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NETWORKING NOTES - 2023pdf

Networking notes

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Ritika Pandey
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6 views

NETWORKING NOTES - 2023pdf

Networking notes

Uploaded by

Ritika Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER SCIENCE (083) (Unit Il: Computer Networks) CLASS xi ‘Session-2023-24 ‘+ Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET) ‘+ Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data communication (sender receiver, ‘message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer tate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching) ‘+ Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves) Network devices (Modem, Ethemet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card) Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree) Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VolP Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting NETWORK. A computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices. Such interconnection allows computers to share data and resources among each other Application/Use of Networking Interconnectivity of computing devices in a network allows us to exchange information simultaneously with many others. Network allows sharing of resources. For example, a printer can be made available to multiple computers through a network Anetworked storage can be accessed by multiple computers. Evolution of Networking ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). In the 1960s a research project was commissioned by ‘Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the U.S. Department of Defence to connect the academic and research institutions located at different places for scientific collaborations, called ARPANET. NSFNET- The National Science Foundation Network. (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects ‘sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. Internet-The Intemet is a system of linked networks that is worldwide and facilitate data communication services such as emote login, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web. Data Communication Terminologies Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information In case of computer networks this exchange is done between two devices over a transmission medium. This process involves a communication system which is made up of hardware and software. Data Communication System Components ‘There are mainly five components of a data communication system: 1. Message 2. Sender 3. Receiver 4, Transmission Medium/Communication Media nm Laine 5, Set of rules (Protocol) Media Sender: A sender is a computer or any such device which is capable of sending data over a network. It can be a computer, ‘mobile phone, smartwatch, walkie-talkie, video recording device, etc. Receiver: A receiver is a computer or any such device which is capable of recelving data from the network. It can be any ‘computer, printer, laptop, mobile phone, television, etc. In computer communication, the sender and receiver are known as nodes in a network. Message: It is the data or information that needs to be exchanged between the sender and the receiver. Messages can be in the form of text, number, image, audio, video, multimedia, ete. ‘Communication media: Its the path through which the message travels between source and destination. It is also called ‘medium or link which is either wired or wireless. Protocols: It is a set of rules that need to be followed by the communicating parties in order to have successful and reliable data communication 1 Measuring capacity of communication media Bandwiath. + Bandwidth of a channel isthe range of frequencies available for fiew transmission of data throuah that channel. itis expressed as the dference in Hertz(Hz) between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency in analog system + Bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum frequen: + Bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate. (so its unit can also be bps in cigital system) fs + Higher bandwidth channels are called BROADBAND. a wor Data Transfer rate Data transfer rate (DTR)is the number of bis transmitted between source and destination in one second. Its also known as bit rate. itis measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The higher units for data transfer rates are: 1 Kops=2"° bps=1024 bps 1 Mops=2® bps=1024 Kbps 1 Gbps=2"° bps=1024 Mbps 1 Thps=2 bps=1024 Gbps bits per second (bps).In data communications, bits per second ( bps or bit/sec) is a measure of data speed for computer ‘modems and transmission carriers. Baud - In telecommunication and electronics, baud is a unit of measurement of symbol rate, which is one of the components that determine the speed of communication over a data channel. IP Address- IP address is a unique address that is used to identify computers or nodes on the internet. This address is just a string of numbers written in a certain format. Itis generally expressed in a set of numbers for example 192.155.12.1. Here each number in the setis from 0 to 255 range. Or we can say that a full IP address ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 286.255.255.256. IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation 172.16 .254.. 1 2001:0088:AC10:FE01:0000:0000:0000:0000 8 bits 32 bits (4 bytes) Intemet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Intemet 2 new version of IP (Pv6), using 128 bits (hexadecimal number) forthe IP address Switching Techniques Switching isa technique of transferring the information from one computer network to another computer network. Following types of Switching Techniques are used for Data Communication and Networking for data transfer. Circuit Switching Circuit Switching is a dedicated(permanent) connection path between the sending and receiving devices. ‘The dedicated route is a connected series of connections between the switching nodes, a * In earlier days, when we placed a telephone call, theswitching " equipment within the telephone system findsout a physical path all the way from our telephone at home to the receivers telephone ‘+ A traditional mobile network, where a dedicated route is established between the caller and the called party for the duration of a mobile call, is termed as circuit switching. Packet Switching In packet switching, each information or message to be transmitted between ‘sender and receiver is broken down into smaller pieces, called packets. These Packets are then transmitted independently through the network. Different packets a of the same message may take different routes. When all the packets reach the destination, they are reassembled and the complete message is received by the receiver. te A transmission medium can be anything that can carry signals or data between the source (transmitter) and destination (receiver), Wired Transmission Media-In guided transmission, there is a physical link made of wire/cable through which data in terms of signals are ransfered between the nodes. These are usually metallic cable, fiber-optic cable, etc. Wireless Media-In unguided transmission, data travels in air in terms of electromagnetic waves using an antenna ES [ssn (sew mtn ‘A twisted-pair consists of two copper wires twisted like a DNA helical structure. Usually, a 4pairs(8 wires) are combined together and covered with a protective outer wrapping Advantages: Twisted pairs are less expensive and most commonly used in telephone lines and LANs. Disaavantages: 1. It can easily pick up noise signals. 2. Being thin in size, itis likely to break easily. 4. Itis unsuitable for broadband applications. 2. Coaxial Cables. ithas a copper wire at the core ofthe cable which is surrounded with insulating materia ut ‘The insulator is further surrounded with an outer conductor (usually a copper mesh) ~T _ This outer conductor is wrapped in a piastic cover cg Advantages of Coaxial Cable ‘= Ithas more bandwidth than a twisted pai. iis sulale for high-speed communication. Ris wAely used fortalevisin signal, building security systems. vsiereee ‘Sl Itcan be used for broadband communication ittansmit signals without interference of environmental factors. These types of cables are used to cary signals of higher frequencies to longer distance. Disadvantages It is expensive as compared to twisted pair cables. 3. Optical Fibres The optical fiber cable carries data as light, which travels inside a thin fiber of glass. Optical fiber uses refraction to direct the light through the = media,Such types of cables are usually used in backbone networks. ‘These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth which means higher data transfer rate. Signals can travel longer distances and electromagnetic noise cannot affect the cable. However, optic fibers are expensive and unidirectional. Advantages, 1. Such types of cables are usually usedin backbone networks. 2. These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth — ‘which means higher data transfer rate. 3. Signals can travel longer distances and electromagnetic noise a cannot affect the cable. a 4, Broadband transmission where several channels can be handled in parallel. Disadvantages, 1. Its difficult to install and maintain since they are quite fragile. 2. Itis most expensive of all cables. Wireless Transmission Medi 1. Radio waves- Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation best-known for their use in communication technologies, such as television, mobile phones and radios. Epo» = Advantages 1. Omni-directional, these waves can move in all directions 2. Radio waves of frequency 300KHz-30MHz can travel long distance. 3. These waves are used in AM and FM radio, television, cordless phones. 4. Also they can easily pass through obstacles like a building/walis so they can be used for both indoor and outdoor ‘communication, jsadvantages, 1. Communication is affected by weather lke rain, thunderstorm etc. 2. tis not a secure communication medium. 4, Microwaves- + Microwaves are high frequency radio waves. Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 1GHz - 300GHz. + Used in point-to-point communication or unicast communication such as radar and satellite. MICROWAVES TRANSMISSION 1. Does not require the expense of laying cables. 2. Can be used in long distance or large area. 3. Provides high data transmission rates. Disadvantages 1. Installation and maintenance of microwave links is expensive. 2. Cannot penetrate(cross) solid objects such as walls, hills or mountains. (cannot be used in hilly area) 3. Unidirectional, can move in only one direction. (line of sight ) 4. The transmission is affected by weather conditions like rain, thunderstorms ete. Satellites. Satelite communication is a special use of microwave transmission system. Satelltes are especially used for remote locations, which are difficult to reach with wires. Advantages 1. Satelite communication is very economical keeping in large distance communication, 2. Transmission and reception costs are independent of the distance between the two points. Disadvantages, ‘Transmission is affected by weather conditions lke rain, thunderstorm et. 3. Infrared- Infrared is the frequency of light that is not visible to human eye. Very high frequency waves. Generally used in T.V, AC remote, Advantages 1. Since itis having short range of communication hence itis considered to be a secure mode of transmission ete 2. tis quite inexpensive transmission medium, y Disadvantages 1. Infrared wave transmission cannot pass through obstructions like walls, buildings etc. 2. __Used for short-distance point-to-point communication such as mobile- to- ‘mobile, mobile-to-printer, remote-control-to-TV. NETWORK DEVICES MODEM + Amodem (Modulator-Demodulater) is a device that enables a computer to transmit data aver telephone lines. + The computers operate digitally using binary language (a series of zeros and ones), but transmission mediums are analog, so MODEM is required to convert digital to analog and analog to digital RJ-45 (Registered Jack-45) + RJ-45,, short form of Registered Jack - 45 , is an eight wired connector that is used to connect ‘computers on a local area network(LAN), especially Ethemet s Ethernet Card(LAN Card) ‘An Ethernet card is a kind of network adapter and is also known as Network Interface Card (NIC). Itis used for wired network. It acts as an interface between _—_ i ‘computer and the network. It contains connections for either coaxial or twisted pair cables or even for fibre optic cable. HUB- Hub is a network device or centralconnecting device used to connect different ‘devices or computers through wires. Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the other devices in a network ——<— Switch A switch is a networking device that plays a central role in a LAN It joins muttiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). 5 ‘Switch are generally called intelligent hub because when data arrives, the switch extracts(find out) the destination address from the data packet and looks it up in a table to see where to send the packet. Thus, it sends signals to only selected devices. stead of sending to all Repeater Data are carried in the form of signals over the cable. These signals can (um (amy travel a specified distance (usually about 70m). Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and become weak. In such conditions, original signals

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