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Chapter 3 - Atomic Structure

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Chapter 3 - Atomic Structure

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ID6527
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Atomic Structure

Unit 3
GRADE 9
Essential Question:

How does the knowledge of atomic structure help us


understand the behavior and properties of matter?
Objectives:
1- Understand the historical development of the atomic
theory:

2- Describe the basic structure of an atom

3- Understand the significance of valence electrons

4- Demonstrate the use of atomic models


Warm Up activity
Divide students into small groups and provide them with
sticky notes or small cards. Instruct each group to discuss
and write down one key event or discovery related to atomic
theory on their sticky notes. They should then place their
sticky notes on the timeline in the correct chronological
order.
Atom
● An atom is the smallest particle of matter

● Around 430 BCE the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that matter was formed of
small pieces that couldn’t be cut and he used the word atomos meaning uncuttable

● Atoms are too small so they are difficult to study , scientists have created models to
describe them

● John Dalton, an English chemist conducted many experiments centered on atoms.


Dalton’s atomic theory

● All elements consist of atoms that cannot be divided

● All atoms of the same elements are exactly alike and have the same mass

● Atoms of different elements are different and have different masses

● An atom of one element can’t be changed into an atom of a different element by a chemical reaction

● Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine together in a specific ratio
Thomson’s model

● Thomson discovered that atoms contain negatively charged particles , each particle is called an electron

● He described an atom that had electrons scattered throughout a ball of positive charge

● His model looked like a scoop of chocolate chip ice cream


Rutherford’s model

● In 1911, ernest Rutherford found evidence that challenged Thomson’s


model.

● He said that atom is mostly empty space but has dense, positive charge at its
center

● This dense center is called the nucleus

● He called a positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus a proton


Bohr’s model
● He suggested that electrons move only in a specific orbits around the atom’s
nucleus

● The orbits in his model look like moons orbiting a planet

● Each possible electron orbit in bohr’s model has a fixed energy


Cloud model

● The atomic model changed again in 1920s.

● Around that time scientists determined that electrons don’t move in a


specific orbits like planets do as bohr’s suggested

● Instead electrons move rapidly within a cloud like region around the nucleus

● The orange cloud represents where electrons are likely to be found


Modern model of atom

● In 1932, james chadwick, English scientist showed that another particle exists in the nucleus of atoms

● This particle is called neutron, it has no electric charges

● Neutrons, protons and electrons are known as subatomic particles

● A subatomic particle is any particle smaller than an atom


Modern model of atom
comparing particle masses
3.3 ELectron configuration

Objectives:
1. Explore the arrangement of electrons in energy levels:
2. Discuss the concept of energy levels (shells) and sublevels
(s, p, d, f) and how electrons occupy these regions around
the nucleus.
3. Introduce the concept of electron configuration
3.3 Electron Configuration

Objectives:

1. Understand the concept of electron configuration and its


relationship to energy levels.

1. Determine the electron configuration of elements using the


periodic table.

1. Explain the process of ion formation and predict the charge of


ions based on electron configuration
Warm Up activity

Activity: "Element Scramble"


1. Divide the students into small groups.
2. Provide each group with a set of element cards containing the atomic
numbers and symbols of different elements.
3. Instruct the groups to unscramble the elements and arrange them in
order of increasing atomic number.
4. After a few minutes, ask each group to share their ordered list of
elements.
5. Facilitate a discussion about the periodic table, atomic numbers, and
the arrangement of elements.
6.
Edpuzzle

https://edpuzzle.com/media/6141f1ba1d43644141d19efa
Essential Question:

"How do ions, cations, and anions contribute to the formation of chemical


compounds and the behavior of substances?"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
Ions
Ions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
3.4 atomic number

● Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

● The definition of an element is based on its atomic number

● For example every oxygen atom has eight protons so the atomic number of
oxygen is 8
Mass number

● Mass number equals the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom of
element
3.5 Isotopes

● All atoms of an element have the same number of protons


● The number of neutrons can vary
● Atoms with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes

● An isotope is identified by its mass number , which is the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom
Isotopes

● The most common isotope of oxygen has a mass number of 16 ( 8 protons + 8 neutrons ) and ma be
written as oxygen -16

● Most naturally occurring oxygen is oxygen 16 , the two other isotopes are oxygen 17 and oxygen 18

● All three oxygen isotopes react the same way chemically

● All isotopes of oxygen have the same number of electrons


Atomic mass

● The atomic mass is the mass of an atom

● Atomic masses are usually expressed in unified atomic mass unit (u)

● Or atomic mass unit (amu)


Electrons

● The electrons of an atom are found in different energy levels

● The first energy level is the closest to the nucleus, It can hold a maximum of
two electrons

● The second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons


Valence electrons

● Larger atoms have even more energy levels and can hold different
numbers of electrons

● Electrons in higher energy levels have higher amount of energy

● The valence electrons of an atom are those hat have highest energy
, they are in the outermost energy level
Valence electrons

● Each atom has a certain number of valence electrons

● The number of valence electrons is a specific to each element, an


atom may have from one to eight valence electrons depending on
the element

● Bohr’s model diagram is used to show the arrangement of electrons


Electrons transition

● Electrons jump between energy levels when an atom gains or loses energy

● The lowest state of energy of an electron is called ground state

● At normal temperatures most electrons are in the ground state

● If an electron gains energy it moves to an excited state


● The arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule is described
by electronic configuration.

● Electrons occupy certain energy levels or orbitals surrounding an


atom's nucleus.
● The maximum number of energy levels is seven, and they are
named:

“ K, L, M, N,O, P Q”

Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons as follows,


This rule doesn’t apply to O,P and Q levels.

● The energy levels are further divided into sublevels, “ s, p,, d


,f”
●
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CPN0SpF_2/edit
Thank You

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