using Interrupts.

Unit II Exploring electrical properties of matter using Arduino (at least one experiment)
1) To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.
2) To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant frequency,
Impedance at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
3) Diode Charateristics:
(a) To study characteristics of diode and estimate Boltzman constant.
(b) To study characteristics of LED and estimate Planck’s constant

Unit III Exploring magnetic properties of matter using Arduino

To verify Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law by measuring induced voltage across a coil subjected
to varying magnetic field. Also, estimate dipole moment of the magnet.

Unit IV DC and AC Bridges (at least one experiment)

1) To compare capacitances using De Sauty’s bridge
2) To determine a low resistance by Carey Foster bridge

Unit V Network Theorems (at least one experiment)

1) To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems
2) To verify the Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 119 of 136 University of Delhi

References (for Laboratory Work):
1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Engineering Practical Physics, S. Panigrahi and B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
3) A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed.2011, Kitab
Mahal
4) Practical Physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 120 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 12
Course Title: THERMAL PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: This course will review the basic concepts of Thermodynamics, Kinetic
Theory of gases with a brief introduction to Statistical Mechanics. The primary goal is to
understand the applications of fundamental laws of thermodynamics to various systems and
processes. This coursework will also enable the students to understand the connection
between the macroscopic observations of physical systems and microscopic behavior of
atoms and molecule through statistical mechanics.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will,

• Get an essence of the basic concepts of thermodynamics, the first and the second law of
thermodynamics, the concept of entropy and the associated theorems, the thermodynamic
potentials and their physical interpretations. They are also expected to learn Maxwell’s
thermodynamic relations.
• Know the fundamentals of the kinetic theory of gases, Maxwell-Boltzman distribution
law, mean free path of molecular collisions, viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion.
• Learn about the black body radiations, Stefan- Boltzmann’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law and
Planck’s law and their significances.
• Learn the basics of quantum statistical distributions, viz., the Bose-Einstein statistics and
the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

In the laboratory course, the students are expected to: Measure of Planck’s constant using
black body radiation, determine Stefan’s Constant, coefficient of thermal conductivity of a
bad conductor and a good conductor, determine the temperature coefficient of resistance,
study variation of thermo-emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with temperature etc.

THEORY (Credit: 03; 45 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 12
Laws of Thermodynamics: Fundamental basics of Thermodynamic system and variables,
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and temperature, First law and internal energy, various
thermodynamical processes, Applications of First Law: general relation between CP and CV,
work done during various processes, Compressibility and Expansion Coefficient, reversible

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 121 of 136 University of Delhi

and irreversible processes, Second law: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements , Carnot
engine, Carnot cycle and theorem, basic concept of Entropy, Entropy changes in reversible
and irreversible processes, Clausius inequality, Entropy-temperature diagrams.

Unit 2: Hours: 8
Thermodynamical Potentials: Enthalpy, Gibbs, Helmholtz and Internal Energy functions,
Maxwell’s relations and applications - Clausius Clapeyron Equation, Expression for (CP –
CV), CP/CV, TdS equations, energy equations for ideal gases.

Unit 3: Hours: 8
Kinetic Theory of Gases: Derivation of Maxwell's law of distribution of velocities and its
experimental verification, Mean free path (zeroth order only), Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity, Conduction and Diffusion (for vertical case).

Unit 4: Hours: 7
Theory of Radiation: Blackbody radiation, Spectral distribution, Derivation of Planck's law,
Deduction of Wien's law, Rayleigh-Jeans Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien's
displacement law from Planck's law.

Unit 5: Hours: 10
Statistical Mechanics: Macrostate and Microstate, phase space, Entropy and
Thermodynamic Probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann law, Fermi-Dirac distribution law - Bose-
Einstein distribution law - comparison of three statistics.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

• Sessions on the construction and use of specific measurement instruments and

experimental apparatuses used in the thermal physics lab, including necessary
precautions.
• Sessions on the review of experimental data analysis, sources of error and their estimation
in detail, writing of scientific laboratory reports including proper reporting of errors.
• Application to the specific experiments done in the lab.

The students are required to do at least four experiments from the following list.
1) To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s constant flow
method.
2) Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation.
3) To determine Stefan’s Constant.
4) To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of Cu by Searle’s Apparatus.
5) To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton’s disc method by steam or electrical heating.
6) To determine the temperature co-efficient of resistance by Platinum resistance
thermometer.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 122 of 136 University of Delhi

7) To study the variation of thermos-emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.

References (For Theory):

Essential Readings:
1) A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N. Srivastava, 1969, Indian Press.
2) Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W.Zemasky and R. Dittman, 1981, McGraw Hill.
3) Thermodynamics, Kinetic theory and statistical thermodynamics, F. W. Sears and G. L.
Salinger. 1988, Narosa.
4) Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S.P. Taneja, 2014, R. Chand Publications.
5) Thermal Physics: S.C.Garg, R. M.Bansal and C.K. Ghosh, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw-Hill.

Additional Readings:
1) An Introduction to Thermal Physics: D. Schroeder 2021, Oxford Univ. Press (earlier
published by Pearsons).
2) Concepts in Thermal Physics: Blundell and Blundell, 2nd Ed. 2009, Oxford Univ. Press.
3) Heat, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Brij Lal, N. Subrahmanyam and P. S.
Hemne, S. Chand and Company.

References (For Laboratory Work):

1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal.
3) A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P. Khandelwal, 1985,
Vani Publication.
4) Practical Physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
5) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics, D. Chattopadhyay and P.C. Rakshit, New
Central Book Agency

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 123 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 13
Course Title: MODERN PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Practical: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Practical: 30

Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to teach the physics foundation necessary
for learning various topics in modern physics which are crucial for understanding atoms,
molecules, photons, nuclei and elementary particles. These concepts are also important to
understand phenomena in laser physics, condensed matter physics and astrophysics.

Course Learning Outcomes: After getting exposure to this course, the following topics
would have learnt,
• Main aspects of the inadequacies of classical mechanics as well as understanding of the
historical development of quantum mechanics, laying the foundation of modern physics.
• Formulation of Schrodinger equation and the idea of probability interpretation associated
with wave-functions.
• The spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation, optical pumping and population
inversion. Basic lasing action.
• The properties of nuclei like density, size, binding energy, nuclear force and structure of
atomic nucleus, liquid drop model and mass formula.
• Radioactive decays like alpha, beta, gamma decay. Neutrino, its properties and its role in
theory of beta decay.
• Fission and fusion: Nuclear processes to produce nuclear energy in nuclear reactor and
stellar energy in stars.

In the laboratory course, the students will get opportunity to measure Planck's constant,
verify photoelectric effect, determine e/m of electron and work function of a metal. They
will also find wavelength of LASER sources by single and double slit experiment,
wavelength and angular spread of He-Ne LASER using plane diffraction grating.

THEORY (Credit: 03; 45 Hours)

Unit 1: Hours: 10
Origin of Modern Physics Blackbody Radiation: Failure of explanation from classical
theory; Planck’s idea of a quantum; Quantum theory of Light: Photo-electric effect and
Compton scattering. de Broglie wavelength and matter waves; Davisson-Germer experiment;

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 124 of 136 University of Delhi

Wave description of particles by wave packets. Group and Phase velocities and relation
between them.

Unit 2 Hours: 10
Problems with Rutherford model: Instability of atoms and observation of discrete atomic
spectra; Bohr's quantization rule and atomic stability; calculation of energy levels for
hydrogen-like atoms and their spectra.
Uncertainty principle: Gamma ray microscope thought experiment; Wave-particle duality
leading to Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Impossibility of an electron being in the
nucleus. Energy-time uncertainty principle; origin of natural width of emission lines.

Unit 3 Hours: 10
Basics of quantum Mechanics: Two-slit interference experiment with photons and
electrons; Concept of wave functions, linearity and superposition. Time independent
Schrodinger wave equation for non-relativistic particles; Momentum and Energy operators;
physical interpretation of a wave function, probabilities, normalization and probability
current densities in one dimension. Problem: One dimensional infinitely rigid box. An
application: Quantum dot.

Unit 4 Hours: 5
X-rays: Ionizing Power, X-ray Diffraction, Bragg’s Law. Critical Potentials, X-rays-Spectra:
Continuous and Characteristic X-rays, Moseley’s Law.
LASERs: Properties and applications of Lasers. Emission (spontaneous and stimulated
emissions) and absorption processes, Metastable states, components of a laser and lasing
action.

Unit 5 Hours: 10
Nuclear Physics: Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight;
Nature of nuclear force, Stability of the nucleus; N-Z graph, Drip line nuclei, Binding
Energy, Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula.
Radioactivity: Different equilibrium, Alpha decay; Beta decay: energy released, spectrum
and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation:
Fission and fusion: Mass deficit and generation of energy; Fission: nature of fragments and
emission of neutrons. Fusion and thermonuclear reactions driving stellar evolution (brief
qualitative discussions only).

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
2) Modern Physics by R A Serway, C J Moses and C A Moyer, 3rd edition, Thomson
Brooks Cole, 2012.
3) Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers by S T Thornton and A Rex, 4th edition,
Cengage Learning, 2013.

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4) Concepts of Nuclear Physics by B L Cohen, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 1974.
5) Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications, (2019), (Extensively revised
6th Edition), Ajoy Ghatak and S. Lokanathan, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi

Additional Readings:
1) Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, T.A. Moore,2003, McGraw
Hill.
2) Thirty years that shook physics: the story of quantum theory, George Gamow, Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1966.
3) New Physics, ed. Paul Davies, Cambridge University Press (1989).
4) Quantum Theory, David Bohm, Dover Publications, 1979.
5) Lectures on Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, eds. A. Pathak and
Ajoy Ghatak, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., 2019
6) Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2nd Edn., 2002, Wiley.
7) Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics: An introductory approach by K Heyde,
third edition, IOP Publication, 1999.

PRACTICAL (Credit: 01; 30 Hours)

• Sessions on the construction and use of specific measurement instruments and

experimental apparatuses used in the modern physics lab, including necessary
precautions.
• Sessions on the review of experimental data analysis, sources of error and their
estimation in detail, writing of scientific laboratory reports including proper reporting of
errors. Application to the specific experiments done in the lab.

Student should perform at least 06 experiments from the following list of experiments.
1) Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector.
2) Photo-electric effect: estimate Planck’s constant using graph of maximum energy of
photo-electrons versus frequency of light.
3) To determine work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum diode.
4) To determine the Planck’s constant using LEDs, using at least 4 LEDs.
5) To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.
6) To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet.
7) To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
8) To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.
9) To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of single slit.
10) To determine wavelength and angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane diffraction
grating.
11) To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of double slits.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 126 of 136 University of Delhi

References (for Laboratory Work):
1) Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
2) Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
3) A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
4) Practical Physics, G.L. Squires, 2015, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
5) B. Sc. Practical Physics, Geeta Sanon, R. Chand, 2016.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 127 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 14
Course Title: INTRODUCTORY ASTRONOMY
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Course Objectives: This course is meant to introduce undergraduate students to the wonders
of the Universe. Students will understand how astronomers over millennia have come to
understand mysteries of the universe using laws of geometry and physics, and more recently
chemistry and biology. They will be introduced to the Indian contribution to astronomy
starting from ancient times up to the modern era. They will learn about diverse set of
astronomical phenomenon, from the daily and yearly motion of stars and planets in the night
sky which they can observe themselves, to the expansion of the universe deduced from the
latest observations and cosmological models. Students will also be introduced to internet
astronomy and the citizen science research platform in astronomy. The course presupposes
school level understanding of mathematics and physics.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completing this course, student will gain an
understanding of,
• Different types of telescopes, diurnal and yearly motion of astronomical objects,
astronomical coordinate systems and their transformations
• Brightness scale for stars, types of stars, their structure and evolution on HR diagram
• Components of solar system and its evolution
• Current research in detection of exoplanets
• Basic structure of different galaxies and rotation of the Milky Way galaxy
• Distribution of chemical compounds in the interstellar medium and astrophysical
conditions necessary for the emergence and existence of life
• Internet based astronomy and the collaborative citizen astronomy projects
• India’s contribution to astronomy, both in ancient times and in modern era.

Unit 1: Hours: 8
Introduction to Astronomy and Astronomical Scales: History of astronomy, wonders of
the Universe, overview of the night sky, diurnal and yearly motions of the Sun, size, mass,
density and temperature of astronomical objects, basic concepts of positional astronomy:
Celestial sphere, Astronomical coordinate systems, Horizon system and Equatorial system

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 128 of 136 University of Delhi

Unit 2: Hours: 6
Basic Parameters of Stars: Stellar energy sources, determination of distance by parallax
method, aberration, proper motion, brightness, radiant flux and luminosity, apparent and
absolute magnitude scales, distance modulus, determination of stellar temperature and radius,
basic results of Saha ionization formula and its applications for stellar astrophysics, stellar
spectra, dependence of spectral types on temperature, luminosity classification, stellar
evolutionary track on Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

Unit 3: Hours: 7
Astronomical Instruments: Observing through the atmosphere (Scintillation, Seeing,
Atmospheric Windows and Extinction). Basic optical definitions for telescopes:
Magnification, Light Gathering Power, Limiting magnitude, Resolving Power, Diffraction
Limit. Optical telescopes, radio telescopes, Hubble space telescope, James Web space
telescope, Fermi Gamma ray space telescope.
Astronomy in the Internet Age: Overview of Aladin Sky Atlas, Astrometrica, Sloan Digital
Sky Survey, Stellarium, virtual telescope
Citizen Science Initiatives: Galaxy Zoo, SETI@Home, RAD@Home India

Unit 4: Hours: 8
Sun and the solar system: Solar parameters, Sun’s internal structure, solar photosphere,
solar atmosphere, chromosphere, corona, solar activity, origin of the solar system, the nebular
model, tidal forces and planetary rings
Exoplanets: Detection methods

Unit 5: Hours: 12
Physics of Galaxies: Basic structure and properties of different types of Galaxies, Nature of
rotation of the Milky Way (Differential rotation of the Galaxy), Idea of dark matter
Cosmology and Astrobiology: Standard Candles (Cepheids and SNe Type1a), Cosmic
distance ladder, Olber’s paradox, Hubble’s expansion, History of the Universe, Chemistry of
life, Origin of life, Chances of life in the solar system

Unit 6: Hours: 4
Astronomy in India: Astronomy in ancient, medieval and early telescopic era of India,
current Indian observatories (Hanle-Indian Astronomical Observatory, Devasthal
Observatory, Vainu Bappu Observatory, Mount Abu Infrared Observatory, Gauribidanur
Radio Observatory, Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope, Udaipur Solar Observatory, LIGO-
India) (qualitative discussion), Indian astronomy missions (Astrosat, Aditya)

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Seven Wonders of the Cosmos, Jayant V Narlikar, Cambridge University Press
2) Fundamental of Astronomy, H. Karttunen et al. Springer
3) Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll and D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 129 of 136 University of Delhi

4) Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, Saunders College
Publishing.
5) The Molecular Universe, A.G.G.M. Tielens (Sections I, II and III), Reviews of Modern
Physics, Volume 85, July-September, 2013
6) Astronomy in India: A Historical Perspective, Thanu Padmanabhan, Springer

Useful websites for astronomy education and citizen science research platform
1) https://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
2) http://www.astrometrica.at/
3) https://www.sdss.org/
4) http://stellarium.org/
5) https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/zookeeper/galaxy-zoo/
6) https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/
7) https://www.radathomeindia.org/

Additional Readings:
1) Explorations: Introduction to Astronomy, Thomos Arny and Stephen Schneider, McGraw
Hill
2) Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies K D Abhyankar, Universities Press
3) Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B. Bhatia,
Narosa Publication.
4) Baidyanath Basu, An introduction to Astrophysics, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.
5) The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, F H Shu, University Science
Books

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 130 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 15
Course Title: QUANTUM MECHANICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 131 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 16
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 132 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 17
Course Title: NANO PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 02, Practical: 02)
Total Hours: Theory: 30, Practical: 60

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 133 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 18
Course Title: PHYSICS OF DETECTORS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 134 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 19
Course Title: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 135 of 136 University of Delhi

 Course Code: PHYSICS GE 20
Course Title: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Total Credits: 04 (Credits: Theory: 03, Tutorial: 01)
Total Hours: Theory: 45, Tutorial: 15

Syllabus to be prepared later

Undergraduate Programme in Physical Sciences Page 136 of 136 University of Delhi