Engineering Physics

H K B K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BENGALURU
Department Of Engineering Physics

Course Material

Subject: Engineering Physics

Subject Code: 18PHY12/22
Semester: I/II Sem B.E.

MODULE 2
ELASTICITY

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MODULE – 2
ELASTICITY
Introduction to Elasticity:
Elasticity: It is the property of material to regain its original dimension on the removal
of the deforming force.
Stress: It is defined as the restoring force per unit area. Unit is N/m2.

• Normal or Longitudinal Stress: The force that is applied normal or

perpendicular to the surface of the material. It is even classified as Tensile
(elongation) and Compressive (compression) stress.
• Shearing Stress: The force that is applied along/ tangential to the surface
of the material.

Strain: It is defined as the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension.

• Longitudinal strain –It is the ratio of change in length to original unit

length
• Shearing Strain – It is a ratio of relative displacement between two layers
in the direction of stress to the distance between them. It is the angular
deformation produced due to the shearing stress.
• Volumetric Strain – It is defined as the change in volume to its original
volume.

Hooke’s Law: Within the elastic limit, strain is proportional to stress.

𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
E= 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧

where E is the proportionality constant known as modulus of elasticity

which depends on the material being deformed and on the nature of the
deformation.
Modulus of Elasticity:

(i) Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

Longitudinal stress or tensile stress is applied along the length and hence causes change
in length. Linear strain is the ratio of change in length to original length

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𝐹⁄
Y = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 / 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙 𝐴 N/m2
⁄
𝐿
(ii) Rigidity Modulus of Elasticity

Shearing stress is applied tangential to a surface. As a result, one surface is displaced

with respect to another fixed surface. The ratio of displacement to perpendicular distance
between the two surfaces is known as shearing strain.
F
ή =Tangential (Shearing) stress / shear Strain = N/m2
A

F
θ

L θ

l
Shearing strain = when ѳ is small
L

(iii) Bulk Modulus of elasticity

Application of normal (compressive) stress causes change in volume. Volume strain is
the ratio of change in volume to original volume. It is defined as the ratio of Volume
stress to volume strain.
𝐹⁄
𝐴
K = Normal stress / Volume Strain = 𝑣 N/m2
⁄𝑉
HOOKE’S LAW

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(i) Region OA – Proportionality limit - The material obeys Hooke’s law. In this
region, the strain produced is proportional to the stress applied.
(ii) Region AB – In this region, strain produced in the material will be more to
the stress applied.
(iii) Region BC – Material will possess both elastic and plastic property.
Upper yield point (B) – Maximum stress that is needed to initiate the plastic
behavior of the material
Lower yield point (C) – Minimum stress required to sustain the plastic
behavior of the material.
(iv) Region CX – Permanent strain develops in the material – Plastic range. The
point X is called Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS). “Work load should always
be less than UTS”.
(v) At the point D – Breaking point of the material – Fracture.
For brittle material, the fracture occurs immediately after the yield point B
For ductile material, the crack/fracture occurs after plastic deformation (after
UTS)

Stress is proportional to strain at smaller magnitudes. As the stress is

increased to large magnitudes strain increases more rapidly and the linear relationship
between stress and strain ceases to hold. This is referred as elastic limit (B). After the
yield point (B), the strain randomly increases. At the point C onwards the material
attains permanent deformation (Plastic) and the region from B to X is known as strain
hardening region. After the point X, the material starts to cracks/breaks.

Elastic limit: The maximum stress up to which the material can recover its original
dimension after the removal of deforming force.
Yield point: Beyond the elastic limit, the point where the material loses its elasticity.
Plasticity: The property of materials which undergo deformation under stress and do not
regain their original dimension after the removal of stress.
Strain hardening: When the metal is stressed beyond its elastic limit, it enters into
plastic region where the residual strain remains after the removal of stress. Strain
hardening is the process of strengthening/hardening the material by plastic
deformation. Strain hardening is done to make the metal harder and stronger. The
material which are plastically deformed earlier shows higher yield stress than the same
material which has not undergone its plastic deformation.

Strain softening: When plastic materials are subjected to stress beyond its plastic limit,
the material instead of hardening, it becomes softer.

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Effect of stress – Temperature – Annealing – Impurities on Elasticity

1.Effect of stress: Elastic fatigue

The material loses its elasticity, when the stress even below its elastic limit is applied for
longer duration. The phenomenon is called creep. The material becomes weak and leads
to fracture.
2. Annealing :
Annealing operation involves heating and cooling it gradually to make the metal
soft. This increases the strength, hardness and toughness of the metal to meet
their requirement of good machinability, forging and casting. It improves the
elasticity thereby increases the ductility of the metal.

3. Temperature :
Inter molecular forces decreases with rise in temperature. Hence the elasticity
decreases with rise in temperature. (But the elasticity of invar steel (alloy) does
not change with change of temperature).Carbon filament which is highly elastic
at ordinary temperature, becomes plastic when heated.

4. Impurities :
Presence of impurities alters elasticity. It can increase or decrease depending on
the nature of impurities. If Carbon is added in minute quantities to molten Iron
to increase its elastic property.

POISSON’S RATIO:

It is the ratio between lateral strain per unit stress(β) to longitudinal strain per
unit stress (α), within the elastic limits.
𝜷
Poisson’s ratio (σ) = 𝜶 = a constant

Linear strain (α) - It is the increase per unit length per unit tension along the force.
Lateral strain (β) - It is the lateral contraction per unit length per unit tension
perpendicular to force
Let us consider a wire, fixed at one end and is stretched along the
other end. Due the force applied, the wire elongates and becomes thinner. i.e., increases
in length and decreases in its diameter. When the load is applied, the wire elongates in
the direction of tensile force but contracts laterally in the direction perpendicular to the
force.

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L l

Force

Let L be the original length and D be the original diameter of the wire. After the
application of force, let the length increases from L to L+l and diameter decreases from
𝑙 𝐷−𝑑
D to d, then Longitudinal strain = 𝐿 and Lateral strain = 𝐷

(𝐷−𝑑)𝐿
Poisson ratio σ = - 𝐷𝑙

RELATION BETWEEN SHEAR STRAIN, LONGITUDINAL STRAIN AND COMPRESSIVE

STRAIN

Consider a cube which is fixed at its bottom surface. A tangential force F is applied to
the top surface of the cube which produce a shear strain of small angle ϴ. Let us
consider the front face of the cube alone for this discussions. The face diagonal DB is
elongated to DB’ and the diagonal AC is compressed to CA’. Let ‘L’ be the sides of the
cube.

𝑁𝐵′
Longitudinal strain along DB’ = 1
𝐷𝐵

𝐴𝑀
Compressive strain along A’C = 2
𝐶𝐴

𝑁𝐵′ 1
To calculate NB’, consider triangle BB’N, Cos 45° = 𝐵𝐵′ = √2

𝑙
NB’ = √2 3

𝐴𝑀 1
To calculate AM, consider triangle AA’M, Cos 45° = 𝐴𝐴′ = √2

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𝑙
AM = √2 4

To calculate DB, consider triangle BCD, DB2 =DC2 + CD2 =2L2

DB = √2 L 5

To calculate CA, consider triangle ACD, AC2 =AD2 + DC2 =2L2

AC = √2 L 6
𝑙⁄
𝑁𝐵′ √2 𝑙 𝛳
Substituting 3 &5 in 1, Longitudinal strain = = = 2𝐿 = 7
𝐷𝐵 √2𝐿 2

𝑙⁄
𝐴𝑀 √2 𝑙 𝛳
Substituting 4 & 6 in 2, Compressive strain = = = 2𝐿 = 8
𝐶𝐴 √2𝐿 2

𝛳 𝛳
Adding (7) & (8), +2=ϴ
2

Implies that shearing strain is equivalent to longitudinal and compressive strain which
𝛳
are at right angles to each other and each of value .
2

RELATION BETWEEN MODULUS K, Y and σ

TZ
y

T
TX TX
Y

T x
Y

Consider a cube of unit length and pairs of oppositely directed tensile forces acts on the
cube in all the 3 directions. Let stresses TX , TY and TZ act perpendicular to faces of a
unit cube as shown in the figure .Let α be the increase per unit length per unit tension
(linear strain) along the force, β be the lateral contraction (lateral strain) per unit
length per unit tension perpendicular to force.
Elongation produced along X axis = TX .α
Contraction produced along X axis = (Ty . .1 + TZ . .1)

Length of AB = 1 + Tx − T y  − TZ 

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Length of BE = 1 + T y  − T x  − T z 

Length of AB = 1 + T z  − T y  − T x 

Volume of cube = (1 + T x  − T y  − TZ  ) X (1 + T y  − T x  − T z  ) X (1 + T z  − T y  − T x  )

= 1 + T X  + TY  − TZ  − T X  − T y  + TZ  − Tx  − TY  − TZ 
= 1 + ( − 2 )(T X + TY + TZ )

neglecting terms containing α.β,α2 ,β2

= 1 + ( − 2 )(3T ) if

Increase in volume = = 1 + ( − 2 )(3T ) - 1

If Inward pressure is applied, reduction in volume = 1 + ( − 2 )(3P)

P 1
Bulk Modulus = =
3P( − 2 ) 3( − 2 )

K = Y/ 3 (1-2σ)

Relation between n, Y and σ

Let the face ABCD of a cube of side L be sheared by a Force F through an angle θ.

F l T
Shearing stress = = T ; Shearing Strain = =  ; Rigidity Modulus =
L2
L 

Shearing strain along AB is equivalent to expansive strain along DB’ and lateral strain
along AC’. Let α be the longitudinal elongation strain per unit Stress per unit length and
β be the lateral strain per unit stress per unit length respectively, then the strain produced
along the diagonal is T. DB.(α + β)

From the fig. total total extension is NB’, which is equal to l/√2 .

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From the fig., DB is given by √2 L.

Therefore T.DB.(α + β)

And T.DB(α + β) = NB’ which implies T. (√2 L) (α + β) = l/√2

T. (α + β) = l/√2(√2 L) = ϴ/2

1
η=
2(𝛼+𝛽)

Divide numerator and denominator by α on RHS, we get

𝑌
η=
2(1+𝜎)

RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS:

𝑌 𝑌
η= and K=
2(1+𝜎) 3(1−2𝜎)

𝑌 𝑌
implies = 2(1+σ) and = (1-2σ)
𝜂 3𝐾

1 1
Adding both Y (𝜂+3𝐾) = 3

9𝐾𝜂
Y=
3𝐾+𝜂

RELATION BETWEEN K, n, σ

1 1
K= n=
3( − 2  ) 2( +  )
1 1
K= n=
3 (1 − 2 ) 2 (1 +  )
Y Y
K= n=
3(1 − 2 ) 2(1 +  )

3K − 2n
 =
6 K + 2n

LIMITS OF σ

3(1 − 2 ) = 2n(1 +  )
1. If σ be a positive quantity, (1-2σ) should be positive
2σ<1
σ < 0.5
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When σ =0.5, the material is said to be incompressible

2. If σ be a negative quantity, (1 + σ) should be positive
σ<-1
BENDING OF BEAM
Beam is a bar of uniform cross section whose length is very much larger
than thickness. When such a beam is fixed at one end and loaded at the other, the beam is bent
under the action of couple produced by the load. Upper surface of the beam gets stretched and
lower surface gets compressed. The extension is maximum in the upper most filaments and
compression, maximum in the lowermost ones. The surface which does not get affected is
known as neutral surface.
Neutral surface: A layer of uniform beam which does not undergo any change in its dimensions
when the beam is subjected to bending within its elastic limit.
Neutral axis : Neutral axis is a longitudinal line along the neutral surface is intercepted by a
longitudinal plane considered in the plane of bending.

If the bending is uniform, the longitudinal filaments get bent into circular
arcs in planes parallel to the plane of symmetry (plane of bending).The line of intersection of
plane of bending with neutral surface is called neutral axis.

A W’

D B

In the above figure, ABCD is a beam fixed at AD and loaded at BC. EF is neutral axis. Whereas
the load W tends to bend the beam, an equal and opposite reactional force W’ will be acting
upwards. These two forces constitute a couple and the moment of this couple is called bending
moment.

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Expression for Bending moment:

Let us consider a beam under the action of deforming forces. The beam bends into a circular
arc. Let AB be the neutral axis of the beam. The filament above AB get elongated and the
filaments below are compressed. The filament AB remains unchanged.

Let PQ be the arc chosen from the neutral axis. If R is the radius of curvature of the neutral axis
and ϴ is the angle subtended by it as its center of curvature O.

Then original length PQ=Rϴ

Let P’Q’ be an element at a distance x from the neutral axis.

P’Q’= (R+x)ϴ

Increase in length of the filament P’Q’- PQ = (R+x)ϴ - Rϴ = xϴ

𝑥𝛳 𝑥
Strain = =
𝑅𝛳 𝑅

Young’s modulus of the material Y= longitudinal Stress/linear strain

Stress = Y X strain

𝑥
=YX
𝑅

Stress = Force per area

If dA is the area of cross section of the filament P’Q’ , then the tensile force on the area dA

𝑌𝑥
Force on area dA = X dA
𝑅

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𝑌𝑥
Moment of this force about the neutral surface = F X x = X 𝑑𝐴 𝑋 𝑥
𝑅

The moment of forces acting on the upper and lower halves of the neutral axis can be got by
the summation of all the moments of tensile and the compressive forces about the neutral axis

𝑌𝑥 𝑌𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
Total moment of forces M= 𝛴 𝑋𝑑𝐴 𝑋𝑥 = 𝛴
𝑅 𝑅

Ig = 𝜮x2 dA
𝑌
Total moment of forces (or) Internal bending moment M = 𝐼
𝑅 𝑔

Here I is Geometrical Moment of Inertia.

For rectangular cross section

bd 3
2 I = ak 2 =
d 12
area = b X d, k = , therefore
12 Ybd 3
M =
12 R

For Circular cross section

R 4
2 I = ak 2 = .
r 4
area = πR2, k = , therefore
4 Yr 4
M=
4R

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CANTILEVER

It is a beam fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other.

Consider a cantilever of length L fixed at the end A and loaded at the free end B by a weight W.
the end B is depressed to B’. AB is the neutral axis. BB’ represents the depression at the free
end. Consider the section of the cantilever P at a distance from the fixed end A. It is at a
distance (L-x) from the loaded end B’.

Fig. Depression over cantilever due to the load W

At the equilibrium,

External bending moment = Internal bending moment

External bending moment = WX PB’ = W (L-x)

I k2
Internal bending moment = Y = Ya
R R

I k2
At equilibrium, W (L-X)= = Y = Ya
R R

Here R is the radius of curvature of neutral axis at P. The moment of the load increases towards
the point A, the radius of curvature is different at different points and decreases towards A. For
a point Q at a distance dx from P, it is same as at P .let O be the center of curvature of the arc
PQ and dϴ be the angle subtended by the arc at the center.

PQ = dx = R.dƟ

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ak 2 d
Bending moment W (L-X) = Y
dx

Draw tangents to the neutral axis at P and Q meeting the vertical line at C and D. The angle
subtended by them is dƟ. The depression of Q below P is given by

(L − X )2
Vertical depression dy = (L − X )d = W .dx
Yak 2

Total depression BB1 of the loaded end

𝐿 𝑊(𝐿−𝑥)2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 =∫0 𝑌𝐼
𝑑𝑥

𝑊 𝐿
= ∫0 (𝐿 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑌𝐼

L (L − X ) 2 L3
 dy =  W
0 Yak 2
.dx = W
3YI

𝑊𝑙 3
y= 3𝑌𝐼
Cases discussion:

(a) Rectangular cross section:

If b is the breadth and d is the distance of the beam, then I= bd3/12.

4𝑊𝑙3
Therefore depression at the free end of the cantilever y = 𝑌𝑏𝑑3

(b) Circular cross section:

𝜋𝑟 4
If ‘r’ is the radius of circular cross section, then I = , therefore the depression
4
4𝑊𝑙3
at the free end of the cantilever y = 𝑌(3𝜋)𝑟 4

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COUPLE PER UNIT TWIST OF A SOLID CYCLINDER

O1

B
1

O B

l Ø dx

O
θ

B
1
B

Consider a cylindrical rod of rigidity modulus η, length l, radius r fixed at one end and twisted
at the other end through an angle θ by a couple. Imagine the cylinder to be made of large
number of coaxial cylinders of increasing radius. Consider a cylinder of radius x and thickness
dx. For a given couple, the displacement at its rim is maximum. On twisting, the point B shifts to
B1.

𝐵𝐵1 = 𝑙𝜑 = 𝑥𝜃
𝑥𝜃
𝜑=
𝑙
𝐹
𝐴 𝑛𝑥𝜃
𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝜂 = 𝜑
= 𝑙

This force is acting on the area 2.πx.dx

nx
F= 2x.dx
Total force l

nx 3
Moment of force along OO1 = couple = 2 .dx
l

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nx 3 2n R 4
R
Total twisting couple = 
0
l
2 .dx =
l 4

n R 4
Couple per unit twist = =
l 2

TORSIONAL PENDULUM

A rigid wire of length L and radius r is fixed at one end and forms the axis of rotation for a
regular or irregular body attached to its free end.

When the wire is twisted at its free end, the body is set into oscillations and those oscillations
are called Torsional Oscillations.

A heavy object suspended from end of a fine wire rotating about an

axis constitutes a torsional pendulum. Let θ be the twisting angle .The restoring couple set up in
n R 4
it is equal to .This produces angular acceleration. If I is the moment of Inertia of the
l 2
object,

d n 4
Torque = I . =− R
dt 2l

d nr 4 C
=− = −  , C is the couple per unit twist.
dt 2lI I

[ Angular Acceleration α - angular displacement]

I
Time period T = 2
C

𝑰 𝑪
Therefore, 𝟐 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐
𝑻
For the given wire, C is a constant and hence the ratio I/T2 is a constant irrespective of
the body and axis of rotation.
This principle is used to determine the moment of inertia of the irregular body and
8𝜋𝑙 𝐼
rigidity modulus of the wire using n= N/m2
𝑟4 𝑇2
Application of Torsional pendulum:
(i) To calculate the moment of Inertia of an irregular body by calculating the
Couple per twist for the wire using the regular bodies.
(ii) To calculate the rigidity modulus of the wire of the given material.

NUMERICALS :

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1. A load of 2Kg produces an extension of 1mm in a wire of length 3m and diameter of

1mm. Calculate the Young’s Modulus.

Given : m= 2Kg implies load or Force = 2X9.8 = 19.6 N

L = 3m, d= 1mm then r= 0.5mm = 0.5X10-3m

l= 1mm = 1X10-3m

𝐹
Soln: Young’s modulus = Y = 𝐴⁄𝑙
𝐿

= 19.6𝑋3⁄
3.14𝑋1𝑋10−3 𝑋(0.5𝑋10−3 ) 2

Y = 7.49X1010 N/m2

2. What is the force required to stretch a wire to double its length when its area of
cross section is 1cm2 and Young’s modulus is 2X1011N/m2

Given : A = 1cm2 = 1X10-4 m2 Y = 2X1011N/m2

Let us assume the length of the wire as L and the wire became 2L on applying
the force, therefore change in length = 2L-L= L.
𝐹⁄
𝐴
Soln: Y= 𝑙 N/m2
⁄𝐿
𝐹⁄
11 10−4
2X10 = 𝐿⁄
𝐿
7
F = 2X10 N

3. A wire of length 10m and diameter 2mm elongates 0.2mm when stretched by a
weight of 0.55Kg. Calculate Young’s modulus of the material of the wire.

Given : L = 10 m, d= 2mm then r= 1mm = 1X10-3m

l= 0.2mm = 0.2X10-3m : F = 0.55X9.8 = 5.39 N

𝐹⁄
𝐴
Soln : Y = 𝑙 N/m2
⁄𝐿
5.39𝑋10
2X1011 =
3.14𝑋0.2𝑋10−3 𝑋(1𝑋10−3 )2
53.9
F = 0.628𝑋10−9

= 8.58X1010N/m2

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4. A metal disc of 10cms radius and mass 1Kg is suspended in a horizontal plane by a
vertical wire attached to its center. If the diameter of the wire is 1mm, length 1m and the
period of torsional oscillation of 4 sec, find the rigidity modulus of the wire.
𝑚𝑅2 1𝑋 (10 𝑋10−2 )2 10−2
Given : Rd = 10 cms = 10 X 10-2m, m = 1Kg; I = 2
=
2
=
2

dw= 1mm = 1X10-3m, l = 1m, T = 4 sec

8𝜋𝑙 𝐼
Soln : n= N/m2
𝑟4 𝑇2

8𝑋3.14𝑋1 10−2
= X
(0.5𝑋10−3 )4 2𝑋 4 2

= 12.5X 1010 N/m2

5. A spherical ball contracts in volume by 0.01% when subjected to a normal
pressure of 108 N/m2. Find the bulk modulus of the material.

𝐹
Given : Pressure = 𝐴 = 108 N/m2
Let original volume be V= 100m3
Change in volume v = 0.01 m3
𝑣 0.01
Bulk strain = = = 1x 104
𝑉 100

𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Soln : Bulk modulus =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹⁄
𝐴
K=𝑣 N/m2
⁄𝑉
108
=
1𝑥 10−4
K = 1x 1012 N/m2

6. A copper wire of 3m long and 1mm diameter is subjected to the tension of 5N.
calculate the elongation produced in the wire if the Young’s modulus of elasticity
of copper is 120GPa.

Given : L =3m ; d = 1mm ; r = 0.5x10-3m ; F = 5N ; Y = 120x 109 Pa

𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Soln : Y =
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹⁄
𝐴
Y = 𝑙 N/m2
⁄𝐿

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5𝑥3
120x109 =
3.14𝑥(0.5𝑥10−3 )2 𝑥𝑙
5𝑥3
l =
3.14𝑥(0.5𝑥10−3 )2 𝑥120𝑥 109
= 0.159x10-3m
l = 0.16mm

7. A cantilever of steel fixed horizontally is subjected to a load of 225gm at its free

end. The geometric moment of Inertia of the cantilever is 4.5X10 -11Kgm2. If the
length of the cantilever and Young’s modulus of the steel are 1m and 200X 109Pa
respectively. Calculate the depression at the loaded end.

Given : m = 225gm; W = 225x9.8x10-3N; I = 4.5x10-11 Kgm2 ; l = 1m ; Y =

200x109 N/m2

𝑊𝑙 3
Soln : y= m
3𝐼𝑌
=
225𝑥 10−3 𝑥 9.8𝑥1
3𝑥200𝑥109 𝑥4.5𝑥10−11
y = 0.0186m

8. A circular cantilever of radius 1.2cm and length 1.5m is fixed at one end. In the
other end, a load of 2Kg is applied. The Young’s modulus of the cantilever is
19.5X1010 N/m2. Find the depression produced

Given : r = 1.2cm = 1.2x10-2m ; l = 1.5m; m= 2Kg = 2x 9.8 = 19.6 N ;

Y = 19.5x1010 N/m2
𝜋𝑟 4
Soln : For the circular cross sectional cantilever, I =
4
𝑊𝑙 3
Depression y = 𝜋𝑟4
3𝑌 4

4𝑥2𝑥9.8𝑥1.53
=
43𝑥19.5𝑥1010 𝑥3.14𝑥(1.2𝑥10−2 )4

= 0.695x10-2m
y = 0.695cm

9. A bar, 1m long with square cross section with sides being 5mm is supported
horizontally at its ends and is loaded at the middle point. It is depressed by

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Engineering Physics

1.96mm by a load of 100gm. Calculate the Young’s modulus of the material of

the bar (it is not uniform bending).
Given : b =d = 5mm = 5x10-3m ; l = 1m; m= 100gm = 100x10-3 x 9.8 = 0.98 N ;
y = 1.96mm = 1.96x10-3 m

𝑊𝑙 3
Depression y = 𝑏𝑑3
3𝑌 12
𝑏4
For rectangular cross sectional bar, b=d, Ig =
12
0.98𝑥1
Y= (5𝑥10−3 )4
3𝑥1.96𝑥10−3 𝑥 12

Y = 0.032x1010 N/m2
10. A wire of radius 1mm and length 2m is twisted through 90°. Calculate the angle
of shear φ at the surface and at its axis, if the rigidity nodulus is 5x10 10 N/m2.
What is the torsional couple?

Given : r = 1mm ; l = 2m ; ϴ = 900 ; n = 5x1010N/m2

Soln : We know r ϴ = l φ
(i) At the axis of the wire, r = 0, therefore φ = 0
1𝑥10−3 𝜋
(ii) At the surface, φ = = 0.0025 𝜋
2 2

𝜋𝑛𝑟 4 𝛳
(iii) Couple per twist C =
2𝑙
3.14𝑥 5𝑥 1010 𝑥 (1𝑥10−3 )4 𝜋
= x
2𝑥2 2
-2
= 6.16x 10 Nm

Department of Engineering Physics, HKBKCE Page 20