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Chapter 2 - This lecture note is mainly discuss about network

analysis and synthesis.
fundamental of electrical engineering (Adama Science and Technology University)

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Chapter 2

2.Network Transform Representation and Analysis

2.1. Introduction
A concept of transform impedance and transform admittance is discussed in this chapter.
Furthermore, a function relating currents or voltages at a different parts of the network, called a
transfer function, is found to be mathematically similar to the transform impedance function. These
functions are called network functions.
2.2. Network Functions
In an electrical network, the word port has special meaning. It is a pair of terminals in which
the current into one terminal is equal to the current out of the other. The port at which the
input/excitation is given is called driving point or input port. The port at which output is taken is
called output port. If the network has only driving port, it is called one-port network and if the
network has input and output ports, then it is called two-port network.In fig.2.1., a general two-port
network and a standard convention adopted in the designation of voltages and currents are shown.
Network function give the relation between the transformed excitation to the transformed
response. They are either transformed impedance function or transformed admittance function. If the
transformed excitation and the response are referred to the particular port the network functions are
called Immitance function.
If the transformed excitation is referred to one port and transformed response is referred to
another port then the network functions are called as transfer function.
A one port network is completely specified when a voltage-current relationship at the
terminals of the portis given. The four variables(I 1 , I 2 , V 1 and V 2 ) of the two-port network, taken
two at a time, results in six set of equations that describe the two-port network. These equations are
called network functions.
A network function is defined as the ratio of the zero – state response to the input, both the
response and the input expressed in Laplace domain, i.e.
끫뢊(끫룀)
끫롶 (끫룀) = (2.1)
끫롰(끫룀)

wheres the Laplace variable is the complex frequency variable 끫룀 = 끫븜 + 끫뢮끫뢮.

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Two sets of network functions can be defined: (1) Driving point functions (2) Transfer functions.
These are defined and illustrated by using the network shown in fig.2.1.

Fig.2.1. Network used to define network functions

1. Driving Point Functions
If the excitation and the response are measured at the same set of terminals (terminal 1-1’, or 2-2’),
the network function is called driving point function. There are two driving point functions:
impedance and admittance.
끫뢒1 (끫룀) 끫뢒2 (끫룀)
The input and output driving point impedance are given by 끫뢚11 = , 끫뢚22 =
끫롸1 (끫룀) 끫롸2 (끫룀)
끫롸1 (끫룀) 끫롸2 (끫룀)
The input and output driving point Admittance are given by 끫뢘11 = ,끫뢘22 = (2.2)
끫뢒1 (끫룀) 끫뢒2 (끫룀)

Because of the similarity of impedance and admittance, these two quantities are assigned one name
“Immitance” (a combination of impedance and admittance).
From the two relations, we can observe that the reciprocal of a driving point function is another
driving point function.
2. Transfer functions

If the excitation and response are measured at different sets of terminals, then the corresponding
network function is called a transfer function.
(i) Transfer Voltage ratio: It is the ratio of voltage transform at one port to the voltage transform at
끫뢒1 (끫룀) 끫뢒2 (끫룀)
other port ,denoted by G(S)끫롴12 (끫룀) = 끫뢜끫뢜끫뢜 끫롴21 (끫룀) =
끫뢒2 (끫룀) 끫뢒1 (끫룀)

(ii) Transfer Current ratio : It is the ratio of current transform at one port to the current transform at
other port ,denoted by α (s)
끫롸2 (끫룀) 끫롸1 (끫룀)
끫뷸21 (끫룀) = and 끫뷸12 (끫룀) =
끫롸1 (끫룀) 끫롸2 (끫룀)
(iii) Transfer Impedance: It is the ratio of Voltage transform at one port to the current transform at
other port ,denoted by Z(S)

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끫뢒1 (끫룀) 끫뢒2 (끫룀)

끫뢚12 (끫룀) = and 끫뢚21 (끫룀) =
끫롸2 (끫룀) 끫롸1 (끫룀)

(iv) Transfer Admittance: It is the ratio of Current transform at one port to the voltage transform at
other port ,denoted by Y(S)
끫롸1 (끫룀) 끫롸2 (끫룀)
끫뢘12 (끫룀) = 끫뢜끫뢜끫뢜 끫뢘21 (끫룀) = (2.3)
끫뢒2 (끫룀) 끫뢒1 (끫룀)

The driving point function are obtained of a network which satisfy the condition
(i) It contains no independent source
(ii) It is initially relaxed. i.e. there are zero initial condition for the capacitor and inductance
elements of the network.

Calculation of Network function:

It can be observed from the definition of DP and transfer functions that for an impedance
function, excitation is a current source and response a voltage, and for an admittance function
excitation a voltage source and response a current. For simple networks DP function can be obtained
by inspection. For example, consider the ladder network shown in fig.2.2.

Fig.2.2. Ladder network

1
끫뢚11 (끫룀) = 끫뢚1 (끫룀) + 1 (2.4)
끫뢘2 (끫룀)+ 1
끫뢚3 (끫룀)+
…

i.e. the DP impedance of a ladder can be written in the form of a continued fraction expansion and
such an expansion is very useful in network analysis.

Exercise: Find the impedance and admittance for some simple networks containing,
a) Series b) Parallel
i. R – L i. R - L
ii. R – C ii. R - C
iii. L – C iii. L - C
iv. R – L – C iv. R – L – C

Sno Network Impedance Admittance

1 R only R 1 /R = G
2 L only LS 1/LS
3 C only 1 / CS CS
4 R-L series R+SL 1/ (R+SL)

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5 R-C series (SRC+1) / SC SC / (SRC+1)

6 L-C series (S2LC+1) / SC SC / (S2LC+1)
2
7 R-L-C series (S LC+SRC+1) / SC SC / (S2LC+SRC+1)
8 R-L parallel SRL / (SL+R) (SL+R) / SRL
9 R-C parallel R / (SRC+1) (SRC+1) / R
10 L-C parallel SL / (S2LC+1) (S2LC+1) / SL
11 R-L-C parallel SRL / (S2RLC+SL+R) (S2RLC+SL+R) / SRL

2.3. Poles and Zeros

Consider a linear time invariant network. Let x(t) be excitation and y(t) the response. Thus, in
general, we can express the relationship between x(t) and y(t) in the form of differential equation,

(끫뢜0 끫뢺끫뢶 + 끫뢜1 끫뢺끫뢶−1 + ⋯ + 끫뢜끫뢶−1 끫뢺 + 끫뢜끫뢶 )끫료(끫룂) = (끫뢞0 끫뢺끫뢴 + 끫뢞1 끫뢺끫뢴−1 + ⋯ + 끫뢞끫뢶−1 끫뢺 + 끫뢞끫뢶 )끫룊(끫룂) (2.5)

The coefficients in this differential equation depend on the elements and the topology of the network.
Laplace transforming and rearranging (with all initial conditions assumed to be zero) we have

끫뢘(끫룀) 끫뢞 끫뢺끫뢴 +끫뢞1 끫뢺끫뢴−1 +⋯+끫뢞끫뢶−1 끫뢺+끫뢞끫뢶 끫뢺(끫룀)

끫롶 (끫룀) = = (끫뢜0 끫뢶 +끫뢜 끫뢺끫뢶−1 +⋯+끫뢜
, i.e., 끫롶(끫룀) = (2.6)
끫뢖(끫룀) 0 끫뢺 1 끫뢶−1 끫뢺+끫뢜끫뢶 ) 끫뢼(끫룀)

where p and q are polynomials in the complex frequency variable s. Thus we conclude that a network
function is a rational function of s with real coefficients. Alternatively, we can write equation (2.6) as

∏끫뢴 (끫룀−끫룎끫뢬 ) 끫뢞0�

끫롶 (끫룀) = 끫뢰 ∏끫뢶끫뢬=1 where끫뢰 = 끫뢜0 (2.7)
끫뢬=1(끫룀−끫뢺끫뢬 )

Note: z i is called zero of H(s) and p i is called poles of H(s). The poles and zeros of a network need
not be distinct. The coefficients of the polynomials p(s) and q(s) being real any complex zeros and
poles must appear in conjugate pairs. From equation (2.7), it is clear that any network function is
completely specified by its poles and zeros and the scale factor k.
Exercise:
Consider the network shown in fig.2.3. Let x(t) be the input and y(t) (mesh current of the mesh II) be
the output. Find H(s).

Fig.2.3.
The poles and zeros of a network function can be represented by a pole –zero plots. The pole – zero
plot of the network function is shown in fig.2.4.

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Fig.2.4. pole-zero plot

If x(t) and y(t) are measured at the same set of terminals in equation (2.5), then H(s) would be a
driving point function. Without loss of generality, we assume that x(t) is current, and the response
y(t) is voltage,. Then

끫뢼(끫룀)끫뢒(끫룀) = 끫뢺(끫룀)끫롸(끫룀) (2.8)

If we make the current x(t) go to zero, i.e., the network is being tested under open circuit conditions,
then the zero input voltage response is governed by the equation:

끫뢼(끫룀)끫뢒(끫룀) = 0 (2.9)

Hence the natural frequencies of the voltage response are determined by the roots of the equation,

끫뢼(끫룀) = 0 (2.10)

Thus the roots of q(s) are the natural frequencies of the network under open circuit natural
frequencies (OCNF). On the other hand if we make the voltage y(t) go to zero, i.e., the network is
being tested under short circuit conditions, then the zero input current response is governed by the
equation
끫뢺(끫룀)끫롸(끫룀) = 0 (2.11)

And the natural frequencies of the current response are determined by the roots of the equation
끫뢺(끫룀) = 0 (2.12)
Hence the roots of p(s) are called the short circuit natural frequencies (SCNF).
• Necessary conditions for driving point Immitance Functions (with common factors in
N(s) and D(s) cancelled):

1. The coefficients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) must be real and positive.
2. Poles and zeros must be conjugate if imaginary or complex.
3. The real part of all poles and zeros must be negative or zero, if the real part is zero, then
that pole or zero must be simple, i.e, all the roots of N(s) = 0 and D(s) = 0 lie on the left
half of s- plane and simple roots may lie on the imaginary or jw – axis.
4. The polynomials N(s) and D(s) may not have missing terms between those of highest and
lowest degrees, unless all even or all odd terms are missing.

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5. The highest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only.
6. The lowest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only.

Exercise:
Check whether given functions are suitable in representing the driving point Impedance functions.
4s4 +s2 −3s+1
a) Z(s) = (No: one co-efficient is missing)
s3 +2s2 +2s+40
s2 +s+2
b) Z(s) = (Yes: All conditions are satisfied)
2s2 +s+1

• Necessary conditions for transfer functions (with common factors in N(s) and D(s)
cancelled)
1. The coefficients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) of T = N/D must be real and those for
D(s) must be positive.
2. Poles and zeros must be conjugate if complex.
3. The real part of poles must be negative or zero, if the real part is zero, then that pole must
be simple. This includes the origin.
4. The polynomial D(s) may not have any missing term between that of highest and lowest
degrees, unless all even or all odd terms are missing.
5. The polynomials N(s) may have terms missing, and some of the coefficients may be
negative.
6. The degree of N(s) may be as small as zero independent of the degree of D(s).
7. (a) for G and α: the maximum degree of N(s) is equal to the degree of D(s).
(b) for Z and Y: the maximum degree of N(s) is equal to the degree of D(s) plus one.

Exercise
Check whether the given functions are suitable in representing the transfer functions.
3끫룀+2
a) 끫롴(끫룀) = 3 2 (No: co-efficient missing in poly D(s) )
5끫룀 +4끫룀 +1
2끫룀 2 +5끫룀+1
b) 끫롴(끫룀) = (Yes: all conditions are satisfied)
3끫룀 2 +9끫룀+1

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