Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2019, pp. 1117~1123

ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1117-1123  1117

Fault analysis for renewable energy power system in

micro-grid distributed generation

Ameerul A. J. Jeman1, Naeem M. S. Hannoon2, Nabil Hidayat3, Mohamed M. H. Adam4,

Ismail Musirin5, Vijayakumar V6
1,2,3,4,5Facultyof Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UITM), Malaysia
6School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University Chennai, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In distribution system, wind power plants are becoming popular renewable
energy sources. It employs Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) to
Received Oct 5, 2018 generate power based on wind conversion. Short and long transmission lines,
Revised Dec 6, 2018 presence of faults and presence of Static Synchronous Compensator
Accepted Dec 16, 2018 (STATCOM) are highlighted issues in this paper. Basically, this research
develops investigations on some electrical variables such as voltage and
current to control them. Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator
Keywords: (DSTATCOM) is proposed in this paper. Wind farm acts as a source while
DSTATCOM is connected to the distribution system with a DFIG based
DFID wind farm. The controller proposed is DSTATCOM is modeled and
Doubly fed induction generator simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are given. A microgrid
DSTATCOM based small signal analysis is performed in the laboratory using MATLAB
Renewable energy and different comparisons are made and simulation case studies are presented
STATCOM and validated.
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Naeem M. S. Hannoon,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Fault in electrical equipment or apparatus is defined as an imperfection in the electrical circuit due
to which current is deflected from the intended path. Renewable energy often provides energy in four
important areas which are electricity generation, air and water heating or cooling, transportation, and rural
(off-grid) energy services. Sustainable power (sources) or RES catch their vitality from existing streams of
vitality, from on-going characteristic procedures, for example, daylight, wind, streaming water, natural
procedures, and geothermal warmth streams. In other words, the fault is the abnormal condition of the
electrical system which damages the electrical equipment and disturbs the normal flow of the electric current.
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location and it is used to provide electricity.
An electrical energy producer is utilizing the renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal and
biomass. The wind energy has lots of meaningful advantages with respect to other sources in terms of
generation costs and installation. Wind cultivate is a region of land with a bunch of twist turbines for driving
electrical generators. The wind energy is converted to electrical energy by the use of a generator.
Wind turbine structure of the six-bladed turbine. Wind energy has knowledgeable an extraordinary expansion
in recent years. The wind farm is aged, their operations are very complicated are gaining implications.
Wind industries meet exaggerated failures due to failure of wind turbine equipment [1]. Output voltage
during fault at short transmission line and long transmission line are different. Not many researchers
highlighted the effect of changing transmission line on the voltage profiles of distributed generation.

Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/ijeecs

1118  ISSN: 2502-4752

Besides that, there is no specific system to regulate voltage in power system to determine the location of
distributed generation issues.
The objectives of this research are as follows;
a) To study the power system oscillation during single-phase fault.
b) To analyze the voltage profile and fault level at short and long transmission lines.
c) To propose a strategy system that regulates voltage profiles in power system.
In this project, the focused study is to analyze the fault of distributed generation for renewable
energy. With the aid of software tools, the verification of a proposed strategy to study the fault analysis for
renewable energy (wind) power system distributed generation during outage is completed.
The fault ride through capability of renewable energy sources for providing support to the power
grid under several disturbances allow people to researchers to consider them not only as passive elements in
the power system network, but also as additional services for the mitigation of evolving contingencies.
In electrical power designing, fault ride through (FRT), once in a while under-voltage ride through (UVRT)
or Low voltage ride through (LVRT), is the capacity of electric generators to remain associated in brief times
of lower electric system voltage. For smoother fault recovery, a critical dead band zone modification is
suggested [2].
Since renewable energy source network has the ability to transmit large power over a long distance
with less loss and without any need of synchronization, it needs high voltage direct current (HVDC)
transmission [3]. For long-separate power transmission, HVDC lines are more affordable, and misfortunes
are less when contrasted with AC transmission.
A lot of power systems are facing power quality problems and transmission equipment are stressed
with heavy power flows over long distances [4]. Power Quality or Voltage Quality alludes to the changing of
the ideal sinusoidal voltage waveform to non-sinusoidal or mutilated voltage waveform. Distributed
generation (DG) units can minimize the burden on transmission networks by supplying local loads and
providing ancillary services. The other way round, increased penetration of DG units in the distribution
networks require new operating conditions to ensure safe and secure system operation. This concern appears
during the operation of small to medium-scale low and medium voltage micro grids.
In recent years the number of renewable energy generators connected to Ireland’s electricity grid has
steadily increased. The Republic of Ireland is now expected to source 13.2% of the electricity it consumes
from renewables by 2010, which represents a significant challenge to the electricity system operators and
planners [5]. They described the modelling and simulation of a small hybrid wind and hydro generating plant
connected to the distribution network. They investigated the effects upon the plant of transmission network
faults and continuous voltage unbalance. Voltage unbalance can cause three-phase engines and other three-
phase burdens to encounter poor execution or untimely disappointment in light of the accompanying;
mechanical worries in engines because of lower than typical torque yield, unbalance current will stream in
impartial conductors in three-stage wye frameworks and higher than ordinary current in engines and three-
stage rectifiers.
In a wind turbine energy system reviewed, most applications of data mining had been
overwhelming. The biggest challenge in the world is wind power predictions [1]. Wind energy research
involving wind turbine control, turbine monitoring and detection of fault are surveyed. Particular faulty
components are identified. Wind turbine conditions are monitored and fault defects are analyzed. High level
of wind energy penetration into the grid system results in operation constraints to avoid any tripping out of
wind generators from the grid during fault conditions [6].
The detection and classification of power system faults is an important task for the relaying system.
The relay system recognizes the deplorable or bothersome condition with a doled out region and gives the
charges to the electrical switch to disengage the influenced region. The relaying is an important aspect
for the protection of transmission lines, generators, bus-bars, and transformers for reliable power system
operation [7]. The accurate fault location is a very challenging task for protection of power transmission line.
The faulty system can be restored as early as possible if the accurate locations of faults are known.
Nowadays, renewable energy source such as wind has increased significantly.
In the extra high voltage transmission line, the transient components are introduced during the faulty
conditions. The transients may damage the power system equipment as well as may also lead to the mal-
operation of the equipment utilized for a specific application in the power network. Transient surges are
characterized as fleeting blasts of vitality that are prompted upon control. These transient components are
intensified in the presence of distributed generation sources such as wind and solar power generation [8].

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2019 : 1117 – 1123
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1119

2. RESEARCH METHOD
This paper is simulated by using software (MATLAB Simulink 2010). The voltage versus time is
observed for this research. This simulation of wind turbine produces 9 MW connected to the main grid which
will be used during islanding in order to provide continuous electricity to micro-grid. The manipulated
variables in this research are the length of transmission line, faulty presence and STATCOM
presence, as shown in Figure 1.

D-STATCOM
+/- 3Mvar
Average

C
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
A Micro Grid Consisting of a DFIG Wind Farm Capacitive

cC
aA

bB
Bstatcom

Measurement Power GUI BANK 1 Mvar1

Switching

C
A

C
Display2

b
a

c
A

C
Display3 singlev

To Workspace3

b
a

c
Vabc
Circuit Vabc
A
Three-Phase
Iabc
A
Breaker Transformer Tr. Line 1 Iabc Tr. Line 2 Tr. Line 3 V-I Measurement1

v
Voltage Measurement

+
B a Aa

-
aB a A A A aA A a aA A A a A A A A A
Bb
b b B B B bB B b bB B B b b B B B B B
C
c c C
C C cC C c cC C C C c C C C C C Cc
c
120 kV GRID 120 kV/25 kV B25
(25 kV)
GRID B120 47 MVA
18 Km PCC Islanding 8 Km
(120 kV) A (25 kV) Circuit

c
b
N B

a
Three-Phase

C
C Breaker V-I Measurement2

b
a

c
3.3ohms

C
A
B
Grounding
Transf-
ormer

B
C

C
Three-Phase

Vabc
WT

Iabc
Vabc
V-I Measurement

Iabc

b
a

c
a

c
i
+
-
WT
Voltage Three-Phase Fault Current Measurement
and

A
B
C
A

C
Current 25 kV/ 575 V
Three-Phase
10.5MVA
Transformer Series RLC Load

c
Load
Display
threev

To Workspace4
11
V
Local 0
A

B
Tm

Selector2
C

To Workspace
Non-Linear
Load
A

C
Qref_pu
Wind (m/s)

Vabc Mag_V_I
Display1
m

Selector1
I
Iabc P_Q
Terminator1
m

To Workspace1
<P_pu> Discrete 3-phase
Positive-Sequence
Active & Reactive Power Selector simout
<Q_pu>

9 MW To Workspace2

DFIG Wind Farm

Display4

Selector3
Display5

Figure 1. Overall circuit of the system (wind farm)

DFIG is great since it can work in a higher breeze speed range and yield or devour receptive power
through the polarization gave. As a breeze turbine driven on DFIG, AC-DC-AC converter, wind turbine
control, wound rotor enlistment generator, drive prepare and turbine are incorporated inside it. Turbine speed
can be upgraded and DFIG will permit the extraction of greatest vitality from the breeze for low breeze
speeds, while constraining mechanical weight on the turbine amid whirlwinds.
The purpose of normal coupling where the DSTATCOM is connected to. PCC otherwise called
purpose of normal coupling is where conveyed age (DG) units are coupled together. It additionally provided
to the heap. In this paper, DFIG works in islanding mode. The DSTATCOM is essentially a voltage source
inverter with a DC capacitor in the info. This DC capacitor is essentially the wellspring of the receptive
power that is provided by the DSTATCOM.
Voltage source inverter (VSC) is the primary unit of DSTATCOM which changes over the DC
voltage over the capacity gadget into an arrangement of three-stage AC yield voltages. The circulation
framework is in stage and combined with these voltages through the reactance of the coupling transformer.
The capacity of VSC is to infuse the distinction between the evaluated voltage and the voltage amid the hang
condition, and to totally supplant the voltage.
DSTATCOM is Distribution Static Compensator and an individual from the CPD family.
Goes about as a custom power gadget, it is shunt associated with the dissemination framework and it helps in
infusing current through an interfacing inductor at the purpose of regular coupling. For the most part,
to control a DSTATCOM, the terminating of the entryway terminals is the key [9]. There are a couple of
sorts of controls accessible, for example, Synchronous reference outline control (SRF), solidarity control
factor based control (UPF), Instantaneous responsive power hypothesis (IRPT) and the sky is the limit
from there.

Fault analysis for renewable energy power system in micro-grid distributed... (Ameerul A. J. Jeman)
1120  ISSN: 2502-4752

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1. Short Transmission (0.5 km)
As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the results are at 0.5 km without fault during islanding.
When STATCOM is not connected in the grid, the voltage reading at the load is higher than when
STATCOM is connected in the grid. However, when STATCOM is connected to the grid, reactive power,
Q is absorbed which makes the reactive power reading becomes very close to zero. Before STATCOM is
connected, the reactive power is not stable and below zero.

Table 1. Coparison Resut without Statcom and with Statcom (without Fault) at 0.5 Km
WITHOUT FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Graph of voltage and current versus time

(b) Graph of voltage versus time
(c) Graph of reactive power versus time

Table 2. Value Taken when the Graph is Constant (4 S)

WITHOUT FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM
114.9 Voltage (kV) 21.65
201.9 Current (I) 38.3
-34.3 Reactive Power (MVar) -1.231

As shown in Table 3 and Table 4, the results are at 0.5 km with fault during islanding. Fault is set to
happen from 1.5 s to 2.0 s. Without STATCOM, the voltage shoots up very high from the normal voltage and
the reactive power below zero and not in a steady state at all. The shooting up voltage must be avoided since
it can cause damages to the load or any other equipment. However, with STATCOM, the shooting up voltage
can be controlled back to the normal range. The reactive power when STATCOM absorbed it is more stable
and reaching to zero.

3.2. Long Transmission (5 km)

As shown in Table 5 and Table 6, the results are at 5 km without fault during islanding. When the
grid without STATCOM is compared to the grid with STATCOM, the voltage reading is higher.
Once reactive power is absorbed by the STATCOM, the voltage and reactive power become better in terms
of the stability. The reactive power when there is no STATCOM always far from zero but when there is
STATCOM, it controls it back so that it can become near to zero.

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2019 : 1117 – 1123
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1121

Table 3. Coparison Resut without Statcom and with Statcom (with Fault) at 0.5 Km
WITH FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Graph of voltage and current versus time

(b) Graph of voltage versus time
(c) Graph of reactive power versus time

Table 4. Value Taken when Graph is Constant (4 S)

WITH FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM
149.1 Voltage (kV) 15.89
255.2 Current (I) 30.12
-56.95 Reactive Power (MVar) -0.7221

Table 5. Comparison Result without Statcom and with Statcom (without Fault) at 5 Km
WITHOUT FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Graph of voltage and current versus time

(b) Graph of voltage versus time
(c) Graph of reactive power versus time

Table 6. Value Taken when the Graph is Constant (4 s)

WITHOUT FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM
117.4 Voltage (kV) 22.08
207.1 Current (I) 36.4
-36.12 Reactive Power (MVar) -1.142

Fault analysis for renewable energy power system in micro-grid distributed... (Ameerul A. J. Jeman)
1122  ISSN: 2502-4752

As shown in Table 7 and Table 8, the results are at 5 km with fault during islanding. Fault is set to
happen from 1.5 s to 2.0 s. The voltage shoots down a bit when there is no STATCOM. STATCOM must be
installed to recover that problem. After the installation of STATCOM, the voltage reading becomes more
stable toward the end of the graph. As for the reactive power, it becomes steady state towards the end of the
graph after the STATCOM is installed into the grid system.

Table 7. Comparison Result without Statcom and with Statcom (with Fault) at 5 Km
WITH FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Graph of voltage and current versus time

(b) Graph of voltage versus time
(c) Graph of reactive power versus time

Table 8. Value Taken when the Graph is Constant (4 S)

WITH FAULT (DURING ISLANDING)
WITHOUT STATCOM WITH STATCOM
65.31 Voltage (kV) 23.46
117.6 Current (I) 38.94
-11.18 Reactive Power (MVar) -1.114

Table 9 and Table 10 show the comparison of voltages and reactive powers at 0.5 km and 5 km
respectively. The values are tabulated to see whether voltage or reactive power increase or decrease at certain
condition.

Table 9. Comparison of Voltages (KV) between 0.5 Km and 5 Km

0.5 km 5 km
WITHOUT WITHOUT STATCOM 114.9 117.4
FAULT WITH STATCOM 21.65 22.08
WITH WITHOUT STATCOM 149.1 65.31
FAULT WITH STATCOM 15.89 23.46

Table 10. Comparison of Reactive Power (MVAR) between 0.5 Km and 5 Km

0.5 km 5 km
WITHOUT WITHOUT STATCOM -34.3 -36.12
FAULT WITH STATCOM -1.231 -1.142
WITH WITHOUT STATCOM -56.95 -11.18
FAULT WITH STATCOM -0.7221 -1.114

4. CONCLUSION
While the conduction of the plan for wind farm, steps of precaution were taken against islanding.
It was due to the prevention of catastrophic consequences for equipment connected to the islanding network.
From the results, fault had shown that it could make a change to the voltage graph at the load. The change

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2019 : 1117 – 1123
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1123

was in terms of the magnitude of the voltage after fault had occurred. However, when controller
(STATCOM) had been installed, it could regulate the voltage back to the normal range. Towards the end of
the graph, the voltage signal became steady which put it in steady state form. The voltage magnitude
depended on the reactive power.
During no STATCOM, the reactive power graphs were below zero. That referred to both cases
which were short transmission line (0.5 km) and long transmission line (5 km). STATCOM acted as a
controller, it absorbed reactive power from the grid system. Once reactive power from is absorbed by
STATCOM from the grid system, the reactive power graph reached to zero and in steady state mode very
near to zero. When reactive power was absorbed, it reduced the voltage.
The behavior depicted was quite different from the normal power system during islanding.
To control the system, STATCOM had been designed. As a recommendation, hopefully, in the future, more
researches and results will be gained from these experiments. A better controller can be designed to gain the
desired voltage for this research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author and researchers sincerely thank IRMI, 600-IRMI/DANA 5/3/LESTARI (0169/2016),
and UiTM for providing lab facility and the fund to conduct this research smoothly.

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Fault analysis for renewable energy power system in micro-grid distributed... (Ameerul A. J. Jeman)