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Module 4 Atomic Structure The Periodic Table

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31 views

Module 4 Atomic Structure The Periodic Table

Uploaded by

Eros Romero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 4: Atomic Structure & Periodic

Table

OUTLINE
OUTLINE

A. Presentation of the Lesson


1. Atoms
2. History of discovery of the atomic structure
3. Structure of Atoms

OUTCOMES
OUTLINE

At the end of this module, you should be able to answer the


following questions:
1. To recognize the significance of the contribution of scientists
in the development of Atomic Theory
2. To distinguish among isotopes and to draw structures
3. To write the electronic structure of an atom
4. To name and describe the subatomic principles
5. To write chemical symbols of elements or name the elements
given the chemical symbols
6. To use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of
an element
7. To infer trends in atomic sizes, ionic sizes, ionization energy,
electronegativity, electron affinity metallic and non-metallic
property.

OVERVIEW
OUTLINE

Why study Chemistry?

Perhaps the answer is to satisfy ones curiosity recognizing the fact


that science seeks to understand the natural world. Students may
say that it is a requirement of a degree leading to nursing, biology,
engineering and other related fields. Thus, Chemistry is said to be
essential for all sciences.

Chemistry is used when we cook, take photographs, clean our


homes, and dye our hair. Knowledge of chemistry is helpful for
nurses, doctors, food scientists, pharmacists, dieticians,
firefighters, biologists, forensic specialists in police departments,
and many other occupations.

Chemists work on a wide variety of problems such as development


of new machines, fragrances, and even cement mixing for
construction jobs. Research chemists are constantly finding new
materials to improve out quality of life.

LESSON PROPER: Getting started (Pre-assessment, activating


prior knowledge, and/or review), Discussion, activities/tasks,
assessment
OUTLINE

What is an Atom?

All substances are made up of matter and the fundamental unit of matter is the
atom. The atom constitutes the smallest particle of an element which can take
part in chemical reactions and may or may not exist independently.

What is the Structure of an Atom?

The history of the discovery of the atomic structure is outlined below.


 The first idea was proposed in the 4th century (400BC) by DEMOCRITUS,
a Greek philosopher. He described atom as:
o tiny bits of indestructible particles
o exceedingly small and indivisible
o Greek word “atomos” which means “uncuttable”
o no experimental basis

 John Dalton (1808) proposed the Atomic Theory. According to Dalton,


matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atom is the smallest
particle of matter that takes part in a chemical reaction. Atoms are
indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed. Further, atoms of the same
element are identical in every respect.

 J. J. Thomson (1897) discovered electrons in Cathode Ray


experiments. According to Thomson, atoms are divisible. Atoms contain
very tiny negatively charged particles called electrons.

 E. Goldstein (1900) discovered protons in Anode Ray experiments.


According to Goldstein, atoms contain positively charged particles called
protons. Since atoms contain negatively charged particles, they must
contain positively charged particles for them to be electrically neutral.

 E. Rutherford (1911) discovered the nucleus and provided the basis


for the modern atomic structure through his alpha particle scattering
experiment. According to Rutherford, the atoms is made of two parts: the
nucleus and the extra-nuclear part. His experiments proved that the atom
is largely empty and has a heavy positively-charged body at the center
called the nucleus. The central nucleus is positively-charged and the
negatively-charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.
 James Chadwick (1932) disovered neutrons. According to Chadwick,
atoms contain neutral particles called neutrons in their nucleus along with
the subatomic particles (i.e., electrons and protons).

 N. Bohr (1940) provided the modern concept of the atomic model.


According to Bohr, the atom is made of a central nucleus containing
protons (positively-charged) and neutrons (with no charge). The electrons
(negatively-charged) revolve around the nucleus in different imaginary
paths called orbits or shells.

Fundamental Facts Regarding the Structure of an Atom

1. Atoms consists of a very small positive nucleus surrounded by negative


electrons moving at high speeds.

2. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons while electrons are found outside
the nucleus.

3. The relative mass and charge of the protons, neutrons and electrons are:

Particle Symbol Charge Approx. Location


Mass
proton p+ +1 1 amu nucleus
neutron n0 0 1 amu nucleus
electro 1/1836 amu outside
e– -1
n or negligible nucleus

4. The atomic number, Z, identifies an element. Thus, the number of protons is


equal to the number of electrons for neutral atoms.

5. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is equal to the mass
number. Isotopes do have different number of neutrons but have the same
number of protons.

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Different atoms have different numbers of


protons and electrons--and maybe
different numbers of neutrons.

Look at your Periodic Tables- Atomic


number, atomic weight.

ATOMIC NUMBER

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines what the


atom is.
This number of protons is termed the atomic number.
All nitrogen atoms have 7 protons, all sodium atoms have 11.

* An atom is electrically neutral, therefore, if an atom has 11 protons,


it should have to have 11 electrons.
Atomic # = [ # Protons] = [ # of Electrons]

The atomic number of an atom gives you the # of protons, and


incidentally, the # of electrons.

MASS NUMBER (ATOMIC MASS)


The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom
is the atomic mass (mass number).
It's not an actual mass--but it's the same as the Mass #
mass of the atom in atomic mass units (amu).
Note:
The number of neutrons in an atom can be found by
subtracting the atomic number (# of protons) from the mass number.

SYMBOLS OF ATOMS

mass # → 23 23
atomic # →11 Na or Na11
An atom is electrically neutral when it
contains the same number of protons and
electrons. The number of protons (the
atomic number) determines the identity of
the element. The mass number is the
sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
READINGS AND REFERENCES
OUTLINE

Inorganic Worktext by Fronda et. al

Chemistry (Addison-Wesley) fifth edition by Anthony C.


Wilbraham, Dennis D. Staley, Michael S. Matta, Edward L.
Waterman

PNU Physical Science Reviewer

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