e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

AC GENERATOR
Shreyansh Upadhaya*1, Aditya Shukla*2, Kumar Rahul*3
*1Assistant Professor, Department Of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University
Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India.
*2,3Undergraduate Student, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University
Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India.
ABSTRACT
This paper highlights about the AC generator, conjointly called alternators, could be a machine that converts
energy into voltage. The generated voltage is within the type of Associate in Nursing electricity curved output
wave. The energy is typically equipped by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines. AC generators
work on the principle of Faraday’s law of magnetism induction that states that emf -EMF or voltage – is
generated in an exceedingly current-carrying conductor that cuts an identical field. This will either be achieved
by rotating a conducting coil in an exceedingly static field, or by rotating the field that contains the stationary
conductor. The popular arrangement is to stay the coil stationary as a result of it’s easier to draw induced
electricity from a stationary coil than a rotating coil. The generated electromotive force depends on the quantity
of coil turns, field strength, and also the speed of the rotating fields. It also highlights about the superconducting
AC generators which is more efficient.
Keywords: Induction, AC Generators, Principle, Working, Advantages, Future Of Generators.
I. INTRODUCTION
A.C. Generator means that ‘Alternating current’ generator. It is A device that is employed to convert ‘mechanical
energy’ into ‘Electrical energy’.
Generator forces current to flow through associate degree External circuit. The supply of energy could also be a
reciprocating or rotary engine external-combustion engine, water falling through A rotary engine or
waterwheel, an indoor combustion engine, a turbine, a hand crank, compressed gas, or the other supply of
energy.
II. PRINCIPLE OF AC GENERATOR
It is supported the principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e., whenever quantity of magnetic flux related to a
coil changes, an e.m.f. is elicited within the coil. The direction of current elicited is given by Fleming’s right rule.

III. TYPES OF AC GENERATOR

• Types of AC Generators Based on the Speed.
1. Salient Pole: Salient pole Generators has large diameter and short axial length Pole shoes cover 2/3 of
the pitchSalient Poles are laminated in order to reduce eddy currents They are used in hydraulic turbines or
diesel engines Salient pole generators will have typical speed about 100 to 375 rpm.
As the speed of the water turbine is slow hence more number of poles are required to attain the frequency.
Therefore Salient pole machines will have typically number of poles will be between 4 to 60. Cheaper compared
to cylindrical rotor machines for speeds below 1000rpm. Causes excessive windage losses.

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
2. Smooth Cylindrical Type: The rotor, in this case, consists of a smooth solid steel cylinder, having a
number of slots along its outer periphery for hosting the field coils. The cylindrical rotor type machine gives
better balance and quieter-operation along with lesser windage losses
On the basis of connection type:
1. Star (Y) Connection AC Generators
2. Delta Connection AC Generators

On the basis of number of phase

1. Single-phase AC generators.

2. Three phase AC generator

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

IV. CONSTRUCTION OF AC GENERATOR

A.C. Generators is consisting of 4 main parts:
1)THE COIL (ARMATURE): A rectangular coil PQRS accommodates an outsized variety of turns of copper sure
over a soft iron core is termed coil. The soft iron core is employed to extend the magnetic flux.
2) Field: It is commonly a permanent sponge magnet having planoconcave poles. The coil is turned off a
magnet, so axis of the coil is perpendicular to field lines.
3)SLIP RINGS: Slip rings are the magnetic rings that are connected within the terminal of the coil. These rings
are turned with the coil and these are used to draw the present from the generator.
4)BRUSHES: The brushes Q&Q, are simply bit the slip rings. they're not rotating with the coil and these brushes
results to the output of load resistance.
V. THEORY
Before we study the working of AC Generator, we should know that: -
1. The sturdy force field is generated by a current flow through the sector coil of the rotor.
2. The sector coil within the rotor gets excitation by the utilization of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held up-to-date with the slip rings to relinquish the continual affiliation between the
sector coil and external circuit.
4. The coil is contained within the windings of the mechanical device and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one Complete Cycle of PR is developed.
6. A generator has several turns of wire wound into the slots of the Rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage made by Associate in Nursing AC generator Depends on the sector strength and
speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at therefore constant speed; so, The generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
VI. WORKING OF AC GENERATOR
The coil is turned in anti-clock wise direction. within the half rotation the arm AB is moving outward and CD is
moving inward. So the e.m.f. is iatrogenic within the arm AB from A to B. And within the arm CD from C to D.
once 0.5 rotation (in the second half). The arm CD is moving outward and AB is moving inward. during this time

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
current is iatrogenic in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to A. within the half rotation the present
direction is dynamical therefore during this generator AC is made. Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f.
produced.
Let position of the coil at any time t. It’s made angle with vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then = t
B be the strength of field n be the quantity of turns within the coil and A space of the coil then magnetic flux
with the coil during this position is given by:
= nBA Cos = nBA Cos t.
Differentiate w.r.t. time: -
= -nBA ( )

ɛ= = - (-nBA ( ))
Maximum value of e.m.f. say so
ɛ = ɛ° sin(wt)
VII. APPLICATIONS OF AC GENERATOR
1. craft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, High speed turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter generators.
3. associate degree ac generator, or ‘alternator’, is employed to provide ac Voltages for transmission via the grid
system or, locally, As transportable generators.
3. All of our house appliances runs on ac current. Ex: icebox, laundry machines, oven, lights, fan etc.
4. the most advantage of AC is easy power distribution. it's additional economical to use high voltage to
distribute power, however it's not safe to own high voltage reception. it's simple to intensify (and step down)
AC voltage employing a electrical device.
VIII. ADVANTAGES OF AC GENERATOR
• AC is extremely simple and economical to transmit over an extended distance instead of DC
• The style of the AC generator is quiet easier than DC generator sort.
• No want for matching a voltage.
• Cost of possession is lower.
• They have a quiet operation.
• This conjointly makes easier to keep up this generator.
• An AC generator permits users to convert its current to different voltage with the utilization of transformers.
• AC generator is compatible solely with associate degree AC generator and not with a DC generator.
• AC motors don't have a smell that's terribly typical of DC motors; within the latter, this is often caused by
associate degreed conjointly these square measure compatibles with an AC generator and not with a DC
generator sort.
IX. DISADVANTAGES OF AC GENERATOR
• This poses a challenge once it involves handling due to the bigger voltages required to provide a set level of
power.
• In these systems need further insulation due to the bigger voltages required to provide a set level of power.
• In addition to any or all these risks, An AC generator isn't as sturdy as a DC generator sort.
• Working with electrical energy system has some distinct risk and difficulties as compared to what will be
expected from DC motors.
• In addition to any or all these risks, AN AC generator isn't as sturdy as a DC generator sort.
X. THE FUTURE ERA OF AC GENERATORS: SUPERCONDUCTING AC GENERATOR
Concerning the electric force industry, the superconducting ac generator has the best potential for huge scope
business utilization of superconductivity. Such a machine ought to have the option to change mechanical energy
over to electric energy more productively and with more noteworthy economy of weight and volume than some
other technique. These benefits can be gathered at a size of 1200 MVA yield, with the additional capability of

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
activity at transmission line voltage, and more prominent framework solidness. In the past, a lot of Resarch and
Development was done around here, yet the current business pattern to more modest machines has diminished
this exertion. However the benefits lessen at the a lot more limited size of 250 MVA. such machines actually
offer intriguing potential outcomes. The general dependability of five 250 MVA generators can be relied upon to
be more noteworthy than of one 1200 MVA generator. The deficiency of one 250 MVA machine plainly has a lot
less effect than the deficiency of one 1200 MVA machine. The benefit of dependability may off set the benefit of
economy of scale to which huge regular machines are restricted. But we can imagine that the benefits (as we
will see) of a 1200 MVA superconducting generators can be such a ton more noteworthy thus show, that
essentially for substitution purposes they would be truly considered by utilities.

ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCONDUCTING AC GENERATOR

1. They could extraordinarily decrease both capital and working expenses.
2. They have the potential for high voltage activity consequently dispensing with the progression up
transformer; and hence they could likewise make dc financially serious over extensively more limited distances
than as of now.
3. They would expand lattice dependability.
4. They could be utilized for var age.
DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERCONDUCTING AC GENERATORS
 POWER LOSS
Nature of Superconducting Power Losses
A superconductor at low or high temperature might be considered as made out of two variable interpenetrating
liquids. One liquid comprises of ordinary leading electrons. The other liquid comprises of superconducting
electron sets. As the progress temperature is drawn nearer, the electrons all become typical. As the
temperature approaches 0 K (total zero), every one of the free electrons become superconducting. This is like
an equal circuit with two branches. The superconducting electrons are addressed by the branch with
unadulterated inductance and no Resistance. The branch that addresses the typical electrons has both
inductance and Resistance. For dc, the current partitions conversely relative to the opposition of each branch.
In this manner the current goes exclusively through the superconducting branch without power loss, since
there is no current in the typical (resistive) branch. For ac, the current that isolates conversely corresponding
to the impedance of each branch. Since the superconducting branch has inductive reactance, current streams in
the two branches with power loss in the resistive branch. This essential loss is consistently present. Luckily the
major loss is somewhat little and for the most part unimportant. In any case, there are different loss like
hysteresis and fluxoid movement influence loss which may not be irrelevant. The force loss is somewhat little in
the dc rotor, all things considered safeguarded from time changing fields from the air conditioner stator.
 RELIABLITY
The general dependability of five 250 MVA generators can be relied upon to be more noteworthy than of one
1200 MVA generator. The deficiency of one 250 MVA machine plainly has a lot less effect than the deficiency of
one 1200 MVA machine
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Volume:03/Issue:07/July-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
XI. CONCLUSION
AC generator, conjointly called alternators, could be a machine that converts energy into voltage. The generated
voltage is within the type of Associate in Nursing electricity curved output wave. The energy is typically
equipped by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines. AC generators work on the principle of
Faraday’s law of magnetism. An all around planned superconducting generator can address an excellent
advancement among contending and regularly clashing electrical, financial, warm, unwavering quality, and
mechanical necessities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Shreyansh Upadhaya and Delhi Technological University for their
complete support throughout their work.
XII. REFRENCES
[1] https://www.researchgate.net
[2] https://www.brainkart.com
[3] https://www.jstor.org
[4] www.wikipidea.com
[5] Basic electrical engineering by B.L Theraja
[6] Engineering Circuit Analysis Hardcover – Import, 16 October 2011 by William Hayt , Jack
Kemmerly , Steven Durbin.

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