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### 1. Define M-commerce. Enlist and explain types of M-commerce.

**M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce)** refers to the buying and selling of goods or

services through wireless handheld devices such as smartphones or tablets. It enables
users to conduct business transactions on the go, offering convenience and flexibility.

**Types of M-commerce:**
- **Mobile Banking:** Services that allow users to perform banking activities like
transferring money, checking balances, etc., via mobile devices.
- **Mobile Shopping:** Buying products or services directly through mobile applications
or websites.
- **Mobile Payments (mPayments):** Payment systems where users can make
transactions through mobile phones, such as mobile wallets or contactless payments.
- **Mobile Ticketing:** Purchasing tickets for events, transportation, or entertainment via
mobile apps.
- **Mobile Advertising:** Ads delivered directly to users’ mobile devices, allowing
businesses to reach customers through SMS, apps, or websites.

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### 2. Explain different types of E-Commerce.

**E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce)** involves the buying and selling of goods and
services over the internet. There are several types of e-commerce:

- **B2C (Business to Consumer):** A business sells goods or services directly to

consumers. Example: Amazon, Flipkart.
- **B2B (Business to Business):** Transactions between businesses. Example: Suppliers
of raw materials selling to manufacturers.
- **C2C (Consumer to Consumer):** Consumers sell directly to other consumers,
typically via online platforms. Example: eBay, OLX.
- **C2B (Consumer to Business):** Consumers offer products or services to businesses.
Example: freelance platforms like Upwork.
- **B2G (Business to Government):** Businesses providing goods or services to
government agencies. Example: IBM selling software to government departments.

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### 3. Difference between E-Commerce and M-Commerce.

- **Platform:** E-Commerce typically uses computers or laptops to access websites,

while M-Commerce operates through mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
- **Location:** E-Commerce requires a stable internet connection and is generally fixed,
while M-Commerce allows transactions to occur on-the-go (anywhere).
- **User Experience:** M-Commerce interfaces are optimized for smaller screens and may
have limitations compared to traditional E-Commerce websites.

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### 4. Discuss the Wireless Application Protocol in detail.

**WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)** is a communication protocol that enables

access to the internet and wireless services on mobile devices. WAP is designed for
devices with limited processing power, such as mobile phones, and enables web
browsing, email, and messaging services.

- **WAP Architecture:** WAP includes a WAP gateway that converts WAP data into
standard internet data.
- **WAP Technology:** It supports technologies like WML (Wireless Markup Language),
which is similar to HTML but optimized for smaller screens and limited bandwidth.

---

### 5. Briefly explain the services of M-commerce.

M-commerce offers a wide range of services to users, including:

- **Mobile Shopping:** Purchasing goods directly from mobile devices.
- **Mobile Banking:** Transferring funds, checking balances, or paying bills.
- **Location-Based Services:** Providing personalized information or deals based on a
user's geographical location.
- **Mobile Payments:** Facilitating payments via mobile wallets, QR codes, etc.
- **Mobile Entertainment:** Streaming movies, music, or games through mobile devices.

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### 6. Define Web Servers. Discuss the types of web servers.

A **Web Server** is a system that serves content to users over the internet by
responding to HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) requests. It stores and delivers
websites, web pages, and other resources.

**Types of Web Servers:**

- **Apache HTTP Server:** Open-source server software known for its stability and
flexibility.
- **Nginx:** A high-performance web server often used for handling high traffic volumes.
- **Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services):** A web server for hosting web
applications on Windows servers.
- **LiteSpeed:** Known for its ability to handle dynamic content efficiently.

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### 7. What are the Web Portals? Give an example.

A **Web Portal** is a centralized platform that offers access to various resources such as
news, services, and applications, all through a single interface. It provides personalized
content and services based on user preferences.

**Example:** Yahoo, which offers email, news, weather, and search functions on a single
website.

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### 8. What is Domain Management? Explain in brief.

**Domain Management** refers to the process of overseeing and controlling a domain

name, including registration, renewal, and DNS (Domain Name System) configuration. It
ensures that a website is accessible by translating human-readable domain names into
IP addresses.

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### 9. What is TCP/IP and Characteristics of TCP/IP?

**TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)** is a set of communication

protocols used to interconnect devices on the internet or local networks. It ensures data
is transferred accurately between devices.

**Characteristics of TCP/IP:**
- **Scalability:** Can handle a vast number of devices.
- **Reliability:** Ensures error-free communication using TCP.
- **Interoperability:** Compatible with different types of hardware and software.

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### 10. How to Develop a Web Blog? Explain Characteristics.

To develop a **Web Blog**:

- **Choose a Platform:** Select a platform like WordPress, Blogger, or self-hosted
solutions.
- **Select a Domain Name & Hosting:** Register a domain name and get web hosting.
- **Design the Blog:** Customize themes and layout for a user-friendly experience.
- **Create Content:** Write posts regularly to engage your audience.
- **Promote:** Share your posts through social media and other channels.

**Characteristics of a Blog:**
- **Informal Tone:** Blogs are often written in a conversational style.
- **Interactive:** Allows users to comment and engage with content.
- **Frequent Updates:** Blogs are updated regularly with new posts.

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### 11. Discuss the E-Commerce Models in detail.

**E-Commerce Models** are frameworks for business transactions. The primary models
include:
- **B2C (Business to Consumer):** The business sells products or services directly to the
consumer (e.g., Amazon).
- **B2B (Business to Business):** Businesses sell to other businesses (e.g., Alibaba).
- **C2C (Consumer to Consumer):** Consumers sell directly to other consumers through
platforms (e.g., eBay).
- **C2B (Consumer to Business):** Consumers offer products or services to businesses
(e.g., freelancing platforms).
- **B2G (Business to Government):** Businesses provide products or services to
government agencies (e.g., contractors).
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### 12. Write a short note on:

- **i) Multilingual Search:** Refers to the ability of search engines to return results in
different languages based on the user’s preference.
- **ii) Translation of Search Results:** The process of converting search results into the
language of the user's choice, improving accessibility for global audiences.

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### 13. What is Electronic Payment System? Discuss its types.

An **Electronic Payment System** (EPS) allows online transactions to take place

between buyers and sellers. It includes methods for transferring funds electronically.

**Types of EPS:**
- **Credit/Debit Cards:** Payments made through plastic cards.
- **Digital Wallets (e-wallets):** Services like PayPal, Google Pay that store payment
information securely.
- **Bank Transfers:** Direct transfers from one bank account to another.
- **Cryptocurrency:** Digital currencies like Bitcoin used for online payments.

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### 14. Write short note on:

- **i) IP Addressing System:** The system that assigns a unique identifier (IP address) to
each device connected to the internet, allowing communication across networks.
- **ii) E-Retailing:** The sale of goods or services via the internet, also known as online
retail, which includes businesses selling products directly to consumers.

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### 15. What is Electronic Data Interchange? Explain in brief.

**Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)** is the exchange of business documents, such as

invoices and purchase orders, in a standardized electronic format between businesses.
EDI replaces paper-based systems and speeds up transactions, reducing errors.

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### 16. Describe E-commerce Framework in detail.

An **E-Commerce Framework** is a system that supports e-commerce operations by

integrating various functions. It typically includes:
- **Front-End Systems:** User-facing components like websites and apps.
- **Back-End Systems:** Server-side components that manage data, transactions, and
inventory.
- **Payment Gateways:** Systems that handle online payment processing securely.
- **Security Framework:** Protocols like SSL/TLS that ensure safe online transactions.

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### 17. Explain Web Server Management in detail.

**Web Server Management** involves configuring, maintaining, and optimizing the web
servers to ensure reliable delivery of web content. This includes:
- **Server Configuration:** Setting up server software, security measures, and
optimization parameters.
- **Performance Monitoring:** Regularly checking server performance to avoid downtime.
- **Security Management:** Implementing firewalls, encryption, and access control to
protect data.
- **Backup and Recovery:** Ensuring the server data is regularly backed up and can be
restored in case of failure.

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### 18. Define the Various Elements of E-commerce in brief.

The key elements of **E-commerce** include:

- **Online Storefront:** The website or app where products or services are listed.
- **Payment Gateway:** A service that processes payments securely.
- **Logistics and Delivery:** Systems responsible for shipping and delivering goods.
- **Customer Service:** Support channels such as live chat, email, or phone.
- **Security:** Protection of data using encryption and secure transaction protocols.

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### 19. What is E-commerce? Write different applications of E-commerce.

**E-commerce** refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through
electronic means.

**Applications of E-commerce:**
-

**Online Retail:** Websites like Amazon where products are sold directly to consumers.
- **Online Auctions:** Platforms like eBay where products are auctioned.
- **B2B Platforms:** Online marketplaces like Alibaba where businesses interact.
- **Online Travel Services:** Booking flights, hotels, etc., through websites.

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### 20. What is Web Portal? Discuss different types of Web Portals.

A **Web Portal** is a website that acts as a gateway to a range of information and

services. It provides a personalized experience.

**Types of Web Portals:**

- **Personal Portals:** Offer personalized content based on user preferences (e.g.,
Yahoo).
- **Corporate Portals:** Provide employees access to internal resources (e.g., intranets).
- **Government Portals:** Offer public services and government information (e.g.,
USA.gov).
- **Educational Portals:** Provide access to academic resources and student services
(e.g., Coursera).

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### 21. Write a short note on:

- **i) Crowdsourcing:** The practice of outsourcing tasks or obtaining services by
soliciting contributions from a large group of people, often through online platforms.
- **ii) E-Retailing:** The sale of products or services over the internet, often via online
stores or marketplaces.

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### 22. Explain E-commerce Framework in detail.

Please refer to question 16 for a detailed explanation of the E-commerce framework.

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### 23. Explain IP Address System in detail.

**IP Address System** is used to identify devices on a network, consisting of a unique

numeric label assigned to each device. The system enables communication across
networks and the internet.

- **IPv4:** A 32-bit address system allowing 4.3 billion unique addresses.

- **IPv6:** A 128-bit address system that allows for an exponentially larger number of
devices to be connected.

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### 24. Write a note on:

- **i) Search Engine:** A software system designed to search for information on the
World Wide Web, like Google or Bing.
- **ii) Multilingual Search:** Search engines that allow users to search content in multiple
languages.

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### 25. What is Domain? Discuss different types of Domain.

A **Domain** is a unique address on the internet used to identify websites or other online
resources.

**Types of Domains:**
- **Top-Level Domains (TLDs):** e.g., .com, .org, .net.
- **Country Code TLDs (ccTLDs):** e.g., .in (India), .uk (United Kingdom).
- **Subdomains:** Extensions of a main domain, like blog.example.com.

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### 26. Explain Benefits and Limitations of M-Commerce

**Benefits of M-Commerce:**
- **Convenience:** Allows transactions anytime, anywhere.
- **Personalization:** Offers customized content and ads based on location and
preferences.
- **Cost-Effective:** Reduces the need for physical stores and intermediaries.

**Limitations of M-Commerce:**
- **Security Concerns:** Mobile devices can be vulnerable to hacking.
- **Battery Life:** Mobile devices can run out of battery quickly.
- **Limited Screen Size:** May hinder the user experience for complex tasks.