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Unit Commitment

Unit Commitment

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WAQAR BHATTI
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16 views

Unit Commitment

Unit Commitment

Uploaded by

WAQAR BHATTI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System Operation and Control

Chapter 5
Unit Commitment (UC)

Dr. Ali Ahmad


[email protected]
Contents
 ED Review: Aims & Requirements
 Economic Dispatch Versus Unit Commitment.
 Unit Commitment – Introduction
• Example 5A & 5B
• Constraints in UC
• Example 5C
 Unit Commitment Solution Methods
• Priority-List Methods
• Example 5D
ED Review: Aims & Requirements
• Aims:
• To optimize the cost of generation.
• To optimize the power generation of each generator subject to meet
the load plus losses.
• Requirements:
• Cost function of each generator is known
Economic Dispatch Versus Unit Commitment.
Economic dispatch problem assumes that there are N units already connected to the
system. The purpose of the economic dispatch problem is to find the optimum operating
policy for these N units. This is the problem that we have been investigating so far in this
text.
On the other hand, the unit commitment problem is more complex. We may assume that
we have N units available to us and that we have a forecast of demand to be served. The
question that is asked in unit commitment problem area is as follows.
Given that there are a number of subsets of the complete set of N generating units that
would satisfy the expected demand, which of these subsets should be used in order to
provide the minimum operating cost?
The unit commitment problem may be extended over some period of time, such as the 24
h of a day or the 168 h of a week. The solution procedure of UC involve the economic
dispatch problem as a subproblem. That is, for each of the subsets of total number of units
that are to be tested, for any given set of them connected to the load, the particular subset
should be operated in optimum economic fashion. This will permit finding the minimum
operating cost for that subset, but it does not establish which of the subsets is in fact the
one that will give minimum cost over a period of time.
The UC problem is more difficult to solve mathematically since it involves integer variables.
That is, generating units must be either all ON or all OFF. (How can you turn a generator
half ON?)
Unit Commitment - Introduction
• Objectives:
• To decide
economically how
many generators
should be turned ON.
• To allocate the
sequence of starting
and shutting of
generators.
• Requirements:
• Past load demand
records, generators
cost functions,
calculations of
economic dispatch
etc.
Example 5A & 5B
• Use book solution
Constraints in UC
• In previous examples, we have only used one simple constraint: Enough units will be committed
to supply a load.
• Without the other constraints we can not find optimal combinations of the units.
• UC constraints are:
• Spinning Reserve
Spinning reserve is the term used to describe the total amount of generation available from all
units synchronized (i.e., spinning) on the system, minus the present load and losses being
supplied. Spinning reserve must be carried so that the loss of one or more units does not cause
too far a drop in system frequency. Quite simply, if one unit is lost, there must be ample reserve
on the other units to make up for the loss in a specified time period.
OR
Generation capacity that is on-line but unloaded and that can respond within 10 minutes to
compensate for generation or transmission outages. “Frequency-responsive” spinning
reserve responds within 10 seconds to maintain system frequency.

Beyond spinning reserve, the unit commitment problem may involve various classes of
“scheduled reserves” or “off-line” reserves. These include quick-start diesel or gas-turbine units
as well as most hydro-units and pumped-storage hydro-units that can be brought on-line,
synchronized, and brought up to full capacity quickly. As such, these units can be “counted” in
the overall reserve assessment, as long as their time to come up to full capacity is taken into
account.
Reserves, finally, must be spread around the power system to avoid transmission system
limitations (often called “bottling” of reserves) and to allow various parts of the system to run
as “islands,” should they become electrically disconnected.
Example 5C
Constraints in UC
• Thermal Unit Constraints are:
• Minimum up time:
Once the unit is running, it should not be turned off immediately.
OR
This constraint state that once the unit is running must not shunt down
immediately due to technical limitation and mechanical characteristic of the
unit.
• Minimum down time:
Once the unit is decommitted, there is a minimum time before it can be
recommitted.
• Crew Constraints:
Constraints in UC
• Thermal Unit Constraints are:
• Crew Constraints
• Start-up cost
Constraints in UC
• Thermal Unit Constraints are:
• Crew Constraints
• Start-up cost
Constraints in UC
• Thermal Unit Constraints are:
• Other Constraints
• Hydro Constraints
• Must Run
• Fuel Constraints
Constraints in UC
• Thermal Unit Constraints are:
• Other Constraints
• Ramp Rates:
• To avoid damaging the turbine, the electrical output of a unit cannot
change by more than a certain amount over a period of time.
• Ramp-up rates:
• Start – up ramp rate: Unit cannot start immediately but taking time.
• Running – up ramp rate: Unit cannot immediate changing the power
up without taking time.
• Ramp-down rates:
• Shut down ramp rate: Unit take time to shut down.
• Running down ramp rate: Unit cannot immediate changing the power
down without taking time.
Constraints in UC
• Ramp Rate: The increase or
decrease in output (of
plant) per minute is called
ramp rate and expressed as
MW/min.
Unit Commitment Solution Methods
Unit Commitment Solution Methods
Priority-List Methods
Example 5D
Example 5D
Thank You

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