Math Project

Introduction of standard quadratic equations in one variable

Babylonian mathematicians, as early as 2000 BC (displayed on Old Babylonian clay tablets) could
solve problems relating the areas and sides of rectangles. There is evidence dating this algorithm as
far back as the Third Dynasty of Ur.

Geometric methods were used to solve quadratic equations in Babylonia, Egypt,

Greece, China, and India. The Egyptian Berlin Papyrus, dating back to the Middle
Kingdom (2050 BC to 1650 BC), contains the solution to a two-term quadratic
[21]
equation. Babylonian mathematicians from circa 400 BC and Chinese
mathematicians from circa 200 BC used geometric methods of dissection to solve
quadratic equations with positive roots.

Rules for quadratic equations were given in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, a Chinese
[23][24]
treatise on mathematics. These early geometric methods do not appear to have had a general
formula. Euclid, the Greek mathematician, produced a more abstract geometrical method around
300 BC. With a purely geometric approach Pythagoras and Euclid created a general procedure to
find solutions of the quadratic equation.

Definition of quadratic equation.

A quadratic equation is a type of polynomial equation of degree two. It has the standard form:

ax2+bx+c=0

Here, x represents the variable or unknown, and a, b, and c are constants with a≠0. This
ensures that the equation is indeed quadratic (the term ax2 must be present to make it a
second-degree equation).
In the case of quadratics, there are two roots or zeros of the equation. And if we put the
values of roots or x on the left-hand side of the equation, it will equal to zero. Therefore,
they are called zeros.

Examaple

2x2+ 3x−5=0

5x2−7=0 (In this case, b=0b)

x2+2x=0 (In this case, c=0c)

Determining whether the given values in the quadratic equations are solutions of the
given equations or not . Give 5 illustrations.

For the given value to be a solution to the quadratic equation it should give zero as the answer
after substituting the value in the “x” place and calculating the equation.

Some examples to clearly demonstrate the statement are:

The values given to check are 2,-1

So, substituting in the equation we get

Hence, is a solution of the given quadratic equation.

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is not a solution of the quadratic equation

Therefore, from the above results we find out that is a solution and is not
a solution of the given quadratic equation.
The values given to check are 0,1

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is not a solution of the given quadratic equation.

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is not a solution of the quadratic equation.

Therefore, from the above results we find out that both and are not a
solution of the given quadratic equation.

The values given to check are 3^½ , -2 3^½

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is a solution of the quadratic equation.

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is a solution of the quadratic equation.

Therefore, from the above results we find out that and are the
solutions of the given quadratic equation.
We have been given that,

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is not a solution of the quadratic equation.

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence, is not a solution of the quadratic equation.

Therefore, from the above results we find out that both and are not the
solutions of the given quadratic equation.
We have been given that,

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is a solution of the given quadratic equation

So, substituting in the equation, we get

Hence is a solution of the quadratic equation.

Therefore, from the above results we find out that both and are solutions of
the quadratic equation.

Methods of solving quadratic equations

A] Factorisation Method

To solve a quadratic equation by factorisation, you need to

Step 1: Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

Step 2: Now, find two numbers such that their product is equal to ac and sum equals to
b.

(number 1)(number 2) = ac

(number 1) + (number 2) = b

Step 3: Now, split the middle term using these two numbers,

ax2 + (number 1)x + (number 2)x + c = 0

Step 4: Take the common factors out and simplify.

Let’s have a look at the example problem given below:

x2 + 7x + 10 = 0

Here, a = 1, b = 7, c = 10

ac = (1)(10) = 10

Factors of 10: 1, 2, 5, 10

Let’s identify two factors such that their sum is 7 and the product is 10.

Sum of two factors = 7 = 2 + 5

Now, split the middle term.

x2 + 2x + 5x + 10 = 0

Take the common terms and simplify.

x(x + 2) + 5(x + 2) = 0

(x + 5)(x + 2) = 0

Thus, (x + 2) and (x + 5) are the factors of the given quadratic equation.

Solving these two linear factors, we get x = -2, -5 as roots.

B] Completing Square Method

Here’s a step-by-step guide to solving quadratic equations using the completing the
square method.

Step 1: Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

Step 5 Write the Left Side as a Square

C] Formula Method.
5] Derivation of Formula Method [ Shreedharacharya‘s Rule ].
6] Discriminant [Nature of roots of the equations].

The discriminant plays a crucial role in determining the type of roots. Here’s how it
works:

1. Discriminant (Δ): The discriminant is given by the expression (Δ = b^2 - 4ac),

where (a), (b), and (c) are the coefficients of the quadratic equation (ax^2 + bx + c
= 0).
2. Nature of Roots:
○ Case I (Δ > 0): When (Δ) is positive, the roots (\alpha) and (\beta) are real
and unequal.
○ Case II (Δ = 0): When (Δ) is zero, the roots (\alpha) and (\beta) are real
and equal.
○ Case III (Δ < 0): When (Δ) is negative, the roots (\alpha) and (\beta) are
imaginary (not real).

For example
Relation between the roots and coefficients. Give 5 examples.
To form a quadratic equation if its roots are given. Give 5 examples
Example 2 :

Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 1/4 and -1.

Solution :

Sum of the roots is

 = 1/4 + (-1)

= 1/4 - 1

= 1/4 - 4/4

= (1 - 4)/4

= -3/4

Product of the roots is

= (1/4) x (-1)

= -1/4

Formation of quadratic equation :

x2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0

x2 - (-3/4)x + (-1/4) = 0

x2 + (3/4)x - 1/4 = 0

Multiply each side by 4.

4x2 + 3x - 1 = 0

Example 3 :

Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2/3 and 5/2.

Solution :
Sum of the roots is

= 2/3 + 5/2

The least common multiplication of the denominators 3 and 2 is 6.

Make each denominator as 6 using multiplication.

Then,

= 4/6 + 15/6

= (4 + 15)/6

= 19/6

Product of the roots is

= 2/3 x 5/2

= 5/3

Formation of quadratic equation :

x2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0

x2 - (19/6)x + 5/3 = 0

Multiply each side by 6.

6x2 - 19x + 10 = 0

Example 4 :
 𝑥=3,𝑥=6

Equations reducible to quadratic equations. Give two examples.

Equations reducible to a quadratic form are those that, while not appearing
as traditional quadratics at first glance, can be transformed into a quadratic
equation through a substitution or algebraic manipulation. This
transformation allows us to solve them using methods applicable to standard
quadratic equations.
Application of quadratic equations for solving word problems related to ages,
geometry, mensurations, time and work. Give 5 illustrations of each type.

Take from book

Ages Ex 5f

Geometry Ex 5d

Mensuration Ex 5e

Time

One pipe can fill a cistern in 3 hours less than the other. The two pipes
together can fill the cistern in 6 hours 40 minutes. Find the time that each
pipe will take to fill the cistern.

he speed of an ordinary train is x km per hr and that of an express train is

(x + 25) km per hr. Find the time taken by each train to cover 300 km.

A stone is thrown vertically downwards and the formula d = 16t ^ 2 + 4t

gives the distance, d metres, that it falls in 1 seconds. How long does it take
to fall 420 metres

The distance by road between two towns A and B is 216 km, and by rail it is
208 km. A car travels at a speed of x km/hr and the train travels at a speed
which is 16 km/hr fasterthan the car. Calculate: the time taken by the car to
reach town B from A, in terms of x;

One pipe can fill a tank in 3 hours less than the other. The two pipes can fill
the tank 3houn 36 minutes. Find the time each pipe would take to fill the
tank.
 Work

1)A can do a piece of work in 'x' days and B can do the same work in (x + 16)
days. If both working together can do it in 15 days; calculate 'x'.

Mohan takes 16 days less than Manoj to do a piece of work. If both working
together can do it in 15 days, in how many days will Mohan alone complete
the work?

A can complete a task in 'y' days, and B can complete the same task in (y +
8) days. If both working together can complete it in 6 days, calculate 'y'.

E can do a job in 'w' days, and F can do the same job in (w + 6) days. If
working together, they can complete the job in 4 days, determine 'w'.

P can complete a task in 'x' days, and Q can complete the same task in (x +
6) days. If both working together can complete it in 4 days, calculate 'x'.

| x | y = x^2 |

|-----|-----------|

| -3 | 9 |
 | -2 | 4 |

| -1 | 1 |

| 0 | 0 |

| 1 | 1 |

| 2 | 4 |

| 3 | 9 |

2nd example

| x | y = x^2 + 3 |

|-------|-----------------|

| -3 | 12 |

| -2 | 7 |

| -1 | 4 |

| 0 | 3 |

| 1 | 4 |

| 2 | 7 |

| 3 | 12 |

3rd question
(x) ( y = 4x^2 + 1 )

-3 37

-2 17

-1 5

0 1

1 5

2 17

3 37