SME Assignment -2

BOILERS

Name : Shantanu Yograj Khope

MIS: 612410087
Branch : Mechanical Engineering
Batch : B2
BOILERS
What is Boiler?
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water is heated to produce steam or
hot water. The steam or hot water is then used for a variety of purposes,
including heating buildings, generating electricity, and sterilizing
equipment.
Boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated, steam or
vapor is generated, steam is super-heated, or any combination thereof,
under pressure or vacuum, for use external to itself, by the direct
application of energy from the combustion of fuels, from electricity or
nuclear energy.

Working Principle of Boiler

Hot gases are produced by burning fuel in the furnace. These hot gases
are made to come in contact with the water vessel where the heat transfer
takes place between the water and the steam. Therefore, the basic
principle of the boiler is to convert water into steam by using heat energy.

What is the Function of a Boiler?

A Steam Boiler is designed to supply dry and saturated steam at the
required pressure, catering to high-volume demands. Its efficient
operation ensures a consistent and abundant supply of steam, meeting the
needs of various industries and applications.

How do boilers work?

Boilers work by using heat to convert water into steam. The heat can
come from a variety of sources, including burning fuel, electricity, or
nuclear energy. Once the water is converted into steam, it can be used to
generate power, heat buildings, or even cook food.

What are the applications of Boilers?

There are several applications for boilers in industries –
1. In Operating steam engines.
2. In Operating steam turbines.
3. Industrial process work in chemical engineering.
4. For production, hot water needs to be supplied to rooms in extremely
cold areas.
5. In thermal power stations

What are the sources of heat for the Boiler?

The source of heat for a boiler is obtained through the combustion of a
wide range of fuels, including wood, coal, oil, rice husk, natural gas, and
even nuclear fission. These fuel sources are utilized to generate the
necessary heat energy for producing steam within the boiler system. The
versatility in fuel option allows for flexibility in meeting specific energy
requirements and enables the efficient operation of boilers in
various industries.

What are the Industrial applications of a steam boiler?

Operating steam engines.
Operating steam turbines.
Operating reciprocating pumps.
Industrial process work in chemical engineering.
For producing hot water required to be supplied to rooms in very cold
areas.
In thermal power stations

What are the benefits of using boilers?

Boilers offer a number of benefits, including:
They can be used to generate power, heat buildings, or cook food.
They are relatively efficient and can save energy costs.
They can be used in a variety of settings, including homes, businesses,
and industrial facilities.
 Types of Boiler and Classifications of Boiler

1. According to the position of water and hot gasses

 Fire Tube Boiler
 Water Tube Boiler
 Dissolved Gases in Feed Water and Its Effect.

2. According to Axis of Shell

 Horizontal Boiler
 Vertical Boiler
 Small Boiler

3. According to the position of the boiler

 External Fired Boiler
 Internally Fired Boiler
 Pressure Reduction System

4. According to the pressure

 Low-Pressure Boiler
 High-Pressure Boiler

5. According to the method of circulation

 Natural Circulation Boiler
 forced Circulation Boiler
6. According to use of boilers
 Mobile Boiler
 Stationary Boiler

7. According to drums
 Single drum Boiler
 Multi drum Boiler

8. According to the nature of drought

 Forced drought Boiler
 Natural drought Boiler

9. According to furnace
 Single furnace Boiler
 Dual furnace Boiler

10. According to fuel firing

 Solid fuel-fired Boiler
 Liquid fuel-fired Boiler
 Gaseous fuel-fired Boiler
Parts and Accessories of a Boiler
The boiler parts are classified into two divisions, these are:

Boiler Mounting

They are the essential parts that define the boiler’s performance. The
main components of boiler mounting include:
 Pressure Gauge: The gauge type is used to measure the pressure
inside the boiler, fitted at the boiler’s front.
 Water Level Indicator: This is used to check the inside water
level of a boiler, fitted in the front of the boiler having a glass tube
and three cocks and
 Stop Valve: We can control the flow of steam from the boiler to the
steam pipe using this.
 Safety Valve: The valve is fitted on the drum, which is used to
prevent the boiler explosion due to high pressure, which blows off
when the inside pressure exceeds the limit. There are always two of
them present to ensure no explosion takes place in the boiler.
 Blow Off Cock: It is used to blow off water and mud, and is used
to empty the boiler. It is generally fitted at the bottom of the drum
 Grate: It is the space in the furnace used for fuel-burning
 Feed Check Valve: The valve is used as a Non-Return Valve, and
is fitted on the drum slightly below the normal water level. It is
useful to regulate the water supply.

These boiler accessories are responsible for boiler efficiency. The main
components of the boiler include:
 Super Heater: The heater is used to superheat the steam before it
is passed in the turbine as saturated steam that causes corrosion
 Feed Pump: This is to pump the water into the continuous boiler
working. The Steam or electricity or turbine is used for the feed
pump running
  Air Preheater: It is also used to increase the boiler’s efficiency by
preheating the air
 Economizer: This component is used to increase the boiler’s
efficiency as the flue gasses from the boiler is prepared to flow
through the economizer before releasing it into the atmosphere

Efficiency of Boiler
It is defined as the total percentage of heat exported by the outlet steam to
the total supplied fuel.

Boiler Efficiency (%) = (Heat Exported by Outlet Steam) / (Heat

Supplied by the Fuel) * 100
 Types of Boilers
Fire tube boiler
In the fire tube boilers , the hot gases are inside the tube and water
surrounds the tubes for ex- Cochran , Lancashire and locomotive boilers.
 Relatively small steam capacities ( 12,000 kg/hour)
 Low to medium steam pressures ( 18 kg/cm2)
 Operates with oil , gas or solid fuels.

The advantages of fire tube boilers

1) It is quite compact in construction.
2) It is also quite cheap .
3) Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily.
The disadvantages of fire tube boilers
1) rRstricted pressure and steam capacity,
2) A slower response to load changes,
3) lower efficiency when managing fluctuating demands.
Water tube boiler
A form of boiler in which steam is generated by circulating water through
tubes exposed to the source of heat (as opposed to the more usual
arrangement in which tubes carry hot gases through the water).

Advantages of Water Tube Boiler:

1) Operation: Operating a Water Tube Boiler is safe and easy.
2) Hitting Surface: It has more hitting surface and has many water
tubes that heat the feed water.
3) Work Efficiency: This boiler has great work efficiency. We can
control its heating process by controlling the amount of water
supply in the water tube.
4) Small Steam Drum: This type of boiler has a small size steam
drum. For this reason, we can use the generated steam at the
pressure from 40 kg to 140kg/cm.
5) Flue GAS: In Water Tube Boiler flue GAS flows vertically.
6) Movement: It is easy to mover Water Tube Boiler from one place
to another place.
7) Space: This Boiler required less space for installation.

Disadvantages of Water Tube Boiler:

1) Water Tube Damage: Boiler Tube can be damaged if there is any
dust in the feed water. Because it blocks the water circulation. The
deposition of salt and sediments in the inner surface of the Water
Tube is a common problem for this type of boiler.
2) Water Level: Water Tube Boiler uses less water and for this reason,
the water level needs to check randomly. A makeup water pump is
used for supplying the necessary water.
3) Maintenance: Maintenance Cost for this boiler is high.
Electric Boilers
Description: Use electricity to heat water.
 Advantages:
1) Clean and efficient.
2) Low maintenance requirements.
3) Compact design.
 Disadvantages:
1) Higher operating costs if electricity is expensive.
2) Limited capacity for large-scale applications.
Steam Boilers
Description: Generate steam for heating or power.
 Advantages:
1) Versatile; used in various industries.
2) Efficient for power generation.
 Disadvantages:
1) Requires regular maintenance and monitoring.
2) Potential safety hazards due to high pressure.

Condensing Boilers
Description: Capture and reuse heat from exhaust gases.
 Advantages:
1) High energy efficiency (up to 95%).
2) Lower fuel costs over time.
 Disadvantages:
1) Higher initial cost.
 2) Requires careful installation and maintenance.

Combination Boilers (Combi Boilers)

Description: Provide both heating and hot water without a
separate tank.
 Advantages:
1) Space-saving design.
2) Efficient and cost-effective for small homes.
 Disadvantages:
1) Limited hot water supply during high demand.
2) Not suitable for larger properties.
Biomass Boilers
Description: Burn organic materials (like wood pellets) as fuel.
 Advantages:
1) Eco-friendly and renewable.
2) Can reduce heating costs.
 Disadvantages:
1) Requires space for fuel storage.
2) More complex fuel handling and maintenance.
Oil Boilers
Description: Burn oil to heat water.
 Advantages:
1) Effective for areas without natural gas supply.
2) Can provide consistent heating.
 Disadvantages:
1) Higher fuel costs and price volatility.
2) Requires more maintenance and safety
considerations.

Each boiler type has its unique benefits and challenges, making
it essential to choose one based on specific needs and
applications.