STD IX-2Yr Lecture 5 M.

Prakash Institute
Distance of a point from a line:
Consider a plane E. Let u be a line in
plane E. Let P be a fixed point in E P

but not on u.
Let Q be any point on u. u
As Q changes its position on u, it is ob- Q1 Q Q2

vious that the distance between P and

Q changes.
We want to define the distance between P and u.
What are your suggestions?
We choose that position of Q for which distance between P and Q
is minimum. Which is such Q?
Indeed your guess is correct.
Q should be such that it is the foot of perpendicular from P to u.
Can you prove that this is the minimum distance?
Take it as a task for homework.
Definition: Let u be a line and P be a fixed point not on u.
Let Q be the foot of perpendicular from P to u.
Then the distance between P and u is defined to be the distance
P Q. We will denote this by d(P, u).
Notation about angle:
Consider ∠ABC. B is called as the vertex of ∠ABC.
Rays BA and BC are called as the arms or sides of ∠ABC.
Angle Bisector:
Consider ∠ABC.
Let ray BD lie in the interior of ∠ABC.
If ray BD is such that m∠ABD = m∠CBD then ray BD is called
as the bisector of ∠ABC.
Theorem: If P is any point on the bisector of an angle then P is
equidistant from the arms of that angle.
Restatement: Consider ∠ABC. Let ray BD be its bisector.
Let P be any point on ray BD.
Let M be the foot of perpendicular from
A
P to ray BA · · ·(1) M
Let N be the foot of perpendicular from
D
P to ray BC· · ·(2) P
Then P M = P N . o C
Proof: Consider the correspondence B o N
P BM ↔ P BN .
We note that (i) P B ∼ = P B· · ·(Self Con-
gruent)
(ii) ∠P BM ∼ = ∠P BN · · ·(P is on the bisector of ∠ABC)
(iii) ∠BM P ∼ = ∠BN P (From (1) and (2) each is 90)
By (i), (ii), (iii) and SAA congruence criterion we get,
△P BM ∼ = △P BN .· · · (3)
From (3) we deduce P M ∼ = P N . · · ·(C.S.C.T.)
−→ −−→
This gives us P M = P N . ∴ d(P, BA) = d(P, BC).
This completes the proof of the theorem.
This theorem will be referred to as AB1.
Theorem: If P is any point equidistant from the arms of an angle
then it lies on the bisector of that angle.
Restatement: Consider ∠ABC.
Let M be the foot of perpendicular from P to ray BA· · ·(1)
Let N be the foot of perpendicular from P to ray BC· · ·(2)
If P M = P N · · · (3)
then P lies on the bisector of ∠ABC.
Proof: Consider the correspondence M P B ↔ N P B.
A
We note that M
(i) right ∠BM P ∼ = right ∠BN P · · ·From K
(1) and (2). P
(ii) hypt P B ∼ = hypt P B· · ·Self Congru- C
ent. B N
(iii) P M ∼= P N · · · From (3).
By (i), (ii), (iii) and RHS congruence criterion we get,
△M P B ∼ = △N P B · · · (4)
From (4) we deduce ∠P BM ∼ = ∠P BN . · · ·(C.A.C.T.)
This means that P lies on the bisector of ∠ABC.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
This theorem will be referred to as AB2.
Theorem: Bisectors of all the three angles of a triangle are con-
current.
Restatement: In △ABC, let rays u, v and w be the bisectors of
∠A, ∠B and ∠C respectively. Then u, v and w pass through the
same point.
Strategy: Let rays v and w intersect at point I· · · · · · (1)
We will show that I also lies on u i.e. I lies on the bisector of ∠A.
Tools: We will use the following tools.
AB1: If P is any point on the bisector of an angle, then P is
equidistant from the arms of that angle.
AB2: If point P is equidistant from the arms of an angle then P
is on the bisector of that angle.
Construction: Draw ID ⊥ BC, IE ⊥ CA, IF ⊥ AB. ....(2)
Proof: By (1), I is on v, the bisector of angle B.
∴ By AB1, d(I, BA) = d(I, BC)
A
Hence by (2), IF = ID....(3)
E v
Also by (1), I is on w, the bisector of w F
angle C.
I
∴ By AB1, d(I, CA) = d(I, CB) x
x
o
o
Hence by (2), IE = ID....(4) B D C
From (3) and (4), we deduce that
IF = IE
−→ −→
That is by (2), d(I, AB) = d(I, AC)
∴ By AB2, I lies on u the bisectors of angle A.
Hence u, v, w all meet at I.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
We will refer to the above theorem as CAB.
Remark 1: Note that we have not drawn u, the bisector of ∠A.
Remark 2: Note that we have proved ID = IE = IF . This
means that point I, the point of concurrency of angle bisectors, is
equidistant from all the sides of the triangle. The circle with center
I and radius ID (or IE or IF ) is called the incircle of △ABC.
Activity3: (1) Is ASS a CC? (2) Is AAA a congruence criterion?
Homework:
H0 Carefully note that this is homework number H Zero!!.
In Lecture 4 and 5 we have proved CPB and CAB, two very im-
portant theorems. Before you start solving the homework problems
you must master the proofs of these two theorems. How will you
do it? We are not asking you to merely recall the theorem. Did you
notice that there was a common strategy in both these theorems?
What is the complete significance of the Bonus offered by these
theorems? Mentally go through the entire proof of each theorem.
How much time did it take to do so? Your teacher will introduce
to you the OMAT idea in the next lecture.
H1: In △ABC, ∠B = 90◦ . Angle bisector of ∠A intersects BC at
D. DP ⊥ AC with P on AC. Prove that P C = AC − AB.
 A

H2: In △ABC, ∠B = 90◦ .

BD is the bisector of ∠B with D
on AC.
P and Q are the feet of altitudes
from D on AB and BC respectively. P D

Prove that 2BP DQ is a square.

C
B Q
B
C
H3: In 2ABCD, the angle bisector
of ∠A, ∠B and ∠C
I are concurrent at I.
A
Prove that I also lies on the angle bisector of
∠D. D
A

H4: P is any point on the angle bisector of ∠B

as shown. P A and P C are the altitudes drawn P

from P on the arms of the angle . Prove that

B
AC ⊥ P B.
B C

H5: In △ABC, A = 90◦ . AD is altitude,

D ∈ BC.
−−→
Let AX bisect ∠CAD, X ∈ CD.
D
Show that △ABX is isosceles triangle.
X
A

A C

H6: In △ABC, internal angle bisector of ∠B and

I
∠C meet at point I. If area of △AIB = area of
△AIC, show that AB ∼= AC.
B C
H7: In 2ABCD, AB = CD and AD = BC.
Prove that A = C and B = D.
H8: In 2ABCD, A = C and B = D. Prove that AB = CD and
AD = BC.
H9: ABCDEF GHI is a regular 9 − gon. Prove that m∠DGH =
100. Hint: Draw DF , EG.
H10: Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
H11: Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
H12 If in a triangle, the incenter and circumcenter coincide, prove
that the triangle is equilateral.
H13: Consider △ABC. Draw equilateral triangles △ABD and
△ACD which are exterior to △ABC. Prove that BE = CD. Let
BE and CD intersect at F . Find m∠BF D.