Managing Input and Output

operations
• I/O operations are helpful for a program to interact with users. C stdlib is the standard C library for input-
output operations. Two essential streams play their role when dealing with input-output operations in C. These
are:
• 1. Standard Input (stdin)
• 2. Standard Output (stdout)
• • Standard input or stdin is used for taking input from devices such as the keyboard as a data stream.
• • Standard output or stdout is used to give output to a device such as a monitor.
• READING A CHARACTER

• The easiest and simplest of all I/O operations are taking a character as input by reading that character from
standard input (keyboard). getchar() function can be used to read a single character. This function is an
alternative to scanf() function.
• Example - var_name = getchar();

WRITING A CHARACTER
• Like getchar(), there is another function that is used to write characters, but one at a time.

• Example - putchar(var_name);
• FORMATTED INPUT
•
• It refers to input data that has been arranged in a specific format. This is possible in C using scanf() function.
We have already encountered this and are familiar with this function.
• Example :-
• void main()
• {
• int var1= 60;
• int var2= 1234;
• scanf("%2d %5d", &var1, &var2);
• }
• Here the % sign denotes the conversion specification; 2,5 signifies the integer number that defines the field
width of the number to be read. d defines the number to be read in integer format.
• C Input and Output
• Input means to provide the program with some data to be used in
the program.
• Output means to display data on screen or write the data to a
printer or a file.
• Single character input and output[getchar( ) and putchar()]
• input- getchar()
• output- putchar()
• The int getchar(void) function reads the next available character
from the screen and returns it as an integer. This function reads
only single character at a time.
• The int putchar(int c) function puts the passed character on the
screen and returns the same character. This function puts only
single character at a time.
 Unformatted Input and Output
• Unformatted input output function do not contain format specifier in their syntax so it can’t format data.
• It only works with char data type and string(character Array) and not with any other type.
• Unformatted input output functions are the basic form of i/o and they do not input or display output in user
desired format.
• program
• #include<stdio.h>
• int main( )
•{
• int d;
• printf( "Enter a value :");
• d = getchar( );
• printf( "\nYou entered: ");
• putchar( d );
• return 0;
•}
 Input Output Functions in C
Standard input : the term standard input refers to the input using keyboard. A program may need certain input
from the user. Input functions are those function which is used to take the input from the user.
C language provide many functions to get input from the user.
1. scanf()
2. gets()
3. getch()
4. getche()
1. gets() function:- is declared in stdio.h header file.
It is used to input a string (character array ) from standard input.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c[10];
gets(c);
printf(“%s”,c);
}
• #include<stdio.h>
• int main( )
• {
• char str[100];
• printf( "Enter a value :");
• gets( str );
• printf( "\nYou entered: ");
• puts( str );
• return 0;
• }
String input and output gets() and puts()
Input--- gets (str)
Output---puts (str)

The gets( ) function reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to
by s until either a terminating newline or EOF (End of File).
The puts( ) function writes the string 's' and 'a' trailing newline to
stdout.
2. getchar():-this function is declared in stdio.h header file. getchar() function ready only single character at a
time from standard input.
Example of getchar() function
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
c=getchar();
printf(“%c”, c);
}
3. getch() & getche() function:- both functions are declared in conio.h
header file . Both function reads a single character.
getch() functions is used to hold the screen.
Difference between is getch() don’t echo on the console screen but
getche() echos before display output.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
c=getch(); // don’t show c=getche();
printf(“%c”,c);
}
Standard output:-the term standard output refers to the output displayed on the monitor. Output functions are
those function which is used to print message or value of variable on output screen.
C language provides many functions to display program output to the user.
1. printf()
2. puts()
3. putchar()
4. putch()
1. puts() function:- this function is declared in stdio.h header file.
It is used to display a string ( character array) from the standard output.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c[10];
gets(c);
puts(c);
}
2. putchar() function:-this function is declared in stdio.h header file.
Putchar() function displays only single character at at time from standard output.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
c=getchar(); //required to output from enter keyword
putchar(c);
}
3. putch() function:-this function is declared in conio.h header file.
putch() functions is used to display a single character.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
c=getch();
putch(c);
}
 Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),
Feature
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)

Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),

Input/Output Control
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)

Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),

Data Type Handling
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)

Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),

Complexity
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)

Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),

Usage Scenario
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)

Formatted Functions (printf(), Unformatted Functions (getchar(),

Safety
scanf(), etc.) puts(), etc.)