FLUID MACHINERIES

COMPRESSORS
 DEFINITION

A machine used to increase the

pressure of air (or any gas) by
decreasing its volume
SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
REVIEW COURSE PRIME REVIEW CENTER

Processes of Ideal Gas

ISOBARIC ISOMETRIC ISOTHERMAL ISENTROPIC POLYTROPIC
!=# $=# %=# &=# !$! = #

$! !! # = $" !" # $! !! % = $" !" %

"! !! !$# "! !! !$%
!! !" $! $" = =
= = $! !! = $" !" "" !" "" !"
"! "" "! "" #$! %$!
"! $! # "! $! %
= =
"" $" "" $"
%# &(#" !" − #! !! ) ((#" !" − #! !! )
!! = 0 !(#! − #" ) $" %" ln
%" 1−& 1−(
LECTURE
 COMPRESSION PROCESS (1-2)
* *
4) 5) = 4+ 5+
*,)
7+ 8+ *
=
7) 8)
where
n = polytropic exponent,
n= k for isentropic process (k = 1.4 for air)
n =1 for isothermal process
COMPRESSOR POWER

#$!
nP! V! ′
P" #
W= −1
n − 1 P!
(Polytropic)
 COMPRESSOR POWER
%$!
kP! V! ′
P" %
W= −1
k − 1 P!
(Isentropic)
COMPRESSOR POWER
V9
W = p9 V9 ′ln
V:
(Isothermal)
p! V! = p" V"
A water-jacketed air compressor handles 0.343 m /s
3

of air entering at 96.5 kPa and 21°C and leaving at 480

kPa and 132°C; 10.9 kg/h of cooling water enters the
Jacket at 15°C and leaves at 21°C. Calculate the
compressor brake power.
m . p = 96.5 kPa
) T) = 21℃
-
V) = 0.343 T+ = 132℃
s p+ = 480 kPa
/,) /,)
nP) V) ′ P+ / T+ P+ /
W= −1 =
n−1 P) T) P)
 m$ p" = 96.5 kPa T" = 21℃
#
V" = 0.343 p% = 480 kPa T% = 132℃
s
/,) /,)
nP) V) ′ P+ / T+ P+ /
W= −1 =
n − 1 P) T) P)
/,)
132 + 273 480 /
= i = e. dj
21 + 273 96.5 ).+1,)
1.25(96.5)(0.343) 480 ).+1
W= −1
1.25 − 1 96.5
b = cd. ce fb
SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Compressor capacity V" ′
e! = =
Volume displacement V#
"
P$ %
e! = 1 + c − c
P"
c = clearance = VC /VD
= (V1 – VD)/VD
 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Compressor capacity V" ′
e( = =
Volume displacement V)
"
P% * P" T+,-
e( ′ = 1 + c − c
P" P+,- T"
c = clearance = VC/VD
= (V1 – VD)/VD
 VOLUME DISPLACEMENT
=& = >EBCD
? $
=& = > A BCD
4
D = bore, m
L = stroke, m
N = speed, rev/sec.
c = number of cylinders
a = number of piston action
A single acting air compressor has a volumetric efficiency of
87%, operates at 500 rpm. It takes in air at 100 Kpa and 30°C
and discharges it at 600 Kpa. The air handled is 6m3/min
measured at discharge condition. If compression is isentropic,
find mean effective pressure in Kpa.
.'"
kP" V" ′ P% . .'"
W − 1 kP" e( P% .
k − 1 P"
MEP = = = −1
V) V) k − 1 P"
".0'"
1.4(100)(0.87) 600 ".0
MEP = − 1 = dqz. jc f~
1.4 − 1 100
 BRAKE POWER

Compressor Power
P&'(%) =
EfRiciency
A single stage air compressor handles 0.454 m3/sec of
atmospheric pressure, 27°C air, and delivers it to a receiver at
652.75 Kpa. Its volumetric efficiency is 0.72, its compression
efficiency on an isothermal basis is 0.85 and its mechanical
efficiency is 0.90. If it operates at 350 rpm, what power in KW
is required to drive it? P%
Compressor Power → p" V" ′ln
P12+.3 = P"
e $
kN m 652.75
101.325 % 0.454 s ln 101.325
P1 = m = eed fb
0.85 e 0.90
PISTON SPEED

S = 2UV
ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

mnXopUqVrC sqUt
X, =
ECpuDv wvurx sqUt
TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

Ideal (Optimum) Conditions:

a. No pressure drop in intercooler
b. Perfect intercooling
c. Work in first stage = work in second stage
 TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
W)$% ;<=>? = W+&' ;<=>?
/,) /,)
nP) V) ′ P: / nP) V) ′ P+ /
−1 = −1
n−1 P) n−1 P:
P: P+
=
P) P:
y- = y' y.
COMPRESSOR POWER

#$!
2nP! V! ′ P* #
W= −1
n−1 P!
 SAVINGS IN POWER

savings = W! ,-(.) − W" ,-(.)

MULTI STAGE RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR
W1st = W2nd =W3rd …….=Wany stage
01"
no|" =" |/ 0
{= −1
o−1 |"
(
G,)
8F = 8) 8+
MULTI STAGE RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR POWER
ÇÉ9
BCD9 E9 D: ÑÇ
A= −1
C−1 D9
HEAT REJECTED IN THE INTERCOOLER

Ü = WC2 (á/ − á" )

01"
á/ |/ 0
=
á" |"
(
|" ="
W=
àá"
THREE STAGE RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR

W1st = W2nd =W3rd

THREE STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
For ideal conditions, pressure ratios are equal:
8F 8H 8+
= =
8) 8F 8H
)
+
8F = 8) 8+
)
+
8H = 8) 8+
THREE STAGE RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR POWER
ÇÉ9
3CD9 E9 DÜ Ç
A= −1
C−1 D9
 SAVINGS IN POWER

BJKLCMB = A9 Ñáàâä − Aã Ñáàâä

HEAT REJECTED IN THE INTERCOOLER
Ü = 2WC2 (á/ − á" )
01"
á/ |/ 0
=
á" |"
(
|" ="
W=
àá"
HEAT REJECTED IN THE INTERCOOLER

oq. qw ropXUCqqvXUn = n − 1
Ü = (n − 1)WC2 (á/ − á" )
( G,* *
8F*+, = 8) 8+
 An air compressor has a suction volume of 0.35
m3/sec at 97 Kpa and discharges to 650 Kpa. How
much power saved by the compressor if there are
two stages?
savings = W34%567 39:57 − W;<694139:57
.'" .'"
skP" V" P% A. skP" V" P% A.
= −1 − −1
k−1 P" k−1 P" %'B8CDE
"'B8CDE

savings = 85.79 kW −74.21 kW = ee. jr fb

An air compressor is to compress 8.5 m3/min from
98.56 Kpa to 985.6 Kpa. Assuming conditions are
ideal, and with n = 1.3, what will be the saving in
work due to two staging?
savings = W34%567 39:57 − W;<694139:57
/,)
snP) V) P+ ;/
W; ;<=>?; = −1
n−1 P)
`. ä ãå
A two stage air compressor with an ideal intercooler takes air at
14.7 psia and 70°F and compresses it to 200 psia. The pressure
staging is ideal. The mass flow rate of air is 10 Ibm/min. Calculate
the heat removed by the intercooler.
).I,)
Q = mc= (T> − T" ) T: 14.7(200) ).I
=
/,) 70 + 460 14.7
T: P: /
= T: = 769.55 R = 309.55℉
T) P) Btu
lb;
Q = 10 0.24 309.55 − 70 F
min lb; R
ç = jéy. se èêë/tíi
A two stage compressor receives 0.35 kg/s of air
at 100 kPa and 269 K and delivers it at 5000 kPa.
Find the heat transferred in the intercooler.
).I,)
Q = mc= (T> − T" ) T: 100(5000) ).I
=
/,) 269 K 100
T: P: /
= T: = 470.39 K
T) P)
kg kJ
Q = 0.35 1 470.39 − 269 K
s kgK
í = ìi. \] ãå
A five stage air compressor has a suction pressure of 100
kPa and discharge pressure of 12 MPa. What are the
intercooler pressures?
* B'& &
G|. |} rGp~l||Ä~Å = Å − 1 HF'() = H" H%
, G'"
HF+ = 100 12000" = 260.52 ÇHÉ 1ŷ
+. G'%
HF- = 100 12000% = 678.69 ÇHÉ 2ŷ
+.
HF/ = 100 G'$
12000$ = 1768.11 ÇHÉ 3ŷ

HF0 =
+.
100 G'0
120000 = 4606.22 ÇHÉ 4ŷ
PUMPS
 DEFINITION
A machine that imparts energy into a liquid to
lift the liquid to a higher level, to transport the
liquid from one place to another, to pressurize
the liquid for some useful purpose, or to
circulate the liquid in a piping system by
overcoming the frictional resistance of the
piping system.
 PURPOSE
The purpose of a pump is to
transfer a fluid from a region
of low pressure to another
region at the same or higher
pressure.
 CLASSIFICATIONS
• Reciprocating
a. Direct-acting
b. Indirect-acting
• Rotary
• Jet
• Centrifugal
WATER POWER
WATER POWER

! = #$ℎ
CONTINUITY EQUATION

Q=Av
Q=Asvs=Advd
HEAD AND POWER CALCULATION
HEAD
 HEAD
h = static head + pressure head + velocity head
+ friction head
+ +
8J − 8G òJ − òG
ℎ = ñJ − ñG + + + (ℎKJ + ℎKG )
ó 2ô
where
zs is negative if the source is below pump centerline
Ps is negative if it is a vacuum
FRICTION HEAD LOSS

ò
#$%
ℎó =
2'(
 BRAKE POWER

;<=
:!"#$% =
>&
where
ep = pump efficiency
The suction pressure of a pump reads 3 in. of mercury vacuum
and discharge pressure reads 140 psi is used to deliver 120 gpm
of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Calculate the
pump work.
pA = 3 inHg vac pK = 140 psi Q = 120 gpm
P = Qγh = Q∆p
120 gal 3.785 L 1 m .
P = 60 s 1 gal 1000 L x
101.325 101.325 kN
140 − −3 = ì. [b ãå
14.7 29.92 m+
A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per minute of oil with a
specific gravity of 0.83. The total head is 9.14m, find how
much energy does the pump consumes in KJ per hour.
äÉÄ
â = 10 Åä = 0.83 ℎ = 9.14 k ã =?
krG
] = ^_ℎ

QR
NOP
ST
A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 lps from a lake
and force it into a tank 8m above the level of the
water at a pressure of 137 kpa. What is the power
required in kilowatts.
Ärp~Å
â = 283 å = 8 k n = 137 ÇHÉ H = çâℎ
Å
% %
nL − nB éL − éB
ℎ = åL − åB + + + (ℎML + ℎMB )
ç 2ä
ab cd
A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and
350 mm diameter discharge pipe is to deliver 20,000 liters per
minute or 15.6 C water. Calculate the head in meters if suction
gage is 7.5 cm below pump centerline and reads 127 mmHg
vacuum and discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump center
line and reads 75 kPa Q = 20000 L/min
DA = 0.4 m zA = −0.075 m PA = −127 mmHg
DK = 0.35 m zK = 0.45 m PK = 75 kPa
% %
pK − pA vK − vA
h = zK − zA + + + (hNK + hNA )
γ 2g
 $ $
L 1min 1 m 1m
Q = 20000 =
min 60 s 1000 L 3 s
DA = 0.4 m zA = −0.075 m PA = −127 mmHg
DK = 0.35 m zK = 0.45 m PK = 75 kPa
% %
pK − pA vK − vA
h = zK − zA + + + (hNK + hNA )
γ 2g

U = NV. NX Y
 SPECIFIC SPEED
Defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at
which a geometrically similar impeller would operate
to develop 1 ft of head when displacing 1 gpm.
 SPECIFIC SPEED
Defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at
which a geometrically similar impeller would operate
to develop 1 ft of head when displacing 1 gpm.

ö ° 4¢£ §•¶ß®©™
ö[ = .
(ℎ 4¢£ §ß´ô¢)I
N = speed, rpm
Q = discharge, gpm
h = head, ft
 PUMP IN SERIES
Q = constant
Q \ = Q) = Q + = ⋯ = Q /
h\ = h) + h+ + ⋯ + h/

PUMP IN PARALLEL
H = constant
h\ = h) = h+ = ⋯ = h/
Q \ = Q) + Q + + ⋯ + Q /
SIMILAR PUMPS

B" Ü B$ Ü$
) = )
ℎ" ? ℎ$ ?
Ü" Ü$
) = )
B" A" B$ A$
A double suction centrifugal pump delivers 20 ft3/sec
of water at a head of 12 m and running at 650 rpm.
compute the specific speed of the pump.
N Q per suction
N@ = )
(h per stage)?
650 20(7.48)(60)/ 2
N/ = 0
= wxxb mfh
12 x 3.28 1
It is desired to deliver 5 gpm at a head of 640 ft having
a specific speed not to exceed not to exceed 40. If the
speed is not to exceed 1352 rpm, how many stages are
required?
N Q per suction
N@ = )
(h per stage)?
1352 5/ 1
40 = 0
Zuê{Æu = [
640 / n,-(.), 1
FANS AND
BLOWERS
 DEFINITION
Fan – is a machine used to apply power to a gas to
increase its energy content thereby causing it to flow
or move.
Blower – is a fan used to force air under pressure
which means resistance to gas flow is imposed upon
discharge.
Exhauster – is a fan used to withdraw air under
pressure which means resistance to gas flow is
imposed upon suction
 COMMON USES
Ventilation, air conditioning, force and induced
draft service for boilers, dust collection, drying
and cooling of materials, cooling towers,
heating, mine and tunnel ventilation, pneumatic
conveying and other industrial process work.
 FAN CAPACITY
Volume handled by a fan expressed in cubic
meter per sec at fan outlet conditions
Q=Av
where:
Q = volume flow rate measured at outlet, m3/s
A = fan outlet area, m2
V = velocity at outlet, m/s
 POWER OUTPUT
It is the power output of a fan developed
based on total pressure
D = ^_ℎá
Note:
Use specific weight (γ) based from the unit of ht
 TOTAL HEAD
The rise of the pressure head from fan
inlet to fan outlet

ℎö = ℎõ + ℎú
 VELOCITY HEAD
Corresponds to the average velocity
determination from the volume of air flow at
the fan outlet area "
S
ℎ2 =
2y
hv = velocity head, meters of air
v= velocity at outlet, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
 STATIC HEAD
The total pressure diminished by the fan velocity pressure

z34567 ℎ34567 = z487 ℎ487

ρw = 9.81 kN/m3 or 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3
ρa = 1.2 kg/m3 or 0.075 lb/ft3
Standard condition: 101.325 kPa and 21.1oC
A small blower handles 43.33 m3 of air per minute whose
density is 1.169 kg/m3. The static and velocity heads are 16.38
cm and 1.22 cm WG (at 15.6°C) respectively. Local gravity
acceleration is 9.741 m/s2. Find the power input to the air
from the blower, h = h + h
\ 8 ;
P = γQh\
h\ = 16.38 cm +1.22 cm = 17.6 cm = 0.176 m
$
kN 43.33 m
P = 9.741 $ (0.176 m) = e. dy fb
m 60 s
What horsepower is supplied to air moving at 20 fpm through
a 2 x 3 ft duct under a pressure of 3 in water gauge?
ft
v = 20 A = 2ft x 3ft h; = 3 in of water
min + ρ=ef
v
P = γQh\ h\ = h8 + h; h8 = x
2g ρg=<?f
+ 0.075 3
20/60
h\ = x + = 0.25 ft
2(32.2) 62.4 12
1 hp
P = (62.4) 2x3x20 (0.25) = 0.0567 hp
ftlb
33000
min
 STATIC AIR POWER
Air power calculated from static pressure
Pµ = γQhµ
Note:
Use specific weight (γ) based from the unit of ht
STATIC EFFICIENCY

Static Power
eµ =
Shaft Power
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Power Output
e∂ =
Shaft Power
A boiler that burns coal requires 1,700 m3 of air
per minute at a pressure of 15 cm of water gage
for the combustion process. If the air supplied by
a fan has a mechanical efficiency of 58% at these
conditions, what size of motor would be required
to operate the fan? kN )
1700 m
γQhE 9.81 ) x x 0.15 m
P;C9CD = = m 60 s
e 0.58
{9:;:< = xb. | }~
A fan draws 1.42 m3 per second of air at a static
pressure of 2.54 cm of water through a duct 300
mm diameter and discharges it through a duct of
275 mm diameter. Determine the static fan
efficiency if total fan mechanical is 70% and air
is measured at 250C and 760 mmHg. e h
m$ 3 3
Q = 1.42 hA = 2.54 cm of water =
s e; h9
DA = 0.3 m e- = 70% T = 25℃
DK = 0.275 m p = 760 mmHg 50%
 AFFINITY LAWS
These laws express the mathematical
relationship and illustrate the effect of
changes in pump operating conditions or
pump performance variables such as pump
head, flow, speed, horsepower, and pump
impeller diameters at nearly constant
efficiency.
AFFINITY LAWS
PUMP AFFINITY LAWS
.
°+ ö+ π+
=
°) ö) π)
+ +
ℎ+ ö+ π+
=
ℎ) ö) π)
. 1
8+ ö+ π+
=
8) ö) π)
PUMP AFFINITY LAWS
Q H P
N 1 2 3
D 3 2 5
Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the
same speed of 1000 rpm. One has impeller diameter of
0.4 m and discharges of 30 l/s against the head of 20 m.
If the other pump gives half of this discharge rate,
determine the head and diameter of the second pump.
N" = N% = 1000 rpm Q+ N+ D+ .
D" = 0.4 m =
Q) N) D)
Q" = 30 L/s
+ +
h" = 20 m h+ N + D+
1 =
Q % = Q" h) N ) D)
N" = N% = 1000 rpm h" = 20 m
D" = 0.4 m 1 1 L
Q % = Q" = (30) = 15
Q" = 30 L/s 2 2 s
. + +
Q+ N+ D+ h+ N+ D+
= =
Q) N) D) h) N) D)
. +
15 D+ h+ 0.317
= =
30 0.4 20 0.4
Ä= = Å. ebx h Ç= = bw. a h
A test on a centrifugal pump operating at 1150 rpm
showed a total head of 37.6 ft at a capacity of 800
gpm. Estimate the total head and capacity if the
pump were operated at 1750 rpm. Assume normal
operation at point of maximum efficiency in each
case. ë" = 1150 nk ℎ" = 37.6 }p
â" = 800 änk ë% = 1750 nk
+ + .
ℎ+ ö+ π+ °+ ö+ π+
= =
ℎ) ö) π) °) ö) π)
 ë" = 1150 nk ℎ" = 37.6 }p
â" = 800 änk ë% = 1750 nk
+ + )
ℎ+ ö+ π+ Ü$ B$ A$
= =
ℎ) ö) π) Ü" B" A"
$
ℎ$ 1750 Ü$ 1750
= =
37.6 wp 1150 800 £VW 1150
û. = bì. iì ld §. = hahì. \ •üZ
 A centrifugal pump operating at 1150 rpm showed a
total head of 40 ft at a capacity of 600 gpm. The
impeller diameter is 10.5 in. Estimate the total head
and capacity of a geometrically similar pump at
1150 rpm with an impeller diameter of 10 inches.
ë" = 1150 nk $ $
ℎ$ B$ A$
ℎ" = 40 }p =
â" = 600 änk ℎ" B " A "
ì" = 10.5 rG )
Ü$ B$ A$
ë% = 1150 nk =
ì% = 10 rG Ü" B" A"
 ë" = 1150 nk $ $
ℎ$ B$ A$
ℎ" = 40 }p =
â" = 600 änk ℎ" B" A"
ì" = 10.5 rG )
Ü$ B$ A$
ë% = 1150 nk =
ì% = 10 rG Ü" B" A"
$ )
ℎ$ 10 Ü$ 10
= =
40 wp 10.5 600 £VW 10.5
û. = [ä. ab ld §. = `hb. [ •üZ
 FAN AFFINITY LAWS
Three basic relationships between fan
size, fan speed, and gas density which
are the bases for predicting full-size fan
performance
FAN AFFINITY LAWS

Q H P
N 1 2 3
D 3 2 5
ρ 0 1 1
FAN AFFINITY LAWS
)
Ü$ B$ A$
=
Ü" B" A"
$ $
ℎ$ B$ A$ ©$
=
ℎ" B" A" ©"
) F
|$ B$ A$ ©$
=
|" B" A" ©"
 A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at a static pressure
of 1 in. WG when operating at a speed of 400 rpm
and requires an input of 4 hp. If the same
installation 15,000 cfm are desired, what will be the
new speed and the new power needed?
â" = 12000 l}k $
ℎ" = 1 rG â % ë % ì%
=
ë" = 400 nk â " ë " ì"
$ G
H" = 4 ℎn H% ë% ì% î%
=
â% = 15000 l}k H" ë" ì" î"
 )
Q" = 12000 cfm Q$ N$ D$
h" = 1 in =
Q" N" D"
N" = 400 rpm ) F
P" = 4 hp
P$ N$ D$ ρ$
=
Q % = 15000 cfm P" N" D" ρ"
)
15000 N$ P$ 500
= =
12000 400 rpm 4 hp 400
´. = `ii ¨≠Æ y. = ì. bh Ø≠
A fan described in a manufacturer’s table is rated to
deliver 500 m3/min at a static pressure (gage) of
2.54 cm of water when running at 250 rpm and
requiring 3.6 KW. If the fan speed is changed to 305
rpm and air handled were at 65°C instead of
standard 21°C, find the power in KW.
$ $ G
m P" = 3.6 kW P% N% D% ρ%
Q" = 500 =
min N% = 305 rpm P" N" D" ρ"
h" = 2.54 cm T" = 21℃
N" = 250 rpm T% = 65℃
 $ $ G
m P" = 3.6 kW P% N% D% ρ%
Q" = 500 =
min N% = 305 rpm P" N" D" ρ"
h" = 2.54 cm T" = 21℃ P% N% $
D% G
T"
N" = 250 rpm =
T% = 65℃ P" N" D" T%

P$ )
305 21 + 273
=
3.6 kW 250 65 + 273
y. = `. ä] ãå
THANK YOU :)