lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Chapter 4 - This lecture note is mainly discuss about network

analysis and synthesis.
fundamental of electrical engineering (Adama Science and Technology University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

CHAPTER 4

4.Elementary Synthesis procedures

The basic philosophy behind the synthesis of driving point functions is to break up a p.r. function

Z (s ) into a sum of simpler p.r. functions Z 1 ( s ), Z 2 ( s ),⋅ ⋅ ⋅, Z n ( s ) and then to synthesize these

individual Z i (s ) as elements of the overall network whose driving-point impedance is Z (s ) .

Z (s) = Z1 (s) + Z 2 ( s) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + Z n ( s)

First, consider the “breaking-up” process of the function Z (s ) into the sum of functions Z i (s ) .

One important restriction is that all Z i (s ) must be p.r. Certainly, if all Z i (s ) were given to us, we could

synthesized a network whose driving-point impedance is Z (s ) by simply connecting all the Z i (s ) in

series. How if we were to start with Z (s ) to give us the individual Z i (s ) ? Suppose Z (s ) is given in

general as

a n s n + a n −1 s n −1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + a1 s + a0
Z (s) =
bm s m + bm−1 s m−1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + b1 s + b0

Consider the case where Z (s ) has a pole at s = 0 (that is, b0 = 0 ). Let us divide P (s ) and Q(s ) to

give a quotient D / s and a remainder R (s ) , which we can denote as Z 1 ( s ) and Z 2 ( s ) .

D
Z (s) = + R( s) ≥0
s
= Z1 (s) + Z 2 (s)

Are Z 1 and Z 2 p.r.? From previous discussions, we know that Z1 = D / s is p.r. Is Z 2 ( s ) p.r. ? Consider

the p.r. criteria given previously.

1. Z 2 ( s ) Must have no poles in the right half plane.

2. Poles of Z 2 ( s ) on the imaginary axis must be simple, and their residues must be real and

positive.

3. Re[ Z 2 ( jω )] ≥ 0 for all ω

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 1

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Let us examine these cases one by one. Criterion 1 is satisfied because the poles of Z 2 ( s ) are poles

of Z (s ) . Criterion 2 is satisfied by this same argument. A simple partial fraction expansion does not affect

the residues of the other poles. When s = jω , Re[Z ( jω ) = D / jω ] = 0 . Therefore,

we have Re Z 2 ( jω ) = Z ( jω ) ≥ 0

From the foregoing discussion, it is seen that if Z (s ) has a pole at s = 0 , a partial fraction

expansion can be made such that one of the terms is of the form K / s and the other terms combined still
remain p.r. A similar argument shows that if Z (s ) has a pole at s = ∞ (that is, n − m = 1) , we can divide

the numerator by the denominator to give a quotient Ls and a remainder term R (s ) , again denoted as

Z1 ( s ) and Z 2 ( s ) . Then Z ( s ) = Ls + R ( s ) = Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s ) . Here Z 2 ( s ) is also p.r.

If Z (s ) has a pair of conjugate imaginary poles on the imaginary axis, for example, poles at

s = ± jω1 , then Z (s ) can be expanded into partial fractions so that

2 Ks 2 Ks  j 2ωK 
Z ( s) = + Z ( s ) Here Re( ) = Re  = 0 So that Z 2 ( s ) is p.r.
s 2 + ω12 s 2 + ω12  − ω + ω1
2 2 2


Finally, if Re[Z ( jω )] is minimum at some point ωi , and Re[Z ( jωi )] = K i as shown in fig.below,

we can remove a constant K ≤ K i from Re[Z ( jω )] so that the remainder is still p.r. This is because

Re[Z ( jω )] will still be greater than or equal to zero for all values of ω .

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 2

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Synthesis of One-Port Networks with Two Kinds Of Element

4.1 Introduction

In this chapter we will study methods for synthesizing one-port network with two kinds of
elements. Since we have three elements to choose from, the networks to be synthesized are either
R − C , R − L or L − C network. We first discuss the properties of a particular type of one-port network

and then we will synthesize it.

A single-port network is a load on the source that excites it. As we have discussed already, the
ratio of source voltage to current drawn by the network is calleddriving-point impedance, and equation
below expresses how the driving-point impedance is obtained. The ratio of source current to source
voltage is called as the driving-point admittance. Both the driving-point impedance and the driving-point
admittance are the driving-point functions. The term, the driving-point immittance, is used to either the
driving-point impedance or the driving-point admittance.

V (s) I (s)
Z (s) = and Y ( s ) =
I (s) V (s)

I (s )
A
V (s )+ network
_
consistin
Fig. 4.1.a. A single port or two terminal network

There are a number of methods of systhesizing ( or realizing ) a one port network ,only consider the
four basic forms as follows:

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 3

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

• Foster –I or Foster series form , as shown in fig:4.1.b

• Foster –II or Foster parellel form , as shown in fig:4.1.c
• Cauer-I form and , as shown in fig:4.1.d
• Cauer-II form, as shown in fig:4.1.d

The Foster I and II forms are obtained by Partial fraction expansion of Z(s) and Y(s) respectively and

the Cauer I and II forms by Continued –fraction exapansion of immittance function by arranging both
numerator and denominator in descending and ascending order respecteively.

Z1 Zn

Z(s)

Z2

Z(s)=Z 1 + Z 2 +-------------Z n Fig:4.1.b Foster – I form

Y(s) Y1 Y2 Yn

Y(s) = Y 1 + Y 2 +------------Y n Fig:4.1.c Foster – II form

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 4

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Z 1 (s) / Y 1 (s) Z 3 (s) / Y 3 (s) Z 5 (s) / Y 5 (s)

끫뢘2 끫뢘 끫뢘
�끫뢚 4�끫뢚 6�끫뢚
2 4 6

Z(s) / Y(s)

Fig:4.1.d Cauer - I and II forms

4.2. Properties and Synthesis of L-C Driving-point Immittances

Before we proceed to synthesis of L-C network, we will first examine some properties of L − C
driving point immittances.

4.2.1 Properties of L-C Immittance Functions

Consider the impedance Z (s ) of a passive one-port network. Let us represent Z (s ) as

M 1 (s ) + N1 (s )
z (s ) = where M 1 , M 2 are even parts of the numerator and denominator and N 1 , N 2
M 2 (s ) + N 2 (s )
are odd parts respectively. The average power dissipated by the one–port network is

Re[z ( jϖ )][I ]
1
Average power =
2

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 5

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

where I is the input current. For a pure reactive network, it is know that the power dissipated is zero. We
therefore conclude that the real part of Z(s) is zero.

Re[Z(jw)] = 0

That is the same as

Re[Z ( jϖ )] = Ev[Z ( jϖ )] = 0 ( from condition of positive real function)

M 1 (s )M 2 (s ) − N 1 (s )N 2 (s )
where Ev[Z (s )] =
M 2 (s ) − N 2 (s )
2 2

In order to Ev [Z ( jω )] = 0 ⇒ M 1 ( jω )M 2 ( jω ) − N 2 ( jω )N1 ( jω ) = 0 , either of the following case must

hold

(a) M 1 ( jω ) =0=N 2 ( jω )

(b) M 2 ( jω ) =0=N 1 ( jω )

N1 (s)
Incase (a), Z (s ) =
M
andincase (b), Z (s ) = 1 .
M 2 (s) N2

Consider the example of an L-C immittance function given by

a4 s 4 + a 2 s 2 + a0
Z (s ) = 3 1

+b s +b s
5
s b 5 3 1

K (s + ω )(s + ω22 )
2 2 2
Z (s) =
s (s 2 + ω )(s 2 + ω32 )
0
2
1

We see from this development the following properties of L-C functions:

1. Z LC (s ) and hence YLC (s ) are the ratio of even to odd or odd to even polynomials (this
property is also called as Fosters Reactance theorem.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 6

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

2. Since both M i (s ) and N i (s ) are Hurwitz, they have only imaginary roots with real parts
equals to zero and it follows that the poles and zeros of Z LC (s ) or YLC (s ) are on the jω -
axis.
3. The pole and zeros interlace (or alternate ) on the jw- axis
4. The highest power of numerator and denominator differ by unity
5. The lowest power of numerator and denominator differ by unity
6. There must be either a zero or a pole at the origin and infinity.

Exercises: Check whether the following functions are L-C or not.

1. z ( s ) =
(
Ks s 2 + 4 ) 2. Z ( s ) =
s 2 + 4 s 2 + 5s
(s 2 + 1)(s 2 + 3) 3s 2 + 6 s 2

3. Z ( s ) =
(
K s2 +1 s2 + 9 )( ) 4. Z ( s ) =
( )(
2 s2 +1 s2 + 9 )
( )
s 2 + 2 (s 2 + 10 ) (
s s2 + 4 )
Note: When L and C are in series Z(s)= sL + 1/sC

and L and C are in parallel Y(s) = sC + 1/sL

4.2.2 Synthesis of L-C Immittance Functions

We saw in the above section that an L-C immittance is a positive real function with poles and zeros on the
jw axis only. The partial fraction expansion of an L-C function is expressed in general terms as

K0 Ks K s Ks
F (s) = + 2 1 2 + 2 2 2 .⋅⋅⋅ + 2 i 2 + K∞s
s s + ω1 s + ω2 s + ωi

The synthesis is accomplished directly from the partial fraction expansion by associating the individual
terms in the expansion with network elements. If F(s) is an impedance Z(s), then the term K 0 / s

represents a capacitor of 1 / K 0 farads: the term K ∞ s is an inductor of K ∞ henrys, and the term

Ki s
is a parallel tank circuit that consists of a capacitor of 1 / K i farads in parallel with an inductor
s + ωi
2 2

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 7

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

of K i / ω i2 . Thus a partial fraction expansion of general L-C impedance would yield the network shown in

fig. 4.3. This method of synthesis that is based on partial fraction expansion is called Foster synthesis.

Fig. 4.3. Foster Synthesis of an L-C impedance function

For example, consider the following L-C function.

Z (s ) =
( )(
2 s2 +1 s2 + 9 )
(
s s2 + 4 )
A partial fraction expansion of Z(s) gives

15
s
Z (s ) = 2 s +
9/2 2
+ 2
s s +4

We then obtain the synthesized network shown in fig. 4.4.

Fig. 4.4.

The partial fraction expansion method is based upon the elementary synthesis procedure of removing
poles on the jω axis.The advantage with L-C functions is that all the poles of the function lie on the jω -

axis so that we can remove all the poles simultaneously. Then the partial fraction expansion of Y(s) which
Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 8

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

is given by the equation below gives us a circuit consisting of parallel branches as shown in fig. 4.5. This
is Foster II synthesis method of an LC network.

K0 K s K s
Y (s) = + 2 2 2 + 2 4 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + K∞ s
s s + ω2 s + ω4

Fig. 4.5. Foster II synthesis

For example consider the admittance function Y (s ) =

( )(
s s 2 + 2 s2 + 4 )
( )(
s2 +1 s2 + 3 ) .

The partial fraction expansion of Y(s) is

1 3
s s
Y (s) = s + 2
+ 22
s + 3 s +1
2

from which we synthesize the network shown in fig. 4.6.

Fig. 4.6

The L.C networks synthesized by a partial fraction expansions are, as mentioned above, sometimes called
Faster–type networks the impedance from is sometimes called a foster series networks(Foster I)and the
admittance form is a foster parallel network (Foster II).

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 9

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

A useful property of L-C immittances is that the numerator and the denominator always differ in degree
by unity. Therefore, there is always a zero or pole at s = ∞ . Suppose we consider the case of an L-C
impedance Z(s) whose numerator is of degree 2n and denominator is of degree 2n-1, giving Z(s) a pole at
s = ∞ . We can remove this pole by removing impedanceL 1 s so that the remainder function Z 2 (s) is still L-
C.

Z 2 ( s ) = Z ( s ) − L1 s

The degree of the denominator of Z 2 ( s ) is 2n − 1 but the numerator is of degree 2n-2 because the

numerator and denominator must differ in degree by 1.Therefore we see that Z 2 ( s ) has a zero at s = ∞

. If we invert Z 2 ( s ) to give Y2 ( s ) = 1 / Z 2 ( s ) , then Y2 ( s ) will have a pole at s = ∞ which we can again

remove to give a capacitor C 2 s and a remainder Y 3 (s), which is

Y3 ( s ) = Y2 ( s ) − C 2 s.

We readily see that Y3 ( s ) has a zero at s = ∞ , which we can invert and remove. This process continues

until the remainder is zero. Each time we remove a pole, we remove an inductor or a capacitor depending
upon whether the function is impedance or admittance. Note that the final structure of the network
synthesized is a ladder whose series arms are inductors and whose shunt arms are capacitors, as shown
in fig. 4.7.

Fig. 4.7 Cauer Synthesis of an L-C impedance function

Consider the following example,

2s 5 + 12s 3 + 16s
Z (s) =
s 4 + 4s 2 + 3

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 10

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

We see that Z (s ) has a pole at s = ∞ , which we can remove by first dividing the denominator into the

numerator to give a quotient 2 s and a remainder Z 2 ( s ) , as shown in fig. 4.8.

Fig. 4.8

Then we have

4 s 3 + 10 s
Z 2 ( s) = Z ( s) − 2s = 4
s + 4s 2 + 3

Observe that Z 2 ( s ) has a zero at s = ∞ . Inverting Z 2 ( s ), we again remove the pole at infinity. Then we

1
realize a capacitor of farad and remainder Y3 ( s ) , as may be seen in fig. 4.9.
4

3 2
s +3
1 2
Y3 ( s ) = Y2 ( s ) − s = 2
4 4 s + 10 s

Removing the pole at s = ∞ of Z 3 ( s ) = 1 / Y3 ( s ), gives a series inductor of 8 h and

3

8 2s
Z 4 ( s) = Z 3 ( s) − s = as shown in fig. 4.10.
3 3 2
s +3
2

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 11

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Fig. 4.9 Fig. 4.10

3
The admittance Y4 ( s ) = 1 / Z 4 ( s ) has a pole at s = ∞ , which we remove to give a capacitor of farad
4
2
and a remainder Y5 ( s ) = 3 / 2 s, which represents an inductor of h . Removing this inductor gives us zero
3
remainder. Our synthesis is therefore complete and the final network is shown in fig. 4.11.

Fig. 4.11

Since we always remove a pole at s = ∞ by inverting the remainder and dividing, we conclude that we
can synthesis an L-C ladder network by a continued fraction expansion. The quotients represent the poles
at s = ∞ , which we remove, and we invert the remainder successively until the remainder is zero. For the
previous example, the continued fraction expansion is

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 12

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

s 4 + 4S 2 + 3 2s 5 + 12s 3 + 16s (2s ↔ Z

2 s 5 + 8s 3 + 6 s
1
4s 3 + 10s ) s 4 + 4s 2 + 3 s ↔ Y
4
5
s4 + s2
2
3 2  8
s + 3 4s 3 + 10s s ↔ Z
2  3
4 s + 8s
3

3
2s ) s 2 + 3 s ↔ Y
3
2 4
3 2
s
2
2
3 )2s s ↔ Z
3
2s

We see that the quotients of the continued fraction expansion give the elements of the ladder network.
Because the continued fraction expansion always invites each remainder and divide, the successive
quotients alternate between Z and Y and then againZ, as shown in the proceeding expansion. If the initial
function is impedance, the first quotient must necessarily be impedance. When the first function is an
admittance the first quotient is an admittance.

Since the lowest degrees of numerator and denominator of an L-C admittance must differ by unity, it
follows that there must be a zero or a pole at s = 0 . If we follow the same procedure we have just outlined
and remove successively poles at s = 0 , we will have an alternate realization in a ladder structure. To do
this by continued fraction, we arrange both numerator and denominator in ascending order and divide
the lowest power of the denominator into the lowest power of the numerator: then we invert the
remainder and divide again.

For example in the case of the impedance we have

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 13

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Z (s ) =
(s 2
)( )
+ 1 s 2 + 3 3 + 4s 2 + s 4
=
(
s s2 + 2 ) 2s + s 3

The continued fraction expansion to give the alternate realization is

 3
2s + s 3 3 + 4s 2 + s 4  ← z
 2s
3
3 + s2
2
5 2   4
s + s 4 2 s + s 3  ← Y
2   5s
4
2s + s 3
5
1 35 2  25
s  s + s4 ←Z
5 2  2s
5 2
s
2
 1
s4 ) 15 s 3
  ← Y
  5s
1 3
s
5

The final synthesized network is shown in fig. 4.12. The ladder networks realized are called cauer ladder
network because W. Cauer discovered the continued fraction method for synthesis of a passive network.

Fig. 4.12

Note that for both the foster and the Cauer-form realizations the number of element is one greater than
the number of intern critical frequents which we defined previously as being all the poles and zeros of

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 14

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

the function excluding those at s = 0 and s = ∞ . Without going into the proof of the statement, it can be
said that both the foster and the Cauer forms give the minimum number of elements for a specified LC
driving .point function. These realizations are sometimes known as canonical forms.

4.3 Properties and Synthesis of R-C Impedances and R-L Admittances

The poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis ( including origin ) of the complex s-plan

The poles and zeros interlace ( or alternate ) along the negative real axis

(a) The residues of the poles of Z R-C (s) or Y R-L (s) must be real and positive
(b) The residues of the poles of the Y R-C (s) or Z R-L (s) must be real and negative, however the residues
끫뢘끫뢊−끫롬 (끫룀)
of the poles of
끫룀

Let us consider first the properties or R-C driving point impedance functions.

Referring to the series foster form for an L-C impedance given in the fig. 4.3, we can obtain a foster
realization of an R-C impedance by simply replacing all the inductances by resistance so that a general R-
C impedance could be represented as shown in Fig. 4.13.

Fig. 4.13 Foster realization of an R-C Impedance function

K0 Ki
Z (s ) =
K1 K2
+ K∞ + + + ... +
s s + σ1 s + σ 2 s +σi

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 15

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Ki
where C 0 = 1 , R∞ = K ∞ , C i = 1 , Ri =
K0 Ki σ i.

From this development two major properties of R-C impedance are obtained and are listed in the
following

1. The poles of R-C driving point impedance are on the negative real (− σ ) -axis it can be shown from

a parallel foster form that the poles of an R-C admittance function are also on the axis we can thus

conclude that the zeros of an R-C impedances are also on the (− σ ) -axis.

2. The residues of the poles K i are real and positive.We shall see later that this property does not

apply to R-C admittances.

Since the poles and zero of R-C impedances are on the (− σ ) -axis, let us examine the slope of Z (σ ) along

dZ (σ )
the - σ -axis. To find the slope, , we first let s = σ in Z (s ) and then we take the derivative of Z ( σ
dσ
) w. r. t σ . Thus we have,

k0 K2 K2
Z (σ ) = + K∞ + +
σ σ + σ1 σ + σ 2

dZ (σ ) − K0 − K1 − K2
and = + + + ...
dσ σ2
(σ + σ 1 ) 2
(σ + σ 2 ) 2

dZ (σ )
It is clear that <0
dσ

Let us now look at the behavior of Z(s) at the two points where the real axis and the imaginary axis interest,
namely at σ = ω = 0 and at σ = ω = ∞ . This is readily done by examining the general R-C network in

fig. 4.13 at these two frequencies. At σ = 0 (dc), if the capacitor C o is in the circuit, it is an open circuit

and there is a pole of Z(s) at σ = 0 . If C o is not in the circuit, then Z (0) is simply the sum of all the
resistances in the circuitbecause all of the capacitors are open circuits at σ = 0 .

. Z (0) = R1 + R2 + ... + R∞

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 16

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

At σ = ∞ all the capacitors are short circuits.Thus if R∞ is in the circuit, Z (∞ ) = R∞ . If R∞ is missing

then Z (∞ ) =0. To summarize these last two statements we have

∞ C 0 Pr esent

1. Z (0) =  ∞
∑ Ri C 0 mis sin g
 i =1

0 R∞ mis sin g
2. Z (∞) = 
 R∞ R∞ Pr esent

If we examine the two cases for Z (0 ) and Z (∞ ) , we see that Z (0) ≥ Z (∞ ) .

Next let us see whether the pole and zeros of an R-C impedance function alternative. We have already
established that the critical frequency nearest the origin must be a pole and the critical frequency nearest
σ = ∞ must be a zero. Therefore if Z(s) is given as

Z ( s) =
(s +σ 2 )(s + σ 4 )
(s + σ 1 )(s + σ 3 )

Then, if Z (s ) is R-C, the singularity nearest the origin must be a pole which we will assume to be at

s = −σ 1 ; the singularity furthest from the origin must be a zero, which we will take to be s = −σ 4 . Let us

plot Z (σ ) =
(σ +σ 2 )(σ + σ 4 ) versus − σ beginning at σ = 0 and extending to σ = −∞ . At
(σ + σ 1 )(σ + σ 3 )
σ = 0, Z (0) is equal to a positive constant.

σ 2σ 4
Z (0) =
σ 1σ 3

Since the slope of Z (σ ) is always positive as − σ increase, Z (σ ) must increase until the poles s = −σ 1

is reached. At σ = −σ 1 , Z (σ ) change sign and is negative until the next critical frequency is reached. We

see that this next critical frequency must be the zero, s = −σ 2 . Since Z (σ ) increase for increasing − σ ,

the third critical frequency must be the pole, s = −σ 3 . Because Z (σ ) change sign at − σ 3 , the final

critical frequency must be the zero, s = −σ 4 . Beyond σ = −σ 4 , the curve becomes asymptotic to

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 17

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Z (∞) = 1 . From this analysis we see that the poles and zeros of R-C impedance must alternate. For the

σ 2σ 4
case being considered ∞ > σ 4 > σ 3 > σ 2 > σ 1 ≥ 0 .In addition we see that > 1 which shows that
σ 1σ 3
z (0) > z (∞)

Fig. 4.14. Poles and zeros alternate on − σ -axis for an R-C impedance

To summarize the three properties we need to recognize an R-C impedance are

1. Pole and zeros lie on the negative real axis and they alternate.
2. The singularity nearest to (or at) the origin must be a pole whereas the singularity nearest to (or
at) σ = −∞ must be zero.
3. The residues of the poles must be real and positive
Example: Check if the following impedance functions are R-C impedance.

1. Z ( s ) =
(s + 1)(s + 4)(s + 8) (s + 2)(s + 4)
3. Z (s ) =
3(s + 2 )(s + 6 ) (s + 1)
2. Z (s ) =
(s + 1)(s + 8) 4. Z (s ) =
(s + 1)(s + 2)
(s + 2)(s + 4) s (s + 3)

Let us re-examine the partial fraction expansion of a general R-C impedance

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 18

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

F (s ) =
K0 K1 K2 Ki
+ K∞ + + + ⋅⋅⋅ +
s s + σ1 s + σ 2 s +σi

Instead of letting F (s ) represent an impedance consider the case where F (s ) is an admittance Y (s ) . If

we associate the individual terms in the expansion to network elements, we then obtain the net work
shown in Fig. 4.15.

Fig. 4.15. R-C impedance function can be realized as R-L admittance

We see that an R-C impedance Z RC (s) can also be realized as R-L admittance Y RL (s).All the properties of R-
C impedances it is therefore important to specify where a function is to be realized as an R-C impedance
or an R-L admittance.

4.3.1 Synthesis of R-C Impedances or R-L Admittances

We postulated in section 4.3.1 that the foster form realization exists for an R-C impedance or an R-L
admittance.Since foster network are synthesized by partial fraction expansions the synthesis is accomplice
with ease. An important point to remember is that we must remove the minimum real part of z ( jω ) in

the partial fraction expansion . It can be shown that min [Re Z ( jω ) = Z (∞ )] so that we have to remove

Z (∞ ) as a resistor in the partial fraction expansion. In cases where the numerator is of lower degree than
the denominator, Z (∞) = 0 . When the numerator and the denominator are of the same degree, then

Z (∞) can be obtained by dividing the denominator to numerator. The quotient is then Z (∞) .

Consider the following example.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 19

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

3(s + 2 )(s + 4 )
F (s ) =
3(s + 3)

The partial fraction expansion of the remainder function is obtained as

8 1
F (s) = + +3
s s+3

Here F (∞) = 3 . If F (s ) is an impedance Z (s ) , it must be an R-C impedance and it is realized in the series

foster form as shownin fig. 4.16.

Fig. 4.16.

On the other hand if F (s ) represents an admittance, we realize Y (s ) as an R-L network in the parallel
foster form as in fig. 4.17.

Fig. 4.17.

An alternate method of synthesis is based on the following fact. If we remove min Re[Z ( jω )] = Z (∞ )

from Z (s ) , we create a zero at s = ∞ for the remainder Z 2 ( s ) . If we invert Z 2 ( s ) , we then have a pole

at s = ∞ which we can remove to give Z 3 ( s ) .Since min Re[Y3 ( jω )] = Y3 (∞ ) , if we remove Y3 (∞ ) we

would have a zero at s = ∞ again which we again invert and remove. The process of extracting Z (∞) or

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 20

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Y (∞) and the removal of a pole of the reciprocal of the reminder involve dividing the numerator by the
denominator.Consequently, we see that the whole synthesis process can be resolved by a continued
fraction expansion. The quotients represent the elements of a ladder network.

3(s + 2 )(s + 4 )
For example the continued fraction expansion of F (s ) =
3(s + 3)

)
s 2 +3s 3s 2 + 18s + 24(3 ← Z / Y

3s 2 + 9 s
s
9 s + 24 )s 2 + 3s ← Y / Z
9

8
s2 + s
3
1 
s 9 s + 24(27 ← Z / Y
3 

9s
 1
24 ) 13 s s ← Y / Z
 72
1
3 s

If F(s) is impedance Z(s) the resulting network is shown in Fig. 4.18. If F(s) is admittance Y(s), we have the
R-L network of fig. 4.19.

Fig. 4.18. Fig. 4.19.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 21

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

4.4 Properties and Synthesis of R-LImpedances and R-C Admittances

The immittance that represents series foster R-L impedance or a parallel foster R-C admittance is given
as.

Ki s
F (s ) = K ∞ s + K 0 +
K1 s K2s
+ + ... +
s + σ1 s + σ 2 s +σi

The significant difference between an R-C impedance and R-L impedance is that the partial fraction
expansion term for the R-C tank circuit is K i / (s + σ i ) ; whereas for the R-L impedance the corresponding

term must be multiplied by an s in order to give an R-L tank circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with
an inductor.

The properties of R-L impedance or R-C admittance function can be derived in much the same manner as
the properties of R-C impedance functions. Without going into the derivation of the properties, the more
significant ones are given in the following

1. Poles and zeros of an R-L impedance or R-C admittance are located on the negative real axis and
they alternate.
2. The singularity nearest to or at the origin is a zero .The singularity nearest to or at s = ∞ must be
a pole.
3. The residues of the pole must be real and negative.
Because of the third property a partial fraction expansion of an R-L impedance function would yield terms
Ki
as −
s +σi

This does not present any trouble, as the term above does not represent an R-L impedance at all. To obtain
the foster from of an R-L impedance we expand Z ( s ) / s into partial fraction. If Z(s) is and R-L impedance,

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 22

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

we will state without proof that the partial fraction expansion of Z ( s ) / s yields positive residues. Thus

we have.

Z (s) K K1 K2 Ki
= K∞ + 0 + + + ... +
s s s + σ1 s + σ 2 s +σi

where K 0, K 1 , ... K ∞ >0 . If we multiply both sides by s we obtain Z (s ) in the desired form for

synthesis.

2( s + 1)( s + 3)
Consider the following function F ( s ) = .
( s + 2)(8 + 6)

F(s) represents an R-L impedance or an R-C admittance because it satisfies the fires two criteria cited. The
partial fraction Expansion of F (s ) is

1 15
F (s) = 2 − 2 − 2
(s + 2) (8 + 6)
So we see that the residues are negative.

The partial fraction expansion of F ( s ) / s on the other hand is

1 1 5
F ( s) 2 4
= + = 4
s s s+2 s+6

If we multiply both sides by s we obtain

1 5
s s
1 4 4
F ( s) = + +
2 s+2 s+6

If F (s ) represents an impedance Z (s ) it is synthesized in series foster form giving the R-L networks in

fig. 4.20. If F (s ) is an admittance Y(s), then it is synthesized in parallel foster form resulting inthe R-C

networks shown in fig. 4.21.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 23

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Fig. 4.20 Fig. 4.20

To synthesize an R-L impedance in ladder form, we make use of the fact that min Re[Z ( jω )] = Z (0 ) . If

we remove Z(0) from Z(s), the remainder function Z 1 (s) will have a zero at s = 0 . After inverting Z 1 (s),we
can then remove the pole at s = 0 . Since the value Z (0) is obtained by dividing the lowest power term

ofthe denominator into the lowest power term of the numerator the synthesis could be carried out by a
continued fraction expansion by arranging the numerator and denominator polynomials in ascending
order and then dividing.

For example the following function is either an R-L impedance or an R-C admittance.

2( s + 1)( s + 3) 6 + 8s + 2 s 2
F (s) = =
( s + 2)( s + 6) 12 + 8s + s 2

The continued fraction expansion of F (s ) is

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 24

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

1
12 + 8s + s 2 6 + 8s + 2 s 2 (
2
1 2
6 + 4s + s
2
3 2 3
4s + s 12 + 8s + s 2 
2  s
9
12 + s
2
9  3 8
s + s 2 4 s + s 2 
2  2 7
8
4s + s 2
7
5 27  49
s  s + s2 
14  2  5s
7
s
2

s2
5 2 5
s 
14  14
)
5 2
s
14
0

If F (s ) is an impedance function, the resulting network is shown in fig. 4.22. If, on the other hand, F (s )

is an R-C admittance Y (s ) , then the network is synthesized asfig. 4.23.

Fig. 4.22. Fig. 4.23.

4.5 Synthesis of an R-L-C Functions

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 25

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Under certain conditions R-L-C driving point function may be synthesized with the use of either partial
fractions (Foster Form) or continued fractions (Cauer Form). For example the function,

s 2 + 2s + 2
Z ( s) = 2
s + s +1

Z (s ) is neither L-C, R-C nor R-L. Nevertheless the function can be synthesized by continued fraction
expansion as shown below.

s 2 + s + 1 s 2 + 2s + 2 (1 ← Z
s2 + s +1
s + 1)s 2 + s + 1(s ← Y
s2 + s
1)s + 1(s + 1 ← Z
s +1
0

The network derived from this expansion is given in fig. 4.24.

Fig. 4.24

Consider the following admittance function. The poles and zeros of the admittance function are all on the
negative real axis but they do not alternate.

s + 2)( s + 3)
Y (s) =
( s + 1)( s + 4

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 26

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

The partial fraction expansion for Y(s) is,

2
−3
Y ( s) = 1 + s
+
s +1 s+4

Since one of residues is negative we cannot use this expansion for synthesis. An alternate method would
be to expand Y ( s ) / s and then multiply the whole expansion by s .

3 2 1
Y (s) 2
= − 3 + 6
s s s +1 s + 4

Multiply by s we obtain,

2 1
s s
3 3 6
Y (s) = − +
2 s +1 s + 4

Note that Y(s) also has a negative term.If we divide the numerator of this negative term to the
denominator we can rid ourselves of any terms with negative signs.

 2  1 2 1
3  2  s s
3 + 6 5 3 6
Y (s) = − − = + +
2  3 s +1 s + 4 6 s +1 s + 4
 
 

The network that is realized from the expanded function is given in Fig. 4.25 below.

Fig. 4.25

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 27

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Considering the same example. To synthesis in cauer form if we try to expand Y (s ) by continued

fractions, we see that negative quotients result.However we can expand Z ( s ) = 1 / Y ( s ) by continued

fraction. Although the expansion is not as simple or straight forward as in the case of an R-C functions,
because we sometimes have to reverse the order of division to make the quotients all positive. The
continued fraction expansion of Z (s ) is

6 + 5s + s 2 4 + 5s + s 2 (2 / 3 ← Z
10 s 2 2
4+ + s
3 3
5 1   18
s + s 2 6 + 5 s + s 2  ← Y
3 3   5s
6
6+ s
5
19 1 5 1
s + s 2  s 2 + s ← Z
5 3 3 3
1 2 19
s + s
3 15
6  19  19
s s + s2 ← Y
15  5 2
19
s
5

s2) 6  6
s
15  15s
←Z

6
s
15

As we see the division process giving the quotient of 1 / 3 involves a reversal of the order of the
polynomials involved. The resulting ladder network is given on fig. 4.26.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 28

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

Fig. 2.26

At the beginning of this section it was stated that only under special conditions can an R-L-C driving point
function be synthesized with the use of a ladder form or the foster forms.These conditions are not given
here because they are rather involved instead.When a positive real function is given and it is found that
the function is not synthesizable by using two kinds of element only, it is suggested that a continued
fraction expansion or a partial fraction expansion be tried first.

Tutorial Problems

1. a. Which of the following functions are L-C driving point impedances? Why?

s ( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 16)
i. Z1 ( s) =
( s 2 + 9)( s 2 + 25
( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 8
ii. Z 2 ( s ) =
s ( s 2 + 4)
b. Synthesize the realizable impedances in a foster and Cauer forms.

2. Indicate the general form of the two foster and the two Cauer networks that could be used to
synthesize the following L-C impedance.

Z (s) =
( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 9) s 2 + 25 ( )
s ( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 16)

There is no need to calculate the element values of the network.

6 s 4 + 42 s 2 + 48
3. Synthesize the L-C driving point impedance Z ( s ) = 5 in the form shown the
s + 18s 3 + 48s
figure below i.e., determine the element values of the network

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 29

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

4. There exists an L-C network with the same driving-point impedance as the network shown in the
figure. This alternate network should contain only two elements. Find this network.

5. The input impedance for the network shown is

2s 2 + 2
Z in =
s 2 + 2s 2 + 2s + 2
If Z 0 is an L-C network,

(a) Find the expression for Z 0 .

(b) Synthesize Z 0 in a foster series form.

6. Indicate which of the following function is either R-C, R-L of L-C impedance functions
s 3 + 2s s 2 + 6s + 8
a) Z ( s ) = b) Z ( s ) =
s 4 + 4s 2 + 3 s 2 + 4s + 3

s 2 + 4s + 3 s 2 + 2s + 6
c) Z ( s ) = d) Z ( s ) =
s 2 + 6s + 8 s2 + s
Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 30

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

s 4 + 5s 2 + 6
e) Z ( s ) =
s3 + s
7. An impedance function has the pole zero pattern shown in the figure below. If Z (−2) = 3
synthesize the impedance in a foster form and a Cauer form.

8. From the following functions pick out the ones which are R-C admittances and synthesize in one
foster and one Cauer form.
2( s + 1)( s + 3) 4( s + 1)( s + 3)
a) Y ( s ) = c) Y ( s ) =
( s + 2)( s + 4) s ( s + 2)
s ( s + 4)( s + 8) ( s + 1)( s + 4)
b) Y ( s ) = d) Y ( s ) =
( s + 1)( s + 6) s ( s + 2)

9. Find the networks for the following function. Both foster and ladder forms are required.

( s + 1)( s + 4) 3( s + 1)( s + 4)
a) Z ( s ) = b) Y ( s ) =
s ( s + 2) ( s + 3)

10. For the network shown, find Y when

V2 1 s ( s 2 + 3)
G( s) = = = 2
V0 2 + Y 2 s + s 2 + 6 s + 1

Synthesize Y as L-C admittance

11. Synthesize by continued fractions the function

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 31

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|49834358

s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 1)
Y (s) =
s 3 + s 2 + 2 s + 1)

12. synthesis the following functions in Cauer form.

s 3 + 2s 2 + s + 1
a) Z (s) = ,
s3 + s2 + 2
s 3 + s 2 + 2s + 1
b) Z ( s ) =
s 4 + s 3 + 3s 2 + s + 1
4 s 3 + 3s 2 + 4 s + 2
c) Z (s) =
2s 2 + s
13. Of the three pole-zero diagrams shown below, pick the diagram that represents an R-L
impedance function and synthesize in series Foster form.

Network Analysis and Synthesis [PCE 3201] Page 32

Downloaded by Yosef Birhanu ([email protected])