A PROJECT REPORT ON

ENHANCED FUEL DISPENSING AND

DETERMINING QUALITY OF FUEL

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

JAPATHI YASHWANTH CHANDRA 1005-20-735018

RITVIK AGGARWAL 1005-20-735029

S MUHAMMED FARHAN 1005-20-735030

Under the esteemed guidance of

MR. R. NARENDRA REDDY

Assistant Professor

Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Telangana, India

2020-2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled “Enhanced Fuel Dispensing and
Determining Quality of Fuel” submitted by Japathi Yashwanth Chandra
(100520735018), Ritvik Aggarwal (100520735029), S Muhammed
Farhan (100520735030) in the partial fulfillment of requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, University College of Engineering,
Osmania University is an authentic work carried out by them is under
my supervision.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr.R . Narendra Reddy Prof.D.Ramakrishna

Assistant Professor Prof. and HoD,Dept of ECE

Department of ECE, UCE(A),OU

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the introduction of the people who made it possible and whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowns all efforts with success

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr. R. Narendra Reddy,
Asst. Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for
his invaluable counsel and help. He was a huge inspiration for us to work on this
project. His ability to encourage us was really beneficial to our endeavor.

We are also grateful to Prof. D. Ramakrishna, Head of the ECE department, and
Prof.P. Chandra Sekhar, Principal, University College of Engineering, Osmania
University for providing great facilities and a pleasant atmosphere to complete this
project.

We sincerely acknowledge all the people mentioned above, without whose co-
operation we couldn't have completed the project successfully.

Name: Japathi Yashwanth Chandra Name: Ritvik Aggarwal

Roll No: 1005-20-735018 Roll No: 1005-20-735029

Name: S Muhammed Farhan

Roll No: 1005-20-735030

 DECLARATION

We at this moment declare that the work presented in this project report
entitled "Enhanced Fuel Dispensing and Determining Quality of Fuel”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University
Hyderabad, is an authentic record of our work carried out during the
year 2023-2024 under the guidance and supervision of Mr. R. Narendra
Reddy, Asst. Prof., Dept. of E.C.E and have not submitted for the award
of any other degree.

This report's findings have not been submitted to any other university
or institute for the purpose of conferring a degree or certificate.

Name: Japathi Yashwanth Chandra Name: Ritvik Aggarwal

Roll No: 1005-20-735018 Roll No: 1005-20-735029

Name: S Muhammed Farhan

Roll No: 1005-20-735030

 ABSTRACT

In recent times, various reports and complaints by customers have consistently

raised concerns about the inconsistency in the quantity of fuel received from
different fuel stations, sparking a pressing problem that demands immediate
resolution, the issue of inaccurate fuel dispensing and quality of the dispensed
fuel has become a grave concern, leading to customer dissatisfaction and
industry integrity issues.

The growing need to address the problems in the fuel industry is what inspired
this effort. Restoring trust in the fuel industry requires a strategy that combines
both quantity and quality detection techniques.

This project aims to implement a comprehensive methodology that takes both

the difficulties with fuel amount and quality dispensed into account. This
approach includes a Quantity Measurement Device for accurate real-time fuel
quantity measurement during refueling. This project uses the concept of density
to assess fuel quality. By integrating data from these devices, a method is
established for the consumer to know the fuel quantity and quality.

v
 INDEX

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….……… v
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………
viii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………..
x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………..……
01
1.2 Problem Statement……………………………………………..………….
01
1.3 Literature Survey…………………………………………………………..
01
1.4 Existing System……………………………………………………….……
04
1.5 Objectives Of This Project…………………………………………………
05
1.6 Dissertation Organization…………………………..……………………
06
1.7 Summary…………………………………………………….……………..
06
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Introduction……………………………………….……………………...…
07
2.2 Hardware Requirements……………………………………..………..…..
07
2.2.1 Arduino Uno……………………………………………………….
07
2.2.2 Arduino Nano ………………………………………………….….
11
2.2.3 Turbo Water Flow Sensor………………………………………....
15
2.2.4 Load Cell (Yzc - 133 20kg)…………………………………..…..
17
2.2.5 Hx711 Load Cell Amplifier………………………….…………….
18
` 2.2.6 Piezo Electric Buzzer….………………………………………….
20
2.2.7 Lcd With I2C………………………………………………………
21
2.2.8 SPST Push Button Switch………………………………………..
23
2.2.9 Push Button……………………………………………………….
23
2.2.10 Jumper Wires, Wood , Funnel And Container……………..…
24
2.3 Software Requirement……………………………………….………….…
26
2.3.1 Arduino Ide…………………………………………………….…
26

vi
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN METHADOLOGY
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….
27
3.2 Proposed System………………………………………………………….
27
3.2.1 Real Time Flow Quantity Measurement……………………….
27
3.2.2 Fuel Quality And Quantity Measurement………………………
27
3.2.3 Block Diagram……………………………………………………
28
3.2.4 Quality Checking Chart………………………………………….
29
3.2.5 Conceptual Visualization…………………………………………
29
3.3 Need For Alteration………………………………………………………..
30
3.4 Developed System…………………………………………………………..
32
3.4.1 Hardware Implementation………………………………………
32
3.4.2 Software Implementation………………………………………..
33

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Developed Systems…………………………………………………………
36
4.2 Test Results……………………………………………………………..
37
4.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………….
41

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….
42
5.2 Future Scope………………………………………………………………..
42

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..
45

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………
46
A.1 Quantity Measurement Code……………………………………
46
A.2 Quality Measurement Code……………………………………….
48

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Title of the figure Page no

Fig 1.1 Typical fuel sensing in a tank 5
Fig 1.2 Fuel quality checking in petrol bunks 5
Fig 1.3 Fuel density checking at petrol bunks 5
Fig 1.4 Fuel meter at fuel station 5
Fig 2.1 Arduino UNO 7
Fig 2.2 Arduino UNO pin Diagram 9
Fig 2.3 Arduino Nano 11
Fig 2.4 Arduino Nano Pin Diagram 13
Fig 2.5 Turbo Water Flow Sensor 15
Fig 2.6 Flow Sensor connections 16
Fig 2.7 Flow sensor Mechanical Drawings 16
Fig 2.8 Load Cell sensor (20Kgs) 17
Fig 2.9 HX711 Amplifier 18
Fig 2.10 HX711 Pin diagram 19
Fig 2.11 Piezo electric Buzzer 20
Fig 2.12 Piezo electric buzzer terminals 21
Fig 2.13 LCD with I2C 21
Fig 2.14 LCD with I2C Mechanical Drawings 22
Fig 2.15 SPST Push Button Switch 23
Fig 2.16 Push Button 23
Fig 2.17 Push Button Internal connections 24
Fig 2.18 Jumper Wires 24
Fig 2.19 Wood 25
Fig 2.20 Funnel 25
Fig 2.21 Container 26
Fig 2.22 Arduino IDE logo 26

viii
Fig 3.1 Proposed circuit diagram for fuel quantity and quality 28
measurement
Fig 3.2 Block diagram of the proposed system 28
Fig 3.3 Conceptual Visualization of proposed system 29
Fig 3.4 Testing with Ultrasonic sensor 30
Fig 3.5 Circuit Diagram for Quantity Measurement device 32
Fig 3.6 Circuit diagram for Quality measurement device 33
Fig 3.7 Calibration test in Arduino IDE 34
Fig 3.8 Calibrating load cell with known mass 34
Fig 4.1 Model of Quality measurement Device 36
Fig 4.2 Model of Quantity measurement Device 36
Fig 4.3 Model of the whole setup 37
Fig 4.4 Reading of petrol in Quantity measurement device 38
Fig 4.5 Reading of petrol in Quality measurement device 38
Fig 4.6 Reading of turpentine oil in Quality measurement device 39
Fig 4.7 Reading of adulterated petrol in Quality measurement 40
device

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Title of the table Page no

Table 1.1 Existing systems for fuel checking 5
Table 2.1 Specification of Arduino UNO 8
Table 2.2 Analog pins and their description in Arduino UNO 9
Table 2.3 Digital pins and their description in Arduino UNO 10

Table 2.4 Specification of Arduino Nano 11

Table 2.5 Analog pins and their description in Arduino Nano 13

Table 2.6 Digital pins and their description in Arduino Nano 14

Table 2.7 Specification of turbo water flow sensor 15

Table 2.8 Specification of load cell sensor (20kg) 17

Table 2.9 Specification of Piezo electric buzzer 20

Table 2.10 Specification of LCD with I2C 21

Table 2.11 Pin description of LCD with I2C 22

Table 2.12 Specification of SPST Push Button Switch 23

Table 2.13 Specification of Push Button 24

Table 3.1 Density vs Adulteration Chart 29

Table 4.1 Petrol Readings 37

Table 4.2 Turpentine oil readings 39

Table 4.3 Adulterated Petrol Readings 40

x
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

India is ranked 11th in the world for the number of automobiles in use, as most of the
automobiles in India run on petrol and diesel.India has turned out to be a great market
for the fuel industry. Adulteration of fuel as well as reducing the fuel outflow in petrol
bunks has become a major issue in India. Adding adulterants to fuel not only
increases engine deposits and emissions but also reduces the customer’s trust in the
fuel industry. There are also issues with fuel amount being delivered to customer as
few petrol bunks use longer pipes to deliver fuel where the fuel stagnates in the pipe
letting lesser fuel to be delivered.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The escalating number of reports and complaints from customers highlights a growing
problem within the fuel industry—namely, the pervasive issue of inconsistent fuel
quantity dispensed by different fuel stations. This problem is further exacerbated by
concerns surrounding the accuracy and quality of the dispensed fuel. The persistent
grievances from consumers regarding inaccurate fuel dispensing have reached a
critical juncture, posing a serious threat to customer satisfaction and integrity within
the fuel industry. Urgent attention is required to address these issues comprehensively
and restore trust between fuel providers and consumers.

1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

There is a lot of emphasis on the rising need of proper measurement for fuel quantity
and its quality. This is because of the uncertainty in people in relation to obtaining the
assured quantity and quality of fuel they have paid for. Traditional methods for
detecting fuel adulteration such as laboratory analysis and manual inspections are
time consuming, expensive and not applicable for real time monitoring. Several
studies have discussed about the various methods of solving these issues and to find a

1
way to enhance customer satisfaction.

The emergence of IoT technologies has revolutionized the field of fuel quality
monitoring by enabling real time data collection and analysis. The study [1]
implements a system that determines the adulteration and quantity of gasoline fuel
using Arduino Uno microcontrollers, load cells and TCS3200 colour sensors. This
system also integrates this data with a SIM00C GSM module for wireless
communication and data storage and uses an open source IoT platform called
ThingSpeak for data storage and visualization.

Similarly [2] discusses an IoT based system that incorporates load cells for
monitoring and tracking fuel levels effectively. It also implements the use of GPS and
GSM modules to alert the driver about insufficient fuel to prevent fraud and theft.
Despite the potential benefits of IoT based fuel quality monitoring systems, several
challenges faced in both study [1] and [2] include sensor accuracy, reliability and
most importantly high initial cost acts as a barrier that prevents widespread adoption.

Various sensor-based techniques have been explored for detecting fuel adulteration.
[3] provides a comprehensive review of different sensor-based techniques such as the
use of infrared sensors with camera-based imaging, optical sensors based on porous
silicon microcavity, sensors based on fibre grating technology, quartz transducers,
electrical meta material sensors along with the use of micro controllers for the same.
Sensor calibration and external environmental factors interference are challenges
associated with the use of this sensor-based techniques.

The proposed system in [4] utilizes a pH meter and microcontroller to detect

adulteration in petrol. Key components of this system include a pH electrode, Petro
cards, a PIC microcontroller, a pumping system and a display unit. The pH electrode
measures the pH value of petrol, allowing for adulterant detection. Petro cards to
automate the fuel dispensing process and the pumping system to regulate the amount
of petrol being dispensed ensuring accurate fuel measurement. pH based systems
offer advantages like simplicity and real time measurements but some limitations of
these include integration with other sensors, higher initial investment for the setup of
these.

2
Some of the innovative fuel monitoring systems offer advantages like real time
monitoring like the system proposed in [5] which introduces a comprehensive fuel
monitoring system which comprises of various modules including fuel level detection
that incorporates the use of ultrasonic sensor, adulteration testing, oil quality check
that uses IR rays to determine the quality of the engine oil, notification module that
sends alerts to the user through a mobile application and a logs storage for all fuel
related data in cloud. However, several challenges associated include sensor accuracy,
data integrity and security and higher initial investment.

The device described in [6] includes a cylindrical cone tipped tank, PVC pipe, turbine
flow meter, an Arduino uno microcontroller, digitizer, temperature sensor and a 9v
battery. Fuel flows through this device and the quantity of fuel and its viscosity are
measured using the flow meter via pulse signal processing. The data is sent to the
digitizer for display. The advantages of using this system include portability, low
maintenance. However, bulky nature, higher sensitivity and high initial cost are the
constraints associated with this system.

The method proposed in [7] offers a real time approach to detecting fuel adulteration
using optical fibre sensors. The system utilizes a fibre optic evanescent wave sensor
interfaced with a PIC (peripheral interface controller) to detect to measure the
percentage adulteration in fuel by noting down the variations in its refractive index.
This system poses several advantages such as real time data acquisition, integration
with other displays and safe handling but interferences from the external environment
easily distort the data obtained from the sensors due to its higher sensitivity and
difficulty in sensor calibration are its major drawbacks.

The system described in [8] offers a sensor based approach whose key components
include a load cell sensor for computing the density of the sample and a TCS 320
colour sensor for detecting its colour. These sensors are interfaced with an Arduino
microcontroller which processes the sensor data and displays it on an 16x2 LCD
screen. The system developed was able to achieve an accuracy of 89% demonstrating
its effectiveness in adulteration detection. However, sensor calibration and external
environmental influences affect the accuracy and reliability of these types of systems.

3
1.4 EXISTING SYSTEM

Most fuel systems even in modern vehicles use a simple float assembly which
rises or dips according to the level of fuel in the tank. This is very similar to the
mechanism used in flush tanks. The float is connected to a resistor which in turn is
connected to the battery and the gauge .According the level of float the resistor value
increases/decreases which changes the amount of current being sent to the gauge .This
shows the fuel level in the gauge.

To minimize the effect of fuel sloshing around the tank, fuel tanks usually
have a feature to temporarily trap fuel around the float, so that it doesn’t change
whenever we accelerate, decelerate or change the vehicle’s orientation.

Filling stations incorporate a system which is composed of an electronics

component and a mechanical component. The electronics component is composed of
a display and keyboard arrangement, flow sensors and a control system whereas the
mechanical component comprises of the hose and nozzle arrangement which is used
to pour the fuel into vehicles. The user interface of a fuel dispenser includes a digital
display and a keypad. Customers use the keypad to select the desired quantity of fuel.
Flow sensors measures the flow rate of fuel as it is dispensed. These sensors monitor
the amount of fuel passing through the dispenser’s nozzles, providing real-time data
to the control system. The control system, processes information from the keypad and
flow sensors. It calculates the amount of fuel dispensed and controls the flow rate
accordingly. As fuel passes through the nozzle, the flow sensors monitor the flow rate,
while the metering system calculates the volume of fuel dispensed.

Fuel quality checking in petrol bunks can be demanded by the customer, first
they take a white filter paper and pour a drop of fuel from the nozzle on it. They let it
dry for 2 minutes , if one doesn’t observe any kind of stain after the filter paper dries
up , then the petrol is pure Similarly for density checking at petrol bunks they fill 500
ml fuel in a clean measuring jar, immerse a hydrometer in the jar and measure the
temperature using thermometer. They then use the ASTM table to check from where
15 degree density is achieved, compare with the density they get in the hydrometer, if
the difference doesn’t exceed plus or minus 3kg/m3 the density is right. For quantity
checking they have fuel measuring jars ready at the petrol bunks if they customer
wishes to check the fuel quantity.

4
 Fig 1.1:Typical fuel sensing in a tank Fig 1.2:Fuel quality checking in petrol bunks

Fig 1.3 :Fuel density checking at petrol Fig 1.4 :Fuel meter at fuel station
bunks using hydrometer

Table 1.1 Existing systems for fuel checking

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The goal of this project is to create a two-part system which is innovative,

affordable, effective and simple to use in our day to day to life. The project is
especially made for the awareness of the customers who feel the quantity and quality
of fuel being dispensed in the fuel stations is declining every day. This system will
help customers be assured about the quantity and quality of fuel being dispensed. The
key objectives are:

1. To create a unit which can calculate the amount of fuel being poured into it for
accurate checking of the fuel being dispensed.

2. To create a unit which can calculate the density of fuel in the fuel tank and show
the changes in density when an adulterated fuel is added to the fuel tank.

5
 By accomplishing these objectives, the designed system may prove to be a
useful tool, potentially enhancing the general life quality of life. With the cost of fuel
increasing every day, this system can help the customer not get cheated on. This
initiative would also make a major contribution to the development of the automobile
and fuel industry.

1.6 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION

The Chapter-1 gives a brief introduction to the project including its need and
aim of the project. It also includes the requirement for a fuel quantity and quality
check system followed by a literature survey. The Chapter-2 explains about the design
requirements in terms of hardware and software components required for carrying out
the project. This chapter also contains a detailed explanation about each and every
hardware component used as a part of the project. Chapter-3 discusses about design
methodology, architecture of the developed system and details about both hardware
and software implementation. The proposed ideas as well as reasons to alter the
system are presented in this chapter. The results of the prototype, along with the
observations are presented in Chapter-4. The conclusion and the future scope are
mentioned in the final chapter i.e., Chapter-5.

1.7 SUMMARY

This chapter gives a brief discussion about the rising need for a quantity and
quality measurement device that can calculate the fuel quantity and quality in real
time. It describes the motivation of the project, its objectives and the literature survey.
The literature survey highlights the importance of a system which can accurately
calculate the fuel quality and quantity in real-time and gives an overview of the
existing methodologies which have similar concepts involved and hence provides an
opportunity to find the limitation in the existing methods and overcome those in the
proposed system. The Dissertation organization helps to establish the research context
and outlines the research objectives.

6
 CHAPTER - 2

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This project aims to design a prototype of a two-part system which can

accurately calculate the amount of fuel being poured into it, and also compute the
density of fuel in the tank which by extension is checking the quality of fuel in the
tank. The proposed system requires both hardware and software equipment which are
discussed in this section.

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.2.1 Arduino Uno

Fig 2.1 Arduino UNO

Introduction

The choice of micro controller for an IoT based solution plays a crucial role in
deciding the performance and efficiency of the end product. In this proposed system
we use 2 Arduino boards; Arduino UNO and Arduino Nano. The Arduino UNO is an
open - source micro controller based on the Microchip ATmega328P micro controller.
The micro controller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards and other circuits. The board
has 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog I/O pins and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB cable or a barrel connector that
accepts voltages between 7 to 20 volts.

7
Features

Features Specifications

Processor ATMega328P Processor

l AVR CPU at upto 16MHz

l 32KB Flash
Memory
l 2KB SRAM

l 1KB EEPROM

Security l Power on Reset (POR)

l 2x 8-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register and

compare channels

l 1x 16-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register, input

capture and compare channels

l 1x USART with fractional baud rate generator and start-of-frame

Peripherals detection

l 1x controller/peripheral Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

l 1x Dual mode controller/peripheral I2C

l Six PWM channels

l Interrupt and wake-up on pin change

Power 2.7-5.5 volts

Table 2.1: Specifications of Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno board is perfect for students and beginners to get familiar with
electronics and coding. This board gives new beginners the required first experience
within the world of Arduino and IoT Applications.

8
Pin Description

Fig 2.2 Arduino Uno Pin Diagram

Analog Pins

PIN Function Type Description

1 NC NC Not connected

2 IOREF IOREF Reference to digital logic V -

connected to 5V

3 Reset Reset Reset

4 +3V3 Power +3V3 Power rail

5 +5V Power +5V Power rail

6 GND Power Ground

7 GND Power Ground

8 VIN Power Voltage Input

9 A0 Analog/GPIO Analog input 0/GPIO

10 A1 Analog/GPIO Analog input 1/GPIO

11 A2 Analog/GPIO Analog input 2/GPIO

9
 12 A3 Analog/GPIO Analog input 3/GPIO

13 A4/SDA Analog Input/I2C Analog input 4/I2C Data line

14 A5/SCL Analog Input/I2C Analog input 5/I2C Clock line

Table 2.2: Analog pins and their description in Arduino Uno

Digital Pins

PIN Function Type Description

1 D0 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 0/GPIO

2 D1 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 1/GPIO

3 D2 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 2/GPIO

4 D3 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 3/GPIO

5 D4 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 4/GPIO

6 D5 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 5/GPIO

7 D6 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 6/GPIO

8 D7 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 7/GPIO

9 D8 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 8/GPIO

10 D9 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 9/GPIO

11 SS Digital SPI Chip Select

12 MOSI Digital SPI1 Main out secondary In

13 MISO Digital SPI Main in secondary out

14 SCK Digital SPI serial clock output

15 GND Power Ground

16 AREF Digital Analog reference voltage

17 A4/SD4 Digital Analog input 4/I2C Data line

(duplicated)

10
 18 A5/SD5 Digital Analog input 5/I2C Clock
line(duplicated)

Table 2.3: Digital pins and their description in Arduino Uno

2.2.2 Arduino Nano

Fig 2.3 Arduino Nano

Introduction

The Arduino nano is a compact and a smaller version of Arduino Uno , It is also based
on the ATmega328. It mainly lacks only a DC Power Jack, and works with a Mini-B
USB cable instead of a standard one. It is used mainly mainly when space is a
constraint. Despite it’s small size the Arduino Nano retains most of the Arduino Uno
R3’s features making it suitable for multiple application in Electronics and Embedded
Systems. The Arduino Nano board is designed for mini projects at its core. The
hardware is compatible with Arduino IDE, Arduino CLI and Web Editor.

Features

Features Specifications

High-performance low-power 8-bit processor

Achieve up to 16 MIPS for 16 MHz clock frequency

ATmega328 Microcontroller
32 kB of which 2 KB used by bootloader

2 kB internal SRAM

11
 1 kB EEPROM

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Six PWM Channels

Programmable Serial USART

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

Mini-B USB connection

Power 7-15V unregulated external power supply (pin 30)

5V regulated external power supply (pin 27)

Idle

ADC Noise Reduction

Power-save
Sleep Modes
Power-down

Standby

Extended Standby

20 Digital

I/O 8 Analog

l 6 PWM Output

Table 2.4: Specifications of Arduino Nano

The primary processor in the Arduino Nano board is the high performance and
low power 8-bit ATmega328 microcontroller that runs at a clock frequency of 16MHz.
Its able to interface external devices through serial communication supported by chip
with UART TTL, I2C and SPI.

12
Pin Description

Fig 2.4 Arduino Nano Pin diagram

Analog Pins

PIN Function Type Description

1 +3V3 Power 5V USB Power

2 A0 Analog Analog Input 0 /GPIO

3 A1 Analog Analog Input 1/GPIO

4 A2 Analog Analog Input 2 /GPIO

5 A3 Analog Analog Input 3 /GPIO

6 A4 Analog Analog Input 4 /GPIO

7 A5 Analog Analog Input 5 /GPIO

8 A6 Analog Analog Input 6 /GPIO

9 A7 Analog Analog Input 7 /GPIO

13
 10 +5V Power +5V Power Rail

11 Reset Reset Reset

12 GND Power Ground

13 VIN Power Voltage Input

Table 2.5 : Analog pins and their description in Arduino Uno

Digital Pins

PIN Function Type Description

1 D1/TX1 Digital Digital Input 1/GPIO

2 D0/RX0 Digital Digital Input 0/GPIO

3 D2 Digital Digital Input 2/GPIO

4 D3 Digital Digital Input 3/GPIO

5 D4 Digital Digital Input 4/GPIO

6 D5 Digital Digital Input 5/GPIO

7 D6 Digital Digital Input 6/GPIO

8 D7 Digital Digital Input 7/GPIO

9 D8 Digital Digital Input 8/GPIO

10 D9 Digital Digital Input 9/GPIO

11 D10 Digital Digital Input 10/GPIO

12 D11 Digital Digital Input 11/GPIO

13 D12 Digital Digital Input 12/GPIO

14 D13 Digital Digital Input 13/GPIO

15 Reset Reset Reset

16 GND Power Ground

Table 2.6 : Digital pins and their description in Arduino Uno

14
2.2.3 Turbo Water Flow Sensor (YF-S201)

Fig 2.5 Turbo Water flow Sensor

Introduction

Water flow sensor consists of a plastic valve body, a water rotor, and a hall-effect
sensor. When water flows through the rotor, rotor rolls. Its speed changes with
different rate of flow. The hall-effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse signal.

Specifications

Parameter Value

Working Voltage DC 4.5V~24V

Normal Voltage DC 5V~18V

Max. Working Current 15mA (DC 5V)

Load capacity ≤ 10 mA (DC 5V)

Flow Rate Range 1~30L/min

Load Capacity ≤10mA (DC 5V)

Operating Temperature ≤80°C

Liquid Temperature ≤120°C

15
 Operating Humidity 35%～90%RH

Storage Temperature -25～+ 80°C

External Threads 1/2"

Outer Diameter 20mm

Intake Diameter 9mm

Outlet Diameter 12mm

Table 2.7: Specifications of turbo water flow sensor

Connection And Part Information

Fig 2.6 Flow Sensor Connections

Fig 2.7 Flow Sensor Mechanical Diagram

16
2.2.4 Load Cell (Yzc-133 20kg)

Fig 2.8 Load cell sensor (20Kg)

Introduction

The load cell (sometimes called a strain gauge) can translate up to 20 kilograms of
pressure (force) into an electrical signal. Each load cell is capable of measuring the
electrical resistance that changes in response to a strain (e.g. pressure or force) applied
to the tape

With this gauge one can see how heavy an object is, if the weight of the object
changes over time, or simply measure the pressure or weight applied to the surface.

There are four lead connectors that can be connected to the HX711 A/D Pressure
Sensor. It is easy to use with 5-10V driving voltage and the output voltage can be as
varied with power.

Installing the sensor is also a simple task, one end has to be fixed through the screw
hole and the other end hangs to the left, as the labels show the direction of gravity.

Specifications

Parameter Value

Material Aluminum

Dimensions 80 x 12.7 x 12.7 mm

17
 Weighing Range 20 Kg

Rated Output 1.0 ± 0.1 mV/V

Non Linear Output ± 0.03% F.S

Cable Length 18 cm

Protection Standard IP65

Impedance 1115±10% Ω

Output Impedance 1000±10% Ω

Operating Temperature -20°C to 65°C

Weight 29 gm

Table 2.8: Specifications of load cell sensor (20kg)

2.2.5 Hx711 Load Cell Amplifier

Fig 2.9 HX711 Amplifier

Introduction

The HX711 is a 24 bit analog to digital converter (ADC) designed to amplify and
digitize signals from weight cells for weighing scales and industrial control
applications Converters are designed to convert the energy applied to the weight cell
into an electrical signal.

18
This amplifier communicates directly with microcontrollers such as the Arduino Uno
utilized in this project. It incorporates the use of simple communication protocols
making it easier to integrate into applications that require accurate load
measurement.

Fig 2.10 HX711 Pin Diagram

Features

1. Two selectable differential input channels.

2. On-Chip active low noise PGA with selectable gain of 32,64,128.

3. On-Chip power supply regulator for load-cell and ADC analog power supply.

4. On-Chip oscillator requiring no external component with optional external crystal.

5. On-Chip Power-on-reset.

6. Simple digital control and serial interface: pin-driven controls, no programming

needed.

7. Simultaneous 60 and 50Hz supply rejection.

8. Current consumption including on-chip analog power supply regulator:

a) Normal operation<1.5mA, power down<1uA

9. Operation supply voltage range: 2.6 - 5.5V

10.Operation temperature range: -40°C - +85°C

19
2.2.6 Piezoelectric Buzzer

Fig 2.11 Piezoelectric Buzzer

The Piezoelectric Buzzer is a small and efficient component that produces sound
feedback as per requirements. Its two-pin compact structure allows it to be easily used
with a breadboard and PCBs. This piezoelectric buzzer has 23mm diameter and
30mm spaced mount holes. It produces a 3.3kHz tone at an 85dB sound level when
activated, drawing a current less than 15mA. It is supplied with a 100mm lead and is
designed for a 3 - 20V power supply.

Specifications

Parameter Value

Operation Voltage 5V DC

Frequency 3,300 Hz

Current <15 mA

Color Black

Operating Temperature -20°C to +60°C

Polarity Positive Pin marked

Number of Pins 2

Table 2.9 : Specifications of piezoelectric buzzer

20
 Fig 2.12 Piezoelectric Buzzer terminals

2.2.7 LCD With I2C

Fig 2.13 LCD with I2C

An LCD With I2C uses Inter-Integrated circuitry to communicate and transfer data for
visual or textual displays. These LCDs use only 2 lines, SDA and SCL to transfer data.

Features

Parameter Value

Characters 16x2 Lines

LCD Controller IC AiP31068L or Equivalent

Viewing Angle 6 O'clock direction

Interface I2C MPU Interface

21
 Backlight White LED

Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C

Storage Temperature Range -30 to +80°C

Module Size 87 x 32 x 13 mm

View Area 64.5 x 16.0 mm

Number of Characters 16 x 2 lines

Table 2.10: Specifications of LCD with I2C

Pin description

ITEM SYMBOL LEVEL FUNCTION

1 SDA H/L I2C Bus Serial Data

2 SCL H/L I2C Bus Serial Clock

3 GND 0V Power Ground

4 VCC +3.3 - 5.0V Power supply for logic

Table 2.11: Pin description of LCD with I2C

Fig 2.14 LCD with I2C Mechanical Drawing

22
2.2.8 SPST Push Button switch

Fig 2.15 SPST Push button switch

A Push Button is a mechanical device which is used to control the power flow
in an electrical circuit. The button is used to manually switch the circuit on or off.
They can also be used to provide an input by the user for a start / stop function. The
switch we have used is a SPST switch (Single pole single throw), it has 2 terminals
and can be used to control power flow only in one circuit.

Specifications

Parameter Value

IP Rating Not rated

Voltage Rating Up to 24Vdc

Current Rating Up to 14mA

Pitch 2.54mm

Table 2.12: Specifications of Push Button switch

2.2.9 Push button

Fig 2.16 Push Button

23
 A push button switch is typically an electrical switch that is activated by
pressing a button. It is commonly used to control various functions in electronic
devices. In this project it is mainly used to give inputs to the Arduino to increase the
value of the volume in the container by a certain amount.

Specifications

Fig 2.17: Push Button Internal connections

Parameter Value

Mode of Operation Tactile feedback

Power Rating MAX 50mA, 24V DC

Operating Temperature Range -20°C to +70°C

Storage Temperature Range -20°C to +70°C

Table 2.13: Specifications of push button

2.2.10 Jumper wires, Wood, Funnel and Container

Jumper wires

Fig 2.18: Jumper Wires

24
Jumper wires are simple electrical wires with connectors at each end, commonly used
in electronics and prototyping projects to establish electrical connections between
components on a bread board or circuit board. They are often insulated with PVC or
silicone to protect again short circuits.

Wood

Fig 2.19: Wood

Wood was used in our project to balance the load cell balance and to perfectly
measure the weight being placed at the load.

Funnel

Fig 2.20: Funnel

Funnel was used in our project in the Quantity measurement device to pour the
fuel into the container and to allow fuel to pass through the flow sensor. It is used to
ensure that no fuel is wasted outside and flows into the container properly.

25
Container

Fig 2.21 Container

The container was used in the Quality measurement device, it acts as a fuel
tank in the prototype. It is used to measure the weight of fuel being poured in the
prototype.

2.3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1. Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is an integrated development environment (IDE) commonly

used to program Arduino boards. It is an open-source software that is used for the
configuration of microcontrollers. The Arduino IDE provides an easy-to-use graphical
user interface (GUI) that allows users to write, compile, and code on the Arduino
board. The IDE supports a simplified version of the C++ programming language,
making it accessible to beginners with no prior programming experience. It also
includes a library of prewritten code, called sketches, that can be easily modified and
adapted to the needs of the project.

Fig 2.22: Arduino IDE logo

26
 CHAPTER - 3

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The chapter describes the steps and procedures followed to develop the fuel
quality and quantity measurement system. The project aims to provide a feasible and
cheap solution to prevent people from getting duped in petrol stations and to improve
the customer satisfaction rate.

3.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.2.1. Real Time Flow Quantity Measurement:

The proposed system comprises a flow quantity sensor that is affixed to a funnel for
enhanced functionality. This sensor is linked to a micro controller board, establishing
connections with an LCD display to showcase the precise digital data acquired from
the sensor. Positioned at the end of the funnel is the sensor and the entire setup
consisting of the Arduino board, LCD and other components are cohesively arranged
outside the funnel. Notably, the system operates on battery power, ensuring flexibility
and portability in its use. Its compact design renders it easily manageable, catering to
the user's convenience in using it in real time.

3.2.2 Fuel Quantity and Quality Measurement

Fuel Quantity Measurement

The proposed system offers a distinct advantage over existing fuel monitoring
systems by providing an accurate numerical representation of the fuel quantity in the
tank. In contrast to conventional systems that rely on level-based sensors to indicate
fuel levels, this innovative solution employs a Flow based sensor for precise
measurement. The acquired fuel level data is subsequently processed by a micro
controller to calculate the exact volume of fuel within the tank. This micro controller
is seamlessly integrated with an LCD, which serves as the interface for presenting the
fuel volume information in liters, enhancing the user's ability to monitor and manage
fuel level efficiently. The main purpose of this fuel quantity measurement device is to

27
accurately measure the quantity of fuel poured through the funnel. This flow based
sensor has a rotor inside it which can measure the volume of fuel poured through it.

Fuel Quality Measurement

The proposed system introduces an innovative approach to assess the quality of fuel
by quantifying the percentage of adulteration based on density. A pivotal component
of this system is a load cell employed to determine the mass of fuel present in the tank.
Subsequently, the obtained mass is utilized to calculate the fuel's density, utilizing the
volume data acquired from the ultrasonic sensor, following the formula Density =
Mass/Volume. The calculated density is then compared with predefined standard
density values, giving an idea about the amount of adulteration in the fuel. This is
shown on the lcd which helps customer identify the level of adulteration in fuel.

Fig 3.1 : Proposed Circuit diagram for fuel quantity and quality measurement

3.2.3. Block Diagram

Fig 3.2: Block diagram of the proposed systems

28
3.2.4 Quality Checking Chart

Fuel Density @ 26°C(kg/m3)

Pure Petrol 719

Up to 5% 725

Up to 20% 751

Up to 21-30% 768

Up to 31-40% 774

Up to 41-50% 783

Up to 51-55% 791

10% adulterated 725

20% adulterated 783

Kerosene 795

Turpentine 850

Table 3.1: Density vs adulteration chart

3.2.5 Conceptual Visualization

Fig 3.3: Conceptual visualization of proposed system

29
3.3 NEED FOR ALTERATION

The proposed system originally used an ultrasonic sensor for accurate measurement of
volume in the container for the fuel quantity measurement device and needed no
external input from the user.

It failed because

1. Ultrasonic sensor cannot accurately calculate the distance of petrol from the sensor,
unlike water petrol is an absorbent of ultrasonic waves that the sensor uses to measure
distance.

2. Due to this absorbent nature, utilizing ultrasonic sensors was not possible as it gave
inaccurate values of the fuel level in the container.

3. Also, petrol vaporizes easily and these vapors interfere with the computation of
distance when using ultrasonic sensor.

These factors make ultrasonic sensors ineffective and potentially hazardous when
used with petrol.

Fig 3.4 Testing with ultrasonic sensor

30
Other methods that could be used

1. Capacitance Sensors:

Capacitance sensors operate on the principle of capacitance which is the ability of a

system to store an electric charge. Usually, it consists of probes or electrodes that are
immersed in the liquid, the capacitance changes according to the level of surrounding
liquid. By measuring the change in capacitance in the sensor the level of liquid is
determined.

2. Optical Sensors:

Optical Sensors utilize light-based technology to detect the presence of liquid to

measure its level. These sensors usually work by transmitting light through the liquid
and measuring the amount of light that passes through or by detecting changes in light
reflection caused by the liquids surface.

3. Float Sensors:

Float sensors are one of the most common sensors used for indicating the height of a
fluid in a tank. It’s used in water tanks and fuel tanks. It employs a simple mechanism
involving a buoyant object that rises or falls with the liquid level.

4. Pressure Sensors:

Pressure sensors measure the pressure exerted by a fluid on the sensing element. It is
usually placed at the bottom of the tank and they measure the pressure exerted by the
liquid column above them. It then converts the pressure into appropriate level
measurement reading.

5. Conductive Sensors:

Conductive sensors detect changes in electrical conductivity caused by the presence

or absence of a liquid. When liquid comes into contact with these electrodes, it creates
a conductive path between them, which the sensor can detect.

While each of these sensors has its merits and demerits , factors such as cost and lead
time affected the choice of sensor to be chosen for this project. High Lead times and
High costs negatively affects the goal of the project which is to be cost effective. So
these sensors were not utilized.

31
3.4. DEVELOPED SYSTEM

3.4.1. Hardware Implementation

Few changes were made to the proposed system as the ultrasonic sensor was not an
appropriate component. A few buttons and switches were also added so that the
system is more cost efficient and easy to work with.

Fuel Quantity measurement device

The Arduino nano functions as the controller for this setup. A funnel is taken for the
petrol to be poured into and a turbo flow sensor is fixed at the nozzle of the funnel for
accurate measurement of the fuel being poured. The flow sensor is connected to the
Arduino nano. An LCD with I2C is connected to the setup for displaying the results. A
battery along with a switch is also connected to the circuit for the power supply of the
setup. The system is connected according to the circuit diagram given below.

Fig 3.5 Circuit Diagram for Quantity Measurement device

Fuel Quality measurement device

The Arduino Uno functions as the micro controller in this setup. A load cell is used to
measure the weight of the fuel in the container which will be placed atop the load cell.
A HX711 Load cell amplifier is utilized to amplify the weak signals from the load cell

32
and to convert the analog signals from the load cell into digital signal. A push button
is attached to modify the volume to be calculated for density measurement. A buzzer
is attached in the circuit which will ring is the density of petrol is in its acceptable
range that is 720- 770 kg/m3 or 0.72 -0.76 kg/litre. Power supply for the system is
given from two Li-ion batteries and a switch is also implemented in the circuit for
effective power management and to conserve battery for prolonged usage. All the
components are attached as shown in the circuit diagram below.

Fig 3.6 Circuit Diagram for Quality Measurement Device

3.4.2. Software Implementation.

Three codes were used in this project using Arduino IDE.

1. Calibration code for load cell.

2. Code for working of Quality measurement system.

3. Code for working of Quantity measurement system

Calibration code

1. It can be directly found from examples in the Arduino IDE

2. Go to File at the top left of the IDE

3. Click on examples under the file option, then go to the HX711_ADC option under
the Examples option.

33
 Fig 3.7 Calibration Test in Arduino IDE

Fig 3.8 Calibrating load cell with Known Mass

4. In the HX711_ADC option go to Calibration Option; A new window will open up.

5. Place the load cell on a level stable surface. Remove any load applied to the load
cell, and enter ‘t’ from serial monitor to set the tare offset.

34
6. Now take an object with a known mass. (We took 150grams)

7. Place it on the load cell, and enter the weight in grams in the IDE. We will get a
calibration value which is to be entered into the Quality measurement code later.

8. We then end the calibration process and check if the value we are getting for the
known mass is correct or incorrect.

9. Enter the calibration value in the code for Quality measurement.

Code for working of Quality and Quantity measurement system

1. These 2 codes are simple Arduino codes.

2. The Quantity measurement code takes data from the Arduino micro controller and
presents the data on the LCD with I2C, Here the output is simply the amount of fuel
being poured through the flow sensor in liters.

3. The Quality measurement code takes data from the load cell amplifier which are
mass(weight) and then the push button when pressed updates the amount of fuel
which is being poured into the container(volume) on the load cell.

4. The code takes both the mass and volume as inputs and gives out density as
Density = Mass / Volume.

5. From the calculation from the density, we have taken

A. 0.72- 0.77: Quality of petrol is GOOD

B. Else : Quality of petrol is BAD

35
 CHAPTER - 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 DEVELOPED SYSTEMS

This is our prepared model for the Quality measurement device.

Fig 4.1 Model of the Quality measurement device.

Fig 4.2 Model of the Quantity measurement device

36
 Fig 4.3 Model of the whole setup

4.2 TEST RESULTS

Petrol Readings

S.No Initial Poured Flow Mass(gm) Density Quality

Volume(ml) Volume(ml) meter (gm/ml ) of Fuel
Reading

1 0 200 0.21L 151.93 0.76 GOOD

2 200 200 0.41L 301.72 0.75 GOOD

3 400 200 0.62L 452.69 0.75 GOOD

Table 4.1: Petrol readings

37
Initially we took 200ml of petrol using a measuring jar and poured it through the fuel
Quantity measuring system into the container and it displayed a reading of 0.21L at
the LCD. The weight of the fuel in the fuel quality measuring system displayed the
mass as 151.93gm , by calculations from the code the density of fuel came out to be
0.76gm/ml . This density is in the range of 0.72 - 0.77 gm/ml so the obtained Quality
of Fuel is GOOD.The buzzer starts to ring as the petrol quality is GOOD. Similarly
two more tests were conducted by adding 200ml of petrol through the fuel quantity
measurement system into the container. The obtained results matched with the fuel
density purchased from the petrol bunk, which was 0.75 gm/ml.

Fig 4.4 Readings of Petrol In Quantity measurement device

Fig 4.5 Readings of Petrol in Quality Measurement device

38
Quality Measurement device

Turpentine Oil

S.No Volume(ml) Mass(gm) Density(gm/ml)

1 0 0 0

2 200 157.79 0.79

3 400 319.55 0.80

4 600 480.60 0.80

Table 4.2: Turpentine Oil Readings

Initially all the systems were checked and calibrated to be 0 and then we took 200ml
of Turpentine oil using a measuring jar and poured it into the container and the weight
of the oil in the fuel quality measuring system displayed the mass as 157.79gm , by
calculations from the code the density of oil came out to be 0.79gm/ml ..Similarly two
more tests were conducted by adding 200ml of oil into the container through a
measuring jar. The density of turpentine oil is usually above 0.81 gm/ml , but as there
was ethanol mixed in it the density came out to be between 0.79 - 0.8 gm/ml.

Fig 4.6 Readings of turpentine in Quality Measurement device

39
Measurement for petrol with adulteration

S.No Volume of Volume of Total Mass Density Quality

fuel(ml) turpentine Volume (gm) (gm/ml) of Fuel

(ml) (ml)

1 500 200 700 551.19 0.79 BAD

2 500 300 800 631.44 0.79 BAD

Table 4.3: Adulterated petrol readings

Initially the amount of petrol in the container was set to 500ml which was tested
earlier (density 0.75gm/ml). To this, 200ml of turpentine oil (also tested earlier
density 0.8gm/ml) was added through a measuring jar , here the turpentine oil acts as
the adulterant to petrol. The total volume of petrol in the container is now 700ml, the
mass displayed for this adulterated petrol came out to be 551.19 gm . The density
calculated from this mass and volume from the code is 0.79gm/ml. This density does
not lie between the range of 0.72-0.77gm/ml indicating the Quality of Fuel is
BAD.The Buzzer did not ring in this test as the Quality of Fuel is BAD. One more test
was conducted by adding 100ml of turpentine oil again which thereby increases the
adulteration ratio in the petrol, now the total adulterant added in the system is 300ml.
While we did not find any significant change in the density of the adulterated fuel, it
still showed that the Quality of Fuel was BAD.

Fig 4.7 Readings of adulterated petrol in Quality Measurement device

40
4.3 SUMMARY

We have successfully tested the Fuel Quality and Quantity measurement device on the
basis of 3 parameters. Testing with Petrol (Fuel), Testing with Turpentine Oil
(Adulterant) and Testing with Petrol mixed with Adulterant (Adulterated Fuel). The
readings were accurate and from the observations we were able to conclude that the
quality of petrol which we used had a density of 750kg/m3, or 0.75 kg/l which was
same as the density of petrol shown in the fuel station. After adding adulterant into
the petrol, the density of petrol noted a sharp increase which proved that an adulterant
has been added to the petrol. Note that the petrol which we bought from the fuel
station was already adulterated with the adulteration being around 20%.

41
 CHAPTER - 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION

The goal of this project was to develop a cost-effective system that would
solve issues faced by consumers all over the world in regards to the quantity and
quality of fuel being provided to the public. The project involved development of a
quantity and quality detection system that would accurately determine the amount of
fuel being poured and also give an idea about its quality by obtaining its density.

The proposed system involved the use of a flow sensor, an ultrasonic sensor
and a load cell with amplifier as the data generating devices and Arduino
microcontrollers to process the data and display it on LCDs. The flow sensor setup
showed the amount of fuel being poured into the system. The ultrasonic sensor was
responsible for determination of quantity of fuel present in the container (replicating a
tank) and the load cell was responsible for giving out the mass(weight) of the fuel
present in the tank. Both the weight and the volume readings would then be used to
determine the density of the fuel hence giving an insight on its quality. The final
system incorporated the use of the flow sensor setup and the load cell setup but failed
to use the ultrasonic sensor-based volume determination setup, the reason being
absorbent nature of petrol and unavailability of alternate sensors due to cost and lead
time constraints.

Upon testing the fuel quantity and quality system we were able to achieve
accurate results demonstrating its effectiveness in improving customer satisfaction by
providing them with the necessary data when purchasing fuel. This project can serve
as a basis for future research and development of similar technologies.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

According to statistics, more than 90% of the total vehicle users across the
world are dependent on petrol and diesel as a fuel for their vehicle. As the cost of fuel
is skyrocketing in recent times, it becomes more and more important for a more
convenient, cost-effective system to assure people of the quality and quantity of fuel
they are purchasing.This device can help consumers in that aspect. However, even

42
though our project is a success, there is still room for improvement and innovation in
the future.

This project’s final goal is to be implemented in a real-life vehicle where the

amount of fuel being poured into the vehicle’s tank and the quality of the fuel gets
displayed into the speedometer of the vehicle in real-time. It should also be able to
take other parameters such as the vehicle’s mileage, air pressure of the vehicle’s
wheels, engine condition and any other parameters which might affect the vehicle’s
working and display the estimated distance the vehicle will be able to go before the
fuel tank gets emptied. It should also be able to show the quality of fuel being poured
as well as the overall quality of fuel in the fuel tank.

Another aspect where this project can be improved is Integration with IoT and
Cloud Services. If it is possible to integrate the project’s code with a cloud service
which can display the GPS location of the fuel station where the petrol was refilled ,
as well the density of the fuel at that petrol station and give a rating system, it will be
highly beneficial so that the next time someone wants to refuel, he/she can go to a fuel
station which has better quality of fuel. It can also be improved in the aspect that by
considering the number of times the vehicle needs refueling, one can now accurately
understand when one has to take the vehicle for a maintenance check.

An aspect where this project can also be developed is to enhance the user
interface and experience it by developing mobile applications for remote monitoring.
The user should be able to have a customizable dashboard along with other intuitive
calibration procedures to check the fuel history . It should also be able to check for
any leaks or to ensure compliance with regulatory bodies related to fuel handling and
storage.

For huge enterprises which have a lot of shipment material, it can be a

cumbersome task to verify the fuel related costs for each and every vehicle.
Integrating a device which can record the amount of fuel dispensed as well as the
expenses related to it could streamline fuel tracking, billing and reporting processes.
This could help multiple industries which include but not limited to transportation,
logistics and agriculture.

Research and implementing more accurate and advanced sensors along with
measurement techniques to improve the accuracy and precision of both quantity and

43
quality measurements. This could involve using higher-resolution sensors or
integrating sensors for reducing errors and error correction. Though care must be
taken that these sensors are cost effective and does not burden the consumer with its
cost.

The future scope of this project is not limited to the above ideas. The growing
technologies and needs give rise to new innovative solutions in the fuel industry.

44
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

[1] Dheeraj Shettigar C, Manikanta R,Veerandar Singh, “Determination of

Adulteration and Quantity of Gasoline Fuel Using IoT Method “ in International
Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN (online): 2348-4098,
February-2014.

[2] Abhiraj Sutar, Anshu De, Jaskaran Singh, Dr. Manisha Mhetre, “ IOT Based Fuel
Quantity Measurement”, in International Journal of Research Publicatiuon and
reviews, 2020.

[3] Bharath LV, Himanth M,”Review on the Detection of Fuel Adulteration through
Sensor based Techniques “ in International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, ISSN: 2550-3153, September-2017.

[4]Prof Ms.D.Thaniga , Prof G. Gabriel Santhosh Kumar , Dr. R. Manivasagam

Rajendran, “ Determination of Adulteration and Quantity of Petrol using pH meter
and microcontroller” , In International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical ,
Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, ISSN (online): 2321-2004,
May-2019.

[5]Vivek Patil, Yash Belgaonkar, Vaibhav Shirwadkar, Varun deshpande, “ Fuel

Monitoring on tanks for level detection and purity check - a short review” in Journal
of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences, April 2019.

[6] Mr. K. R. Roshan, M. Rama Krishnan, “Digitalized flow quantity and adulteration
measurement in petrol” , in International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology, ISSN: 2278-0181, June-2019.

[7] Vivek Padmakarrao Kudea , Anita Patilb, “Detection of fuel adulteration in real
time using optical fiber sensor and peripheral interface controller” in International
Journal of optics and Photonics. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ijop.11.2.95, August-2017

[8] Isaac C. Febaide , Esther E. Odiki , “ Petrol Adulteration detection system based
on sensor technique” in International Research Journal of Modernization in
Engineering Technology and Science; e-ISSN: 2582-5208; July-2021.

45
 APPENDIX

A.1 QUANTITY MEASUREMENT CODE

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // Change the address (0x27) based on your I2C
module

const int flowSensorPin = 2; // Flow sensor signal pin

volatile int pulseCount = 0;

float calibrationFactor = 7.0; // Adjust this based on your sensor's specifications

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.init(); // Initialize the LCD

lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the backlight

// lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

// lcd.print("FlowRate:");

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Total Volume:-");

pinMode(flowSensorPin, INPUT);

attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(flowSensorPin), pulseCounter, FALLING);

void loop() {

static unsigned long lastTime = 0;

46
 unsigned long currentTime = millis();

if (currentTime - lastTime >= 1000) {

float flowRate = pulseCount / calibrationFactor;

float totalVolume = pulseCount / (calibrationFactor * 60); // in liters

// lcd.setCursor(9, 0); // Position cursor for flow rate

// lcd.print(" "); // Clear previous value

// lcd.setCursor(9, 0); // Position cursor again

// lcd.print(flowRate, 2);

// lcd.print(" L/min");

lcd.setCursor(5, 1); // Position cursor for total volume

lcd.print(" "); // Clear previous value

lcd.setCursor(5, 1); // Position cursor again

lcd.print(totalVolume, 2);

lcd.print(" L");

Serial.println(totalVolume);

lastTime = currentTime;}}

void pulseCounter() {

pulseCount++;

47
A.2 QUALITY MEASUREMENT CODE

#include <HX711_ADC.h>

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> // LiquidCrystal_I2C library

HX711_ADC LoadCell(4, 5); // parameters: dt pin, sck pin

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4); // 0x27 is the i2c address of the LCM1602 IIC v1

module (might differ)

float volume[] = {500, 600, 700, 800, 1000};//initially 500ml,100ml PP

added=600ml,100ml AP added =700ml

int arraySize = sizeof(volume) / sizeof(volume[0]);

int currentIndex = -1;

const int buttonPin= 2;

const int buzzer= 9;

int x=-1;

float density;

void setup()

Serial.begin(38400); // Starts the serial communication

LoadCell.begin(); // start connection to HX711

LoadCell.start(2000); // load cells gets 2000ms of time to stabilize

LoadCell.setCalFactor(103.71); // calibration factor for load cell => strongly

dependent on your individual setup

lcd.init();

48
 lcd.backlight();

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT); //BUZZER

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // set cursor to first row

lcd.print("Mass:");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);//fixed volume

lcd.print("Volume:");

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);//density

lcd.print("Density:");

lcd.setCursor(0, 3); //density

lcd.print("Quality:"); // print out to LCD

void loop()

LoadCell.update(); // retrieves data from the load cell

float mass = LoadCell.getData(); // get output value

//Serial.println(mass);

// Read the state of the push button

int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);

// Check if the button is pressed

49
if (buttonState == LOW)

// Increment the array index

currentIndex = (currentIndex + 1) % arraySize;

x= volume[currentIndex];

density= mass/x;

if(density>=0.72 && density<=0.77)

lcd.setCursor(10,3);

lcd.print("GOOD!");

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

else{

lcd.setCursor(10,3);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(10,3);

lcd.print("BAD!");

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

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lcd.setCursor(10, 0); // set cursor to first row

lcd.print(mass); // print out the retrieved value to the second row

lcd.setCursor(10, 1);

lcd.print(x);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(10, 2);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(10, 2);

lcd.print(density);

delay(150);

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