EE453L-EE559L Power System Protection and Stability Lab

Laboratory # 7: Protective Device Coordination Study for Ten Bus System

Star-Part (B)

Objectives

This lab involves designing of protection schemes for components of power system and their protective device
coordination in a ten bus system. At the end of the lab, students will be able to

- Identify the overlapping protection zones in a complex system

- Design and implement protection for a particular equipment
- Perform protective device coordination of a ten bus system

Software Tool

- ETAP 12.6.0
- MS Word

Single Line Diagram

The single line diagram for the network is given in Fig.01. It contains a power grid acting in swing mode. Two
generators G1, and G2 are connected to meet the load demands of load9, load10, and motors M1, and M2. The
voltage at the grid is 132 kV which is stepped down using a 132/66 kV step down transformer. The voltage at
bus 2 is supplied to buses 3, 5, 7, and 8 using transmission lines. At these buses, again 66 kV is being reduced
using step down transformers according to load requirements.

Zones of Protection

The zones of protection for the given network are given in Fig.03. The color scheme is:

- Orange color for buses’ protection region

- Boxes in navy blue color provides with static loads’ zones of protection
- Motors’ region of protection is shown by green color

In this lab, only bus-bar, static load, and motor will be protected. ETAP provides a variety of relays by different
manufacturers. One can choose them from a relay library. For this lab, relays manufactured by Schweitzer are
used since they are most commonly used in industry.

Bus-bar Protection

The substation bus is a part of the power system used to direct the flow of power to various feeders and to
isolate the apparatus and circuits from the power system. To clear a fault on the bus, circuit breakers are opened
electrically after receiving tripping command from the relay. The substation bus may have different
arrangements depending upon the service requirement. The protection scheme adopted for substation buses
largely depend upon their kV rating and arrangement.

In this lab, single bus single breaker scheme given in Fig.02 is opted to protect the bus-bar section. This
protection scheme is applied using differential relays because they can provide high-speed, sensitive, improved
protection. It is used in addition to overcurrent protection and hence it permits complete overlapping with other
power system relaying. The operation principle of this relay suggests that under normal operating condition, the
phasor sum of all currents entering and leaving the bus should be equal to zero. Otherwise, a fault has occurred
within the protected zone. The bus differential protection can be seen in Fig.04.

9 MW
7 MVAR

24 MW
17 MVAR

-
- Fig.01. Single line diagram for a ten bus system

-
Fig.02. Single bus-single breaker scheme
 Fig.03. Zones of protection of the given system

Fig.04. Differential protection scheme for substation bus

The ratios of the CTs limiting the zones of protection for the buses in the given ten bus network are given in
Table 01. Following the ANSI standard for relaying, the rated secondary current of CTs is chosen to be 5A.
SEL-387 relays are used for protecting substation buses because they provide both directional and overcurrent
protection against faults. The current enters the CT from one side of the bus and leaves it from other side. The
CTs direction should be opposite. In case, the CTs have been connected in the similar direction, reverse the
polarity of one of the CTs.

The CT polarity can be reversed from its properties window or by right clicking on it.

- Select differential relay (87) from the components list.

- Open its properties. Go to the DIF section. Click on Library.
- Choose the manufacturer to be Schweitzer.
- Choose the model of the relay as mentioned above. Click Ok.
- Now, go to the OCR section and provide the pick-up settings according to the values given in Table 01.
- Uncheck the Instantaneous block inside OCR section.
- Add CTs in the Input section of the Differential Relay Editor.
- Add relevant CBs in the Output section of Relay editor.

Bus No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CT Ratio 50/5 150/5 250/5 800/5 200/5 1000/5 250/5 250/5 1500/5 1800/5
Pickup 14.7 8 10.8 15.3 14 11 11 9.1 9 9.86
Time Dial 0.21 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05
Table 01. CT ratios for bus-bar protection

Static Load Protection

To provide protection to static loads, simple overcurrent relay can be used. Consider the data in Table 02. CT
ratios are based according to the rated current of the loads. The nearest of standard CT primary current to the
rated load current is chosen. Primary Amps in overcurrent relay are set to 125% of the load rated current. Rest
of the values in Table 04 is obtained from the properties of the load in ETAP program. Choose Schweitzer
751A relay for static load protection.
 Load Rated Rated Rated CTR Time Pickup OC Primary Tap
Power Voltage Current Dial Setting
Load9 29.411 12 kV 1402.720592 1500/5 0.05 5.85 1755 A
MVA A
Load10 11.402 4.16 kV 1734.82653 A 1800/5 0.05 6.02 2167 A
MVA
Table 02. Overcurrent protection for static loads

Motor Protection

Motor comprises the load portion of the power system as long as it takes power from the system. Many factors
are kept into consideration while choosing motor protection e.g. motor rating, thermal limit of stator or rotor,
environment, power system resource and its neutral grounding method, type of motor controller, etc. The motor
protective devices permit the motor to start and run. Faults are detected by measuring different parameters such
as voltage, current, temperature, frequency, harmonics vibration, and speed, where appropriate. However,
overcurrent is the most prevalent means for majority of small motors.

For motors M1 and M2, instantaneous overcurrent protection is used. 7SJ61 Siemens relays are used for this
purpose. The information about the rated current, rated power, reactance, efficiency, power factor can be found

rating of the motor. The KVA rating is calculated using formula =

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 0.746
from the properties of motor. These values are calculated by ETAP when you insert the horsepower and voltage

𝑃𝐹 ×𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
.

For motors, since instantaneous overcurrent protection is being used, check the Instantaneous box as well.

Parameter M1 M2
Horsepower 4000 hp 4000 hp
Rated Voltage 13.8 kV 18 kV
Rated Current 142.4441914 A 109.2072134 A
Rated Power 3403.743958 KVA 3403.743958 KVA
CT Ratio 250/5 250/5
Power Factor 92.94% 92.94%
Reactance Xd” 15.298 ohm 15.298 ohm
Reactance Xd” 0.050 pu 0.050 pu
Efficiency 94.30% 94.30%
Time Dial 0.05 0.05
Pick up Current 1000 1000
Pickup 20 20
Instantaneous Pickup 75 50
Instantaneous Delay 0 0
Table 03. Motor Protection
Lab Tasks

Open the ETAP model from the directory Lab 07 on the desktop. Implement the protection of bus-bars,
static loads, and motors according to the data available. Your model will look alike to the one given in Fig.07.
Change the cycles of operation of all circuit breakers to 3 and voltage to 121 kV in the rating section of circuit
breaker editor.

Task 01

- Insert fault at static load L9 and observe the sequence of operation in Star Module of ETAP.
- You can increase the no of flash devices. Click on the Edit Study Case as shown in the Figure below in Star
Module. A window named as Star Mode Edit Study Case will open. Now open section ‘Seq of Op.’. Here,
set 9 flash devices.

Fig.05. Star Module Study Case

- Observe the primary and backup protection. Fill the table given below and add it to your report. In the
Backup Relay column, include the name of relays providing backup protection.
- Click on Sequence Viewer icon, the one at the bottom of fault icon to view the whole sequence of operation.
Observe the trip timings of relays and Circuit Breakers. Are the relays behaving in a correct sequence? If
not, what could be the possible tripping sequence of relays in this case?
 Tripping Relay Primary
Sequence Tripped Protection Relay Backup Relay
1
2
3
4
5

- Select the relays connected at buses 8, 9, and at load 9. Create a star view out of it and observe their TCC
curves. You can view information about the relay by right click on a TCC curve of that relay. A pop-up
window appears providing different options. Are the TCC curves justifying the sequence of operation of
relays for fault at load 9? Write your observation in the report.

Task 02

- Observe the TCC curves in Fig.06. Relay27 is protecting Motor1. Relay19 provides differential and
overcurrent protection to Bus4 and Relay20 to Bus3. Similarly, Relay15 protects Bus2 and Relay16
provides protection to Bus1.
- Fill out the table given below and paste it in your word report.

Tripping Relay Primary

Sequence Tripped Protection Relay Backup Relay
1
2
3
4
5
 Fig.06. TCC curves for Task 02

Task 03

- Insert fault at Bus7 and observe the relays behavior. Is sequence of operation right? If not, what could be the
possible sequence of operation? Which relays malfunction in this case? Fill out the table below and paste it
in your report.

Tripping Relay Primary

Sequence Tripped Protection Relay Backup Relay
1
2
3
4
5

- Remove generator connecting at Bus6 and again insert fault at Bus7. Record your observations and compare
them with those recorded in the above table. Is the behavior of relays same before and after removing
 generator? If not, which sequence of operation is right? Indicate the name of the relays provided backup
protection to Bus7 after removing generator2. Include your comments into your report.

Task 04

- Explain your learning from this lab experiment in a paragraph of 10 to 12 lines in your report. Write this
paragraph using technical terms.

Task 05

- Save your report using L7_Name_RollNo inside directory Lab7 on Desktop.

- Submit your ETAP model and word report to your Lab Instructor.
 11.402 Mvar

29.411 Mvar

Fig.07.One Line Diagram in ETAP after adding relays