(2024-2025)

Class : XII

MATHEMATICS

Shri Ashok Kumar

Shri R.N. Sharma

Director (Education)

Mrs. Ritu Singhal

R.N. SHARMA, IAS Directorate of Education
Govt. of NCT of Delhi
Director, Education & Sports
Room No. 12, Old Secretariat
Near Vidhan Sabha,
Delhi-110054
Ph.: 011-23890172
E-mail : [email protected]
DI=· s-/2..2.&1� ..... ,M�l i.-,,.1
"2-0)'8/S"H.
MESSAGE Do-kPi· 01.f/o=,-/�

It brings me great pleasure to present the support material specifically

designed for students ofclasses IX to XII by our dedicated team ofsubject experts.
The Directorate of Education remains resolute in its commitment to empower
educators and students alike, extending these invaluable resources at
no cost to students attending Government and Government-Aided schools in
Delhi.

The support material epitomizes a commendable endeavour towards

harmonizing content with the latest CBSE patterns, serving as a facilitative tool
for comprehending, acquiring and honing essential skills and competencies
stipulated within the curriculum.

Embedded within this initiative is a structured framework conducive to

nurturing an analytical approach to learning and problem-solving. It is intended to
prompt educators to reflect upon their pedagogical methodologies, forging an
interactive conduit between students and academic content.

In the insightful words of Rabindranath Tagore, "Don't limit a child to

yourown learning, forhe was born in anothertime."

Every child is unique, with their own interests, abilities and potential. By
allowing children to learn beyond the scope of our own experiences, we support
their individual growth and development, helping them to reach their full potential
in their own right.

May every student embrace the joy oflearning and be empowered with the
tools and confidence to navigate and shape the future.

(R. N. SHARMA)
Dr. RITA SHARMA Govt. of NCT of Delhi
Additional Director of Education Directorate of Education
(School/Exam) Old Secretariat, Delhi-110054
Ph.: 23890185

D.O. Not:E,S/�l��k!TttrlN'
Dated: . . J>ijol-/�•l.f .... ..... .. ..

MESSAGE

"Children are not things to be molded, but are people to be unfolded."

Jess Lair
In line with this insightful quote, the Directorate of Education, Delhi, has always
made persistent efforts to nurture and unfold the inherent potential within each
student. This support material is a testimony to this commitment.
The support material serves as a comprehensive tool to facilitate a deeper
understanding of the curriculum. It is crafted to help students not only grasp
essential concepts but also apply them effectively in their examinations. We
believe that the thoughtful and intelligent utilization of these resources will
significantly enhance the learning experience and academic performance ofour
students.

Our expert faculty members have dedicated themselves to the support material
to reflect the latest CBSE guidelines and changes. This continuous effort aims to
empower students with innovative approaches, fostering their problem-solving
skills and critical thinking abilities.

I extend my heartfelt congratulations to the entire team for their invaluable

contribution to creating a highly beneficial and practical support material. Their
commitment to excellence ensures that our students are well-prepared to meet
the challenges ofthe CBSE examinations and beyond.
Wishing you all success and fulfilment in your educational journey.

(Dr. Rita Sharma)

 (2024-2025)

MATHEMATICS
Class : XII
(English Medium)
 Review Team
Mathematics (Class XII)
Session-(2024-25)

Name Designation School

Team Leader

Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Principal RPVV, Kishan Ganj

Team Members
Mr. Vidya Sagar Malik Lecturer Mathematics Core Academic Unit
Mr. Shashank Vohra Lecturer Mathematics RPVV, Hari Nagar
Smt. Suman Arora Lecturer Mathematics RPVV, Paschim Vihar
 ANNUAL SYLLABUS
MATHEMATICS (Code NO. 041)
Class-XII
Session (2024-25)

The Syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes from time
to time in accordance with growth of the subject and emerging needs of the
society. Senior Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the students
go either for higher academic education in Mathematics or for professional
courses like Engineering, Physical and Biological science, Commerce or Com-
puter /Applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accor-
dance with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given
in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics 2005 which is to meet the emerg-
ing needs of all categories of students. Motivating the topics from real life situ-
ations and other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on application
of various concepts.
Objectives
The broad objectives of teaching Mathematics at senior school stage intend to
help the students:
• to acquire knowledge and critical understanding, particularly by way of
motivation and visualization, of basic concepts, terms, principles, sym-
bols and mastery of underlying processes and skills.
• to feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
• to apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wher-
ever possible, by more than one method.
• to develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.
• to develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
• to acquaint students with different aspects of Mathematics used in daily
life.
• to develop an interest in students to study Mathematics as a discipline.
• to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of
environment, observance of small family norms, removal of social barri-
ers, elimination of genderbiases.
• to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their
contributions to the field of Mathematics.
 ANNUAL SYLLABUS
CLASS XII
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS (041)
SESSION (2024-25)

CONTENT

Unit- I : Relations and Functions

Unit-I: Relations and Functions
1. Relations and Functions
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one
and onto functions.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit-ll: Algebra
1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition,
multiplication and scalar multiplication. On-commutativity of multiplication of matrices
and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists;
(Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications
of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique
solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit-Ill: Calculus
1. Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity and differentiability, chainrule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, like
sin–1x, cos–1x and tan–1x, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and
logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic
differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order
derivatives.
2. Applications of Derivatives
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities , increasing/decreasing functions,
maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative
test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and
understanding of the subject as well as real- life situations).
3. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by
substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following
types and problems based on them

dx dx dx dx dx
 x 2  a2 ,  x 2  a2 ,  , 2
ax  bx  c
,
a2  x2 ax 2  bx  c

px  q px  q
 ax2  bx  c dx,  2
dx,  a2  x 2 dx,  ax 2  bx  c dx
ax  bx  c

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).Basic properties of definite integrals and

evaluation of definite integrals
4. Applications of the Integrals:
Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas/
ellipses (in standard form only)
5. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of
homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear
differential equation of the type Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

dy
 py  q, where p and q are functions of x or constant.
dx

dx
 px  q, where p and q are functions of y or constant.
dy
 COMPLETION OF MID TERM SYLLABUS BY 13th September 2024
REVISION

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1 . Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors),
position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors,
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in
a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar
(dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and
vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between
two lines.
Unit-V: Linear Programming
1. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization,
graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions
(bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up
to three non-trivial constraints).
Unit-VI: Probability
1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of
random variable.
Note-Syllabus must be completed by 13th September 2024
Preparation for Pre Board Examination (2024-25)
Pre Board Examination
BOARD EXAM 2024-25
For further Information kindly refer to CBSE guidelines
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/
 Contents
S. No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. Relations and Functions 19–36

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 37–52

3. Matrices 53–70

4. Determinants 71–88

5. Continuity and Differentiability 89–106

6. Application of Derivatives 107–122

7. Integrals 123–151

8. Application of Integrals 152–161

9. Differential Equations 162–178

10. Vectors 179–198

11. Three-dimensional Geometry 199–215

12. Linear Programming 216–232

13. Probability 233–252

 Practice Papers 253–315

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[Class XII : Maths] 9
INTEGRATION OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

dx 1 x a dx 1 ax
(i) x 2
a 2

2
log
xa +c (ii) a 2
x 2

2a
log
ax
c

dx 1 x dx
(iii) x 2
a 2

a
tan1  c
a (iv)  2
x a 2
 log x  x 2  a2  c

dx x dx
(v)  a x2 2
 sin1
a
c
(vi)  2
x a 2
 log x  x 2  a2  c

SOME STANDARD INTEGRALS

xn  1
(i)  x n dx 
n 1
+ c, n  –1 like,  dx = x + c
(ii)  cos x dx = sin x +c (iii)
 sin x dx = – cos x + c
 sec  cosec x dx = – cot x + c
2 2
(iv) xdx = tan x + c (v)

(vi)
 sec x tan x dx = sec x + c (vii)
 coses x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
dx dx
(viii)  1 x 2
= sin–1 x + c (ix)  1  x2
= cos–1 x + c

dx dx
(x) 1 x 2 = tan–1 x + c (xi) 1 x 2 = cos–1 x + c

ax
(xii)
 e x dx  e x  c (xiii)  a x dx 
log a
+c

dx dx
(xiv) x x 12
= sec–1 x + c (xv) x x 12
= – cosec–1 x + c

1
(xvi)  x dx = log |x| + c
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

d
 f ( x ) f ( x )dx  f ( x )  f ( x )dx   dx f ( x )  f ( x )dx
1 2 1 2 1 2

INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

P( x ) P1( x )
A rational function of the form (Q(x)  0) = T(x) + , P1(x) has degree less than that
Q( x ) Q( x )

10 [Class XII : Maths]

 P1( x )
of Q(x). We can integrate by expressing it in the following forms:
Q( x )
px  q A B
(i)   ,ab
( x  a) ( x  b) x  a x  b

px  q A B
(ii)  
( x  a )2 x  a ( x  a )2

px  qx  r A B C
(iii)   
( x  a) ( x  b) ( x  c ) x  a x  b x  c

px 2  qx  r A B C
(iv)   
2
( x  a) ( x  b) x  a ( x  a)2 xb

px 2  qx  r A Bx  C
(iv)   2
2
( x  a ) ( x  bx  c ) x  a x  bx  c

INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

x a2
(i)
 x 2  a2 dx 
2
x 2  a2 
2
log x  x 2  a2  c

x a2
(ii)  x 2  a2 dx 
2
x 2  a2 
2
log x  x 2  a 2  c

x 2 a2 x
(iii)  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x2 
2
sin1  c .
a
FIRST FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS
x
Let the area functions be defined by A(x) = a
f ( x ) dx A  a, where f is continuous on [a, b]
then A’(x) = f(x)  x [0, b].
SECOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Let f be a continuous functions of x defined on [a, b] and let F be another function such that
d b

dx
F(x) = f(x)  x  domain of f1 then
a 
f ( x ) dx = [F ( x )  c ]ab = F(b) – F(a). This a called the
definite integral of f over the range [a, b] where a and b are called the limits of integration, a
being the lower limit and b be the upper limit.

[Class XII : Maths] 11

12 [Class XII : Maths]
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18 [Class XII : Maths]
 CHAPTER-1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

By looking at the the two thermometers shown, you can make some general comparisons
between the scales. For example, many people tend to be comfortable in outdoor tempera-
tures between 50°F and 80°F (or between 10°C and 25°C). If a meteorologist predicts an
average temperature of 0°C (or 32°F), then it is a safe bet that you will need a winter jacket.
Sometimes, it is necessary to convert a Celsius measurement to its exact Fahrenhelt mea-
surement or vice versa.
For example, what if you want to know the temperature of your child in Fahrenheit,
and the only thermometer you have measures temperature in Celsius measurement?
Converting temperature between the systems is a straightforward process. Using the function
9
F = f(C) = C + 32, any temperature in Celsius can be converted into Fahrenheit scale.
5
TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2024-25
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations.
One to one and onto functions
A relation in a set A is a subset of A × A.
Thus, R is a relation in a set A = R  A × A Relations

If (a, b) R then we say that a is related to b and write, a R b

Functions
If (a, b) in R then we say that a is not related to b and write, a R b.

[Class XII : Maths] 19

 If number of elements in set A and set B are p and q respectively, Means n(A) = p, n(B) = q,
then
2
p
No. of Relation af A × A = 2
2
q
No. of Relation of B × B = 2
No. of Relation of A × B = No. of Relation of B × A = 2pq

p2
No. of NON EMPTY Relation of A × A = ( 2 – 1),

q2
No. of NON EMPTY Relation of B × B = ( 2 – 1).
No. of NON-EMPTY Relation of A × B = No. of Relation of B × A = (2pq – 1)

Q.1 If A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2} find the number of Relation R on (i) A × A (ii) B × B (iii) A ×
B
Ans. As n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, so
No. of Relation R on A × A = 23 × 3 = 29 = 512
No. of Relation R on B × B = 22 × 2 = 24 = 16
No. of Relation R on A × B = 23 × 2 = 28 = 64
Q.2 A = {d, o, e} and B = {22, 23} find the number of Non-empty Relation R on (i) A × A (ii)
B×B
Ans. As n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, so
No. of Relation Non-empty relations R on A × A = 23 × 3 – 1 = 29 – 1 = 511
No. of Relation Non-empty R on B × B = 22 × 2 –1 = 24 - 1 = 15
Different types of relations
• Empty Relation Or Void Relation
A relation R in a set A is called an empty relation, if no element of A is related to any
element of A and we denote such a relation by .
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R = {(a, b): a + b = 20}.
• Universal Relation
A relation R in a set A is called an universal relation, if each element of A is related to
every element of A.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R = {(a, b): a + b > 0}.
• Identity Relation
A relation R in a set A is called an identity relation, where R = {(a, a), a  A}.
Example : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by R = {(1, 1), (2, 2),
(3, 3), (4, 4)}.

20 [Class XII : Maths]

• Reflexive Relation
A relation R in a set A is called a Reflexive relation, if (a, a)  R, for all a  A.
Example : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}.
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2)}.
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}.
• Symmetric Relation
A relation R in a set A is called a symmetric relation, if (a, b)  R, then (b, a) R for all
a, b A.
Example : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
R = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}.
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)}.
• Transitive Relation
A relation R in a set A is called a transitive relation,
if (a, b)  R and (b, c) R then (a, c) R for all a, b, c  A
Or
(a, b) R and (b, c)  R for all a, b, c  A
Example : Let {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be a relation in A, given by
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}. (According to second condition)
R = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)}. (According to first condition)
R = {(2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (2, 2), (1, 1)}.
• Equivalence Relation
A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
Illustration:
Let A be the set of all integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by R = {a, b}: a = b}, Prove
that R is Equivalence Relation.
Solution: Reflexivity : Let R be reflexive  (a, a)  R  a A
 a = a, which is true
Thus, R is Reflexive Relation.
Symmetricity : Let (a, b)  R  a, b  A
 a=b
 b=a

[Class XII : Maths] 21

so (b, a)  R. Thus R is symmetric Relation.
Transitivity : Let (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  a, b, c  A
 a = b and b = c
 a=b=c
 a=c
so (a, c)  R. Thus R is transitive Relation.
As, R is reflexive, Symmetric and transitive Relation
 R is an Equivalence Relation
FUNCTIONS
Functions can be easily defined with the help of concept mapping. Let X and Y be any two
non-empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each
element of set X, one and only one element of set Y”. Let the correspondence be ‘f’ then
mathematically we write f : X  Y.
where y = f(x), x  X and y Y. We say that ‘y’ is the imagesof ‘x’ under f (or x is the pre image
of y).
• A mapping f : X  Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has its image in
set Y. It is also possible that there are few elements in set Y which are not the images
of any element in set X.
• Every element in set X should have one and only one image. That means it is impossible
to have more than one image for a specific element in set X.
• Functions cannot be multi-valued (A mapping that is multi-valued is called a relation from
X and Y) eg.

Testing for a function by Vertical line Test

A relation f : A  B is a function or not, it can be checked by a graph of the relation. If it is
possible to draw a vertical line which cuts the given curve at more thatn one point then the
given relation is not a function and when this vertical line means line parallel to Y-axis cuts the
curve at only one point then it is a function. Following figures represents which is not a
function and which is a function.

22 [Class XII : Maths]

 Number of Functions
Let X and Y be two finite sets having m and n elements respectively. Thus each element of
set X can be associated to any one of n elements of set Y. So, total number of functions
from set X to set Y is nm.

Real valued function: if R, be the set of real numbers and A, B are subsets of R, then the
function f : A  B is called a real function or real valued functions.
Domain, Co-Domain And Range of Function
If a function f is defined from a set A to set B then (if : A B) set A is called the domain of f and
set B is called the co-domian of f.
The set of all f-images of the elements of A is called the range of f.
In other words, we can say
Domain = All possible values of x for which f(x) exists.
Range = For all values of , all possible values of f(x).

From the figure we observe that

Domain = A = {a, b, c, d} Range = {p, q, r}, Co-Domain = {p, q, r, s} = B
EQUAL FUNCTION
Two function f and g are said to be equal functions, if and only if
(i) Domain of f = Domain of g
(ii) Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g
(iii) f(x) = g(x) for all x  their common domain

[Class XII : Maths] 23

 TYPES OF FUNCTION
One-one function (injection): A function f : A  B is said to be a one-one function or an
injection, if different elements of A have different images in B.
e.g. Let f : A  B and g : X  Y be two functions represented by the following diagrams.

Clearly, f : A  B is a one-one function. But g : X  Y is not one-one function because two

distinct elements x1 and x3 have the same image under function g.
Method to check the injectivity (One-One) of a function
(i) Take two arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the domain of f.
(ii) Solve f(x) = f(y). If f(x) = f(y) give x = y only, then f : A  B is a one-one function (or an
injection). Otherwise not.
If function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if two ordered pairs do not have same
second element then function is one-one.
If the graph of the function y = f(x) is given and each line parallel to x-axis cuts the given curve
at maximum one point then function is one-one. (Strictly increasing or Strictly Decreasing
Function). E.g.

Number of one-one functions (injections) : If A and B are finite sets having m and n elements
respectively, then number of one-one functions from A and B = nPm is n  m and 0 if n < m.
If f(x) is not one-one function, then its Many-one function.
Onto function (surjection) : A function f : A  B is onto if each element of B has its pre-
image in A. In other words, Range of f = Co-domain of f. e.g. The following arrow-diagram
shows onto function.

24 [Class XII : Maths]

Number of onto function (surjection): If A and B are two sets having m and n elements
n
respectively such that 1  n  m, then number of onto functions from A to B is  (1)
r 1
nr n
C r

. rm
Into function: A function f : A  B is an into function if there exists an element in B having no
pre-image in A.
In other words, f : A  B is an into function if it is not an onto function e.g, The following arrow
diagram shows into function.

Method to find onto or into function:

(i) Solve f(x) = y by taking x as a function of y i.e., g(y)(say).
(i) Now if g(y) is defined for each y  co-domain and g(y)  domain then f(x) is onto and if any
one of the above requirements is not fulfilled, then f(x) is into.
One-one onto function (bijection) : A function f : A  B is a bijection if it is one-one as well
as onto.
In other words, a function f : A  Bis a bijection if
(i) It is one-one ie., f(x) = f(y)  x = y for all x, y A.
(ii) It is onto i.e., for all y  B, there exists x  A such that f(x) = y.
Clearly, f is a bijection since it is both injective as well as surjective.
Illustration :
Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = 7x – 5, then show that function is one-one and onto Both.
Solution : Let f(x) = f(y)  x, y R
 7x – 5 = 7y – 5

[Class XII : Maths] 25

  x = y, so f(x) is one-one function
Now, As f(x) = 7x – 5, is a polynomial function.
so it is defined everywhere. Thus, Range = R
As, Range = co-domain, so f is onto function.
Alternative method : Graph of f(x) is a line which is strictly increasing for all values of x, so
its one-one function and Range of f(x) is R which is equal to R so onto funclion.

ILLUSTRATION:
If f :X  Y is defined, then show that f is neither one-one nor onto function.

Solution : As for elements 3 and 4 from set X we have same image c in set Y, so f is not
one-one function.
Further element d has no pre -image in set X,
so f is not onto function

ILLUSTRATION:
Prove that the function f : N  N, defined by f(x) = x2+ x + 2022 is one-one.
SOLUTION : APPROACH-I

Let f(x1) = f(x1)  x1, x2  N  = x12 + x1 + 2022 = x22 + x2 + 2022

 x 12 + x 1 = x 22 + x 2
 (x12 – x22) + (x1 – x2) = 0
 (x1 – x2) + (x1 + x2+ 1) = 0
Thus,(x1 – x2) = 0 as (x1 + x2 + 1)  0  x1, x2  N
so, f is ONE-ONE function
APPROACH-II
f(x) = x2 + x + 2022  f (x) = 2x + 1
As, x  N so, 2x + 1 > 0  f (x) = 0 (Strictly Increasing function)
so, f is ONE-ONE function

26 [Class XII : Maths]

 Type of Functions
Name of Definition Domain Range Graph
Function

1. Identify R R
Function The function f : R  R defined by
f(x) = x  x  R

2. Constant The function f : R  R defined by R (c)

Function f(x) = c  x  R

3. Polynomial The function f : R  R defined by

Function f(x) = p0 + p1x + p2x2 + ... + pnxn,
where n  N and p0, p1, p2 ..., pn
 R  x  R
4. Rational The function f defined by f(x) =
Function P( x )
, where P(x) and Q(x) are
Q( x )
polynomial functions, Q(x) 0

5. Modulus The function f : R  R defined by

R [0, )
Function  x, x  0
f(x) = |x| =   x R
  x, x  0

6. Signum The function f : R  R defined by

R {–1, 0, 1}
Function
| x |  1, x  0
 , x0 
f(x) =  x  1, x 0
 0, 
x  0 0, x  0

7. Greatest The function f : R  R defined by R Z
Integer
Function  x, x  Z

f(x) = |x| = integer less than
equal to x, x  Z


8. Linear The function f : R  R defined by R R

Function f(x) = mx + c, x  R where m and
c are constants

[Class XII : Maths] 27

 ONE–MARK QUESTIONS
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE
1. Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3}, then write smallest equivalence relation on A.
(a) { } (b) {(1, 1)} (c) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} (d) {(3, 3)}
2. Consider the set A containing 5 elements, then the total number of injective functions
from A onto itself are
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 120 (d) 125
3. Let Z be the set of integers and R be the relation defined in Z such that aRb if (a – b) is
divisible by 4, then R partitions the set Z into how many Pairwise disjoint subsets.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
4. If A = {d, 0, e} then the number of relations on A × A are
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 15 (d) 512
5. If A = {2023, 2024) then the number of non-empty relations on A × A are
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 15 (d) 16
6. If A = {2023, 2024) then the number of Reflexive relations on A × A are
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
7. If A = {s, u, v}, then the number of Symmetric relations on A × A are
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 32 (d) 64
8. Let A be the set of the Letters of the name of our country the “INDIA”. Then find the
number of reflexive relations on A × A
(a) 4096 (b) 2048 (c) 1024 (d) 16
9. Let A = {x : x < 3, x W}, then the number of Symmtric relations on A × A are
2

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8

10. If there are ‘p’ elements in set A, such that number of Reflexive relation on A × A are 4096,
then p =
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
11. Let A = {d, 0, e}, then Find ‘p’ if the number of Symmetric relations on A × A are 2p.
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
12. Find the maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3}.
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 9

x2
13. If the function f : R — {1, –1}  A defined by f (x )  is Surjective, then A =
1 x 2
(a) R (b) R — {1, – 1} (c) [0, 1) (d) [0, ]
14. The number of injections possible from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {5, 6, 7} are
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12

28 [Class XII : Maths]

15. If the number of one-one functions that can defined from A = {4, 8, 12, 16} to B is 5040,
then n(B) =
(a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 10
16. If the function f : R  A defined by f(x) = 3 sin x + 4cos x is Surjective, then A =
(a) [–7, 7] (b) [–1, 1] (c) [1, 7] (d) [–5, 5]
17. The Part of the graph of a Non-Injective function f : R  Range defined by f(x) = x2 –2x +
a is given below. If the domain of f(x) is modified as either (–, b] or [b, ] then f(x)
becomes the Injective function. What must be the value of (b – a).
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 0

18. The graph of the function f : R  A defined by y = f(x) is given below, then find A such that
function f(x) is onto function
(a) [–1, 5] (b) [–5, 5] (c) [–5, 1] (d) R

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (Q.19 & Q.20)

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
[Class XII : Maths] 29
(b) Both A and R are ture but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
19. ASSERTION (A) : A relation R = {(a, b) : |a – b| < 1} defined on the set
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} is Reflexive
Reason (R) : A realtion R on the set A is said to be reflexive if for (a, b)  R
& (b, c)  R, we have (a, c) R.
20. Assertion (A) : A function f : R  R given f(x) = |x| is one-one function.
Reason (R) : A function f : A  B is said to be Injective if
f(a) = f(b)  a = b

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

21. If A = {a, b, c, d} and f = {(a, b), (b, d), (c, a), (d, c)}, show that f is one-one from A to A.
22. Show that the relation R on the set of all real numbers defined as R = {(a, b) : a  b3} is
not transitive.

x2
23. If the function f : R – {1, –1}  A defined by f ( x )  , is Surjective, then find A.
1  x2

24. Give an example to show that the union of two equivalence relations on a set A need not
be an equivalence relation on A.
25. How many reflexive relations are possible in a set A whose (A) = 4. Also find How many
symmetric relations are possible on a set B whose n(B) = 3.
26. Let W denote the set of words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by R {(x, y)
W × W such that x and y have at least one letter in common). Show that this relation R
is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive.
27. Show that the relation R in the set of all real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b): a  b2} is
neither reflexive Nor symmetric.
28. Consider a function f : R+ (7, ) given by f(x) = 16x2 + 24x + 7, where R+ is the set of
all positive real numbers. Show that function is one-one and onto both.
29. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane. A relation R in Lis given by R {(L1, L2): L1 and L2
intersect at exactly one point, L1, L2  L}, then show that the relation R is symmetric Only.
30. Show that a relation R on set of Natural numbers is given by R = {(x, y): xy is a square of
an integer} is Transitive.

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

31. Are the following set of ordered pairs functions? If so, examine whether the mapping is
injective or surjective.
(i) {(x, y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x}.

30 [Class XII : Maths]

 (ii) {(a, b): a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}.

x2
32. Show that the function f : R  R defined byf(x) = ; x  R, is neither one-one nor
x2  1 
onto.
33. Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R R be the function defined by f (x) = 4x + 5.
Show that f is One-one and onto both.
34. Show that the relation R in the set A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is divisible
by 2} is an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {3, 5, 7} are related to each
other and all the ements of {4, 6} are related to each other, but no element of {3, 5, 7} is
related to any element {4, 6}.
35. Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as R = ((a, b) : a + b is
"divisible by 2"} is reflexive, symmetric, transitive or Equivalence.
36. Show that that following Relations R are equivalence relation in A.
(a) Let A be the set of all triangles in a plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1, is congruent T2}
(b) Let A be the set of all triangles in a plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1, is similar T2,}
(c) Let A be the set of all lines in xy-plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(L1, L2,) : L1, is parallel to L2}
(d) Let A be the set of all integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(a, b) : (a – b) is even}
(e) Let A be the set of all integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 2}
(f) Let A be the set of all integers and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a divisible by 3}
37. Check whether the following Relations are Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive.
(a) Let A be the set of all lines in xy-plane and let R be a relation in A, defined by
R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}
(b) Let A be the set of all real numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by
R = {(a, b): a  b}
(c) Let A be the set of all real numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by
R = {(a, b): a  b2}
(d) Let A be the set of all real numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by
R = {(a, b) : a  b3}
(e) Let A be the set of all natural numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by

[Class XII : Maths] 31

 R = (a, b) : a is a factor b}
OR
R {(a.b): b is divisible by a}
(f) Let A be the set of all real numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by
R {(a.b): (1+ ab) > 0}
38. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Show that the relation R = {a, b): a2 + b2 = 1} is
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
39. Check whether relation R defined in R as R = {a, b): a2 – 4ab + 3b2 = 0, a, b R} is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

x
40. Show that the function f : (–, 0) (–1, 0) defined by f(x) = , x (–, 0) is one-
1 | x |
one and onto.
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

41. For real numbers x and y, define x R y if and only if x – y + 2 is an irrational number..
Then check the reflexivity, Symmetricity and Transitivity of the relation R.
42. Determine whether the relation R defined on the set of all real numbers as
R = {(a, b) : a, b R and a – b + 3  S}
(Where S is the set of all irrational Numbers) is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
43. Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let R be a relation on N × N, defined by Show
that R is an equivalence relation.
(i) (a, b) R (c, d)  a + d = b + c
(ii) (a, b) R (c, d)  ad = bc
1 1 1 1
(iii) (a, b) R (c, d)    
a d b c
(iv) (a, b) R (c, d)  ad (b + c) = bc (a + d)
x2
44. Let A = R – {1}, f : A  A is a mapping defined by f(x) = , show that f is one-one and
x 1
onto.
45. Let f : N  R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x+ 15. Show that f : N  S, where
S is the range of f, is One-One and Onto Function.
CASE STUDIES
A. A person without family is not complete in this world because family is an integral part of
all of us Human deings are considered as the social animals living in group called as
family. Family plays many important roles throughout the life.
Mr. D.N. Sharma is an Honest person who is living happily with his family. He has a son
Vidya and a Daughter Madhulika. Mr. Vidya has 2 sons Tarun and Gajender and a daugh-
ter Suman while Mrs. Madhulika has 2 sons Shashank and Pradeep and 2 daughters
Sweety and Anju. They all Lived together and everyone shares equal responsibilities

32 [Class XII : Maths]

 within the family. Every member of the family emotionally attaches to each other in their
happiness and sadness. They help each other in their bad times which give the feeling of
security.
A family provides love, warmth and security to its all members throughout the life which
makes it a complete family. A good and healthy family makes a good society and ulti-
mately a good society involves in making a good country.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

Consider Relation R in the set A of members of Mr. D. N. Sharma and his family at a particular
time
(a) If R = {(x, y) : x and y live in the same locality), then R show that R is reflexive Relation.
(b) If R = {(x, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}, then R show that R is not Symmetric
relation.
(c) If R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}, then show that R is Transitive only.

B. Let A be the Set of Male members of a Family, A = (Grand father, Father, Son) and B be
the set of their 3 Cars of different Models, B = {Model 1, Model 2, Model 3}

On the basis of The above Information, answer the following questions:

(a) If m & n represents the total number of Relations & functions respectively on A × B,
then find the value of (m + n).
(b) If p & q represents the total number of Injective function & total numbers of Surjective
functions respectively on A × B, then find the value of |p – q|.
C. An organization conducted bike race under two different categories—Boys & Girls.
There were 28 participants in all. Among all of them finally three from category 1 and
two from category 2 were selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets B and G with

[Class XII : Maths] 33

 these Participants for his college Project.
Let B = {b1, b2, b3} and G = {g1, g2}, represents the set of Boys selected & G the set
of Girls selected for the final race.

(a) How many relations are possible from B to G?

(b) Among all possiblerelations form B to G, how many functions can be formed from B
to G?
(c) Let R:B  B be defined by
R = {(x, y) : x & y are students of same sex}. Check R is equivalence Relation.
OR
A function f : B  G be defined by f = {(b1, g1), (b2, g2), (b3, g1)}
Check if f is bijective. Justify your answer.

SELF ASSESSMENT-1

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE:

1. Consider the set A = {1. 2, 3} and R be the smallest equivalence relation on A.then R =

(a) {(1.1)} (b) {(1,1), (2,2)}

(c) {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)} (d) 

2. Consider the set A containing n elements. Then, the total number of injective functions
from A onto itself is

(a) 2n (b) n

(c) n (d) n!

3. The total number of injective nappingsfrom a set with m elements to a set with n elements,
m  n is

(a) n! (b) nm

n!
(c) mn (d) (n  m )!
34 [Class XII : Maths]
4. The number of injections possible from A = {1,3,5,6} to B = {2,8,11} is

(a) 12 (b) 22

(c) 3 (d) 0

5. The number of one-one functions that can defined from

A = {4,8,12,16} to B is 5040, then n(B) =
(a) 7 (b) 8
(c) 9 (d) 10

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. A relation R in a set A is called .............. if (a1, a2) R implies (a2, a1) R, for all a1, a2 
A.
(a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive (d) Equivalence

1
2. Let f : R – {0}  R – {0} be defined by f(x) =  x  R. Then f is
x
(a) One-One (b) Many-One
(c) Not defined (d) None of these
3. Let P = {(x, y) | x + y = 1, x, y R}. Then P is
2 2

(a) Re flexive (b) Symmetric

(c) Transitive (d) Equivalence
4. The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = [x], where [.] is greatest integer function is
(a) One-One (b) Many -One
(c) Onto (d) None of these
5. The number of bijective functions (One-one and onto both) from set A to itself when A
contains 2022 elements is
(a) 2022 (B) 2022!
(C) 2022 2
(D) 20222022

[Class XII : Maths] 35

 ANSWER
One Mark Questions
1. (c) {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} 2. (c) 120 3. (c) 4
4. (d) 512 5. (c) 15 6. (b) 4
7. (d) 64 8. (a) 4096 9. (d) 8
10. (a) 4 11. (b) 6 12. (b) 5
13. (c) [0,1) 14. (a) 0 15. (d) 10
16. (d) [-5,5] 17. (a) 6 18. (a) [-1,5]
19. (c) 20. (d)
A is true but R is false A is false but R is true
Two Mark Questions
23. A = R – [–1, 0)
25. Reflexive Relations = 4096 Symmetric Relation = 64
Three Mark Questions
31. (a) Yes it’s function, Not Injective but Surjective (b) No, its not a function
35. EQUIVALENCE RELATION
37. (a) Symmetric (b) Reflexive and Transitive
(c) Neither Reflexive, Symmetric nor Transitive
(d) Neither Reflexive, Symmetric nor Transitive
(e) Reflexive and Transitive
(f) Reflextive and Symmetric
39. Reflexive only
Four/Five Mark Questions
41. Reflexive only 42. Reflexive only
CASE STUDIES BASED QUESTION
B. (a) 512 +27 =539 B. (b) 0
C. (a) 64
(b) 8
(c) R is an Equivalence Relation OR (c) f is not Bijective
SELF ASSESSMENT-1
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d)
SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

36 [Class XII : Maths]

 CHAPTER-2

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

An example of people using inverse trigonometric functions would be builders such as

construction workers, architects, and many others.
An example of the use would be the creation of bike ramp. You will have to find the height and
the length. Then find the angle by using the inverse of sine. Put the ength over the height to
find the angle. Architects would have to calculate the angle of a bridge and the supports
when drawing outlines. These calculations are then applied to find the safest angle. The
workers would then uses these calculations to build the bridge.

TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM (2024-25)

• Definition, range, domain, principal value branch.

• Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

[Class XII : Maths] 37

38 [Class XII : Maths]
 Function Domain Range

   
y = sin–1 x [–1, 1]  2 , 2
 
y = cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, ]

   
y = tan–1 x R  2 , 2
 
y = cot–1 x R (0, )


y = sec–1 x R – (–1, 1) [0, ] –  
2

   
y = cosec–1 x R – (–1, 1)  2 , 2  – {0}
 

  
• when x  [–1, 1] • sin–1 (sin x) = x, when x    ,
 2 2 
 • cos–1 (cos x) = x, when x  [0, ]
sin–1 x + cos–1 x = .
2
when x  R   
• • tan–1 (tan x) = x, when x    , 
 2 2

tan–1 x + cot–1 x = . • cot–1 (cot x) = x, when x  (0, )
2
• when x  R – (–1, 1)   
• cosec–1 (cosec x) = x, when x    , – {0}
 2 2 

sec–1 x + cosec–1 x = .
2 
• sec–1 (sec x) = x, when x  [0, ] –  
2

• sin (sin–1 x) = x, when x  [–1, 1]

• cos (cos–1 x) = x, when x  [–1, 1]
• tan (tan–1 x) = x, when x  R
• cot (cot–1 x) = x, when x  R
• cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, when x  R – (–1, 1)
• sec (sec–1 x) = x, when x  R – (–1, 1)

[Class XII : Maths] 39

• sin–1 (–x) = sin–1 x, when x  [–1, 1]
• cos–1 (–x) = cos–1 x, when x  [–1, 1]
• tan–1 (–x) = tan–1 x, when x  R
• cot–1 (–x) = cot–1 x, when x  R
• cosec–1 (–x) = cosec–1 x, when x  R (–1, 1)
• sec–1 (–x) = sec–1 x, when x  R (–1, 1)

Illustration:

 1  1 
Find the principal value of sin–1   + cos–1   .
2
   2

 1        
Solution: As, sin–1   = sin–1  sin 6  = 6 , 6   2 , 2 
2    

 1   1  
cos–1   =  – cos–1   =  – ,  [0, ]
 2 2 3 3

 1  1     2 5 
so, sin–1   + cos–1   = +– =  
2
  2
  6 3 6 3 6

Illustration:

 1
Find the principal value of sec–1 (2) + sin–1   + tan–1 (– 3 ).
2

 1
Solution: As, sec–1(2) = cos–1  
2

      
tan–1 (– 3 ) = – tan–1 ( 3 ) = – tan–1 (tan ) = – ,   , 
3 3 3  2 2

 1  1   
cos–1   + sin–1   + tan–1 (– 3 ) =  
2 2 2 3 6

40 [Class XII : Maths]

 Illustration:
Find the range of the function f(x) = tan–1 x + cot–1 x.


Solution: As, tan–1 x + cot–1 x =
2


so, f(x) = (A constant function)
2


Thus range of f(x) is   .
2

Illustration:

2
If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then find the value of cos–1 x + cos–1 y.
3

 
Solution: As, sin–1 x + cos–1 x =  cos–1 x = – sin–1 x
2 2

2 
cos–1 x + cos–1 y =  – (sin–1 x + sin–1 y) =  – =
3 3

Illustration:
If a  2 sin–1 x + cos–1 x  b, then find the value a and b.

  
Solution: We know that, sin–1 x + cos–1 x = and  sin–1 x ,
2 2 2

 0 (sin–1 x) + 
2
 0 (sin–1 x) + sin–1 x + cos–1 x 
 0 2 sin–1 x + cos–1 x , but given, a  sin–1, x + cos–1 x  b
Thus, a = 0 and b = 

[Class XII : Maths] 41

 Illustration:
If sin[cot–1 (1 + x)] = cos[tan–1 x], then find x.
Solution: As, sin[cot–1 (1 + x)] = cos[tan–1 x]

1 1
 sin[sin–1 ] = cos[cos–1 ]
2
x  2x  2 1 x2
 x2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + x2
 2x = –1  x = –0.5

Illustration:


If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = , then prove that xy + yz + zx = 1.
2
Solution: Let, tan–1 x = A, tan–1 y = B, tan–1 z = C

 
so, A + B + C = A + B = –C
2 2

 
tan(A + B) = tan   C  = cot C
2 

tan A  tan B 1 xy 1

=  =
1  tan A. tan B tanC 1  xy z
 xz + yz = 1 – xy
 xz + yz + zx = 1

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

 3 1  1 
1. Principal Value of cos1    cos   is
 2   2

  5
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
3 6 6
 3 
2. Principal Value of sin1  sin  is
 5

42 [Class XII : Maths]

 3 2  3 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 2 5
1  14 
Principal value of cos  cos
3 
3. is

4 2 14
(a) (b) (c)  (d)
3 3 3
7 a
4. If the Principal value of tan tan1 (tan ) is , Where a & b are co-prime numbers,
6 b
then (a + b )=
(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) 7 (d) 5
2 2 a
5. If the Principal value of cos 1 (cos ) + sin1 (sin ) is , then |a – b|=
3 3 b
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
1
6. If cos(cos 1  sin1 x )  0, then (3x +1)=
3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

3
7. If sin(sin 1  cos 1 x )  1, then (5x -2)=
5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
8. Domain of the function cos–1 (2x –1) is
(a) R (b) [–1,1] (c) [0,1] (d) [0,2]

9. Domain of the function f ( x )  sin1 x  1 is

(a) [1,2] (b) [–1,1] (c) [0,1] (d) [0,2]

1
10. Principal value of sec–1(2) + sin1 ( )  tan1 (– 3) is
2

 2  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 6

11. Domain of the function f (x) = cos–1 x  1 is

(a) [1,2] (b) [–1,0] (c) [0,1] (d) [0,2]

[Class XII : Maths] 43

12. Domain of the function f (x) = sin–1 (–x2) is
(a) [1,2] (b) [–1,0] (c) [0,1] (d) [–1,1]

13. Domain of the function f (x) = sin1(2x  3) is

(a) [–2,2] (b) [–2,–1] (c) [0,1] (d) [–1,1]

14. If Domain of the function f (x) = sin (x – 4) is [–b, –a]
–1 2
 [a, b] then the value of (a2 +b2)
is.
(a) 8 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
15. If sin–1 x1 + sin–1 x2 =  , then the value of (x1 + x2) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
16. If cos–1 a + cos–1 b = 2  , then the value of (a –b)2 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 4
1
17. cos–1 [sin(cos–1 )]=
2

 2  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2 3
34
18. Principal value of sin–1 (cos ) is
5

 – 3 –3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 10 10 10

7
19. If cot (cos–1 ) = x, then 24x  2 
25

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

4 k
20. If tan–1 x + tan–1 y = & cot–1 x + cot–1 y = , then k =
5 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

2023 2023

21.  cos 1
x1 = 0, then the velue of  xi is
i 1 i 1

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2023 (d) –2023

44 [Class XII : Maths]

 2024 2024
22. If  sin1 x = 1012  , then the value of
i X i
is
i 1 i 1

(a) 1012 (b) 2024 (c) –1012 (d) –2024

1
23. If graph of f (x) is shown below, identify the function f (x) & find the value of f (– ).
2

 5  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (Q.24 & Q.25)

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason

(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

3
24. ASSERTION (A): The range of the function f (x) = sin–1x + , where
2
 5
x  [–1,1], is [ , ].
2 2
REASON (R): The range of the principal value branch of sin–1x is [0,  ].
25. ASSERTION (A): All trigonometric function have their inverses over their respective do-
mains.
REASON (R): The inverse of tan–1x exists for some x  R.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

[Class XII : Maths] 45

26. Match the following:

If cos–1a + cos–1b = 2 and sin–1c + sin–1d =  then

Column 1 Column 2

A abcd P 0

B a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 Q 1

C (d – a) + (c – d) R 2

D a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 S 4

  5   5 
27. Find the value of cos cos1  cos   sin1  sin  
  3   3 

28. If P = tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (cosec–1 3), then find the value of (P2 + P + 11).

29. If P = sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3), then find the value of (P2 – 2P).

1 1  3     1  cos  
30. Find the value of sin  cot    . Hint : sin  
2  4   2 2 


31. Solve for x : tan1 x  x  1  sin1 x 2  x  1 
2


32. Find the value of x, such that sin–1x =  cos1 x.
6


33. Find x, if sin–1x – cos–1x =
2

34. If tan–1(cot x) = 2x, find x.

 3   3 
35. Solve for x : cos1  cos   sin1  sin   x
 4   4 

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

46 [Class XII : Maths]

36. Find the value of k, if 100 sin(2 tan–1 (0.75)) = k [Hint: sin2 = 2sin cos]
37. Prove that:

 1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
(a) cot–1    , x   0, 
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  4

1  1  x – 1  x  x 1 1
(b) tan    – cos x
 1 x  1 x  4 2

1  1 1 3  4 7
(c) tan  sin  
2 4 3

  2   12
(d) sin1  2 tan1    
  3   13

x2  1
38. (a) Prove that cos[tan 1 {sin(cot 1 x )}] 
x2  2

 1 a  1 a  2b
(b) Prove that tan   cos1   tan   cos1  
4 2 b 4 2 b a

 1 a  1 a  2 a2  b2
(c) Prove that tan   tan1   tan   tan1   .
4 2 b 4 2 b b

 1 x  1 x   1
(d) Prove that : tan1  1
   cos x
 1 x  1 x 4 2
 

 1  cos x  1  cos x   x  
(e) Prove that : tan1     , x   0, 
 1  cos x – 1  cos x 4 2  2
 

[Class XII : Maths] 47

  1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
(f) Prove that : cot 1    , x   0, 
 2  4
 1  sin x – 1  sin x 

39. Solve for x :

1 1 
(a) sin (6 x )  sin (6 3 x ) 
2
1 1 
(b) Solve for x : sin (6 x )  sin (6 3 x ) 
2

1 2 1 2 52
(c) (tan x )  (cot x )  .
8
 1 3 
40. Solve for x : cos(tan–1 x) = sin  cot ,x 0
 4 

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Illustration: (For Solving Q.41)

If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = , then prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
Solution: Let, cos–1 x = A, cos–1 y = B, cos–1 z = C
so, A + B + C =   A+B=–C
Thus, cos(A + B) = cos( – C)
 cosA cosB – sinA sinB = –cosC

 cosA cosB – 1  cos2 A 1  cos2 B = –cosC

 xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  z

 ( xy  z )  1  x 2 1 y 2
On squaring both the sides, we get
(xy + z)2 = (1 – x2) (1 – y2)
 x2y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 – x2 – y2 + x2y2
 x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1

41. Prove the following:

1  x  1  y  x 2 y 2 2 xy
(a) If cos    cos    , then prove that 2  2  cos   sin2 
a b a b ab

48 [Class XII : Maths]

 x y
(b) If cos1    cos 1    , then prove that 9x2 + 4y2 – 12xy cos = 36 sin2.
2 3
42. Prove the following:

(a) If tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1 z  , then prove that x + y + z = xyz

(a) If cot 1 x  cot 1 y  cot 1 z  , then prove that xy + yz + zx = 1

CASE STUDIES
43. On National Mathematics Day, December 22, 2020,
Mathematics Teachers of DOE organized Mathematical
Rangoli Competition for the students of all DOE schools
to celebrate and remembering the contribution of
Srinivasa Ramanujan to the field of mathematics. The
legendary Indian mathematician who was born on this
date in 1887.
Team A of class XI students made a beautiful Rangoli on Trigonometric Identities as
shown in the figure Above, While Team B of class XII students make the Rangoli on the
graph of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions. As shown in the following
figure.

On the basis of above information, Teacher asked few questions from Team B. Now you try to
answer. Those questions which are as follows:
(a) Write the domain & range (principal value branch) of the function f (x) = tan–1 x?
(b) If the principal branch of sec–1x is [0,– {k  }, then find the value of k.
(c) Draw the graph of sin–1 x, where x  [–1,1]. Also write its Principal branch Range.
SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE.
 1 2 
1. If cos  cos  sin1 x   0, then (3x – 1)
 3 
[Class XII : Maths] 49
 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 2

x 
2. Domain of the function cos1   1 is
2 
(a) [0, 2] (b) [–1, 1]
(c) [0, 1] (d) [0, 4]
3. If cos a + cos b = 2 and sin c + sin–1d = , then a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 =
–1 –1 –1

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4

 2   2 
4. The principal value of cos1  cos   sin1  sin  is
 3   3 
(a) 0 (b) 
4
(c) 2 (d)
3
 1
5. If cos–1   = , then tan =
x
(a) x (b) x2 + 1

(c) x2  1 (d) x2 – 1

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE.
3
1. If sin–1x + sin–1y + sin–1z = , then (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz) =
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 2
2. Principal Range of the function sin–1x is
(a) [0, ] (b) (0, )

       
(c)  2 , 2 (d)  2 ,2
   

 5   5 
3. If cos1  cos   sin1  sin   x, then x =
 3   3 
(a) 0 (b) 

50 [Class XII : Maths]

 5 10
(c) (d)
3 3

x 5 
4. If sin1    cosec 1    , then x =
5
  4 2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
5. Range of f(x) = sin x + tan x + sec–1x is
–1 –1

  3    3 
(a) 4, 4  (B)  , 
  4 4 

  3    
(C)  ,  (D)  , 
4 4  4 2 
ANSWER
One Mark Questions

5 2 2
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b)
6 5 3
4. (c) 7 5. (a) 0 6. (c) 2
7. (b) 1 8. (c) [0, 1] 9. (a) [1,2]


10. (d) 11. (b) [–1,0] 12. (d) [-1,1]
6
13. (b) [–2,–1] 14. a   (d) 2

 –3 
16. (a) 0 17. (a) 18. (d)
6 10
19. (c) 3 20. (a) 1 21. (c) 2023

2
22. (b) 2024 23. (d) 24. (c) A is true but R is
3
false. 25. (d) A is false but R is true.
Two Marks Questions
26. A  Q, B  S, C  R, D  P 27. 1

1
28. (P2 + P + 11) = 143 29. (P2 – 2P) = 195 30.
5

3
31. x = 0 or –1 32. 33. 1
2

[Class XII : Maths] 51

 
34. 35. 
6
Three Marks Questions

1 1
36. 96 39. (a) x = (b) x = (c) x = –1
12 12
3
40. x =
4
CASE STUDIES BASED QUESTION

 
43. (a) Domain  R  ( ,  ), Range  ( , ) (b) k = 0.5
2 2

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)

52 [Class XII : Maths]

 CHAPTER-3

MATRICES

Matrices find many applications is scientific field and apply to practical real life problem.
Matrices can be solved physical related application and one applied in the study of electrical
circuits, quantum mechanics and optics, with the help of matrices, calculation of battery
power outputs, resistor conversion of electrical energy into another useful energy, these matrices
play a role in calculation, with the help of matrices problem related to Kirchhoff law of voltage
and current can be easily solved.

Matrices can play a vital role in the projection of three dimensional images into two dimensional
screens, creating the realistic decreeing motion. Now day’s matrices are used in the ranking
of web pages in the Google search. It can also be used in generalization of analytical motion
like experimental and derivatives to their high dimensional.
Matrices are also used in geology for seismic survey and it is also used for plotting graphs.
Matrices are also used in robotics and automation in terms of base elements for the robot
movements. The movements of the robots are programmed with the calculation of matrices
‘row and column’ controlling of matrices are done by calculation of matrices.

TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM (2024-25)

• Concept, notaion, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
• Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple
properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Oncommutativity of multi-
plication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero
matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).
• Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices
will have real entries).

[Class XII : Maths] 53

 Matrices are defined as a rectangular arrangement of numbers of functions. Since it is a
rectangular arrangement, it is 2-dimensional.
A two-dimensional matrix consists of the number of rows (m) and a number of columns (n).
Horizontal ones are called Rows and Vertical ones are called columns.

ORDER OF MATRIX
The order of matrix is a relationship with the number of elements present in a matrix.
The order of a matrix is denoted by m × n, where m and n are the number of Rows and
Columns Respectively and the number of elements in a matrix will be equal to the product of
m and n.

TYPES OF MATRICES
Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Thus A = [Aij]mxn is a row matrix if m = 1. So, a row matirx can be represented as A = [Aij]1xn
It is called so because it has only one row and the order of a row matrix will hence be 1 × n.
For example,
A = [1 2 3 4] is row matrix of order 1 × 4. Another example of the row matrix is
B = [0 9 4] which is of the order 1 × 3.
Column Matrix
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix. Thus, A = [Aij]mxn is a column
matrix if n = 1.
Hence, the order is m × 1. An example of a column matrix is:

M 
1   
  A
A   2 , B   
T 
3  
 
H 
In the above example, A and B are 3 × 1 and 4 × 1 order matrices respectively.

54 [Class XII : Maths]

Square Matrix

If the number of rows and the number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a
square matrix.
Thus, A = [Aij]mxn is a square matrix if m = n; For example is a square matrix of order 3 × 3.

1 2 3 
 
4 5 6
A= 
7 8 9
 

For Additional Knowledge:

The sum of the diagonal elements in a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix A, and
which is sdenoted by tr(A);
tr(A) = a11 + a22 + ... + ann

Zero or Null Matrix

If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generlly denoted
by O. Thus, A = [Aij]mxn is a zero-matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j; For example

0
  0 0
A =  0 , B   
0 0 0
 

Here A and B are Null matrix of order 3 × 1 and 2 × 2 respectively.

Diagonal Matrix
If all the non-diagonal elements of a square matrix, are zero, then it is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when i  j ;

2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 
      0 0
A   0 3 0  , B   0 0 0  ,C   0 0 0  , D   
0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
     

A, B and C are diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3, and D is a diagonal matrix of order 2 × 2.

Diagonal matrix can also be denoted by A = diagonal [2 3 4], B = diag [2 0 4], C = [0 0 4]

Important things to note:

(i) A diagonal matrix is always a square matrix.
(ii) The diagonal elements are characterized by this general form: aij, where i = j. This
means that a matrix can have only one diagonal.

[Class XII : Maths] 55

Scalar Matrix

If all the elements in the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij] is a scalar matrix if

0; i  j
A = [aij] =  Where, k is constant.
k; i  j
For example A and B are scalar matrix of order 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 respectively.

2 0 0
   7 0 
A =  0 2 0 , B   
0 0 2  0 7 
 

Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix

If all the elements of a principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called a unit
matrix.
A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In. Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]m×m is an identity matrix
if

0; i  j
A = [aij] = 
1; i  j
For example I3 and I2 are identity matrix of order 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 respectively.

1 0 0 
   1 0
I3 =  0 1 0  , I 2   
0 0 1   0 1
 

• All identity matrices are scalar matrices

• All scalar matrices are diagonal matrices
• All diagonal matrices are square matrices

Triangular Matrix

A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if the elements above or below the principal
diagonal are zero. There are two types of Triangular Matrix:

Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0, when i > j.

D O E
 
A =  0 D O  is an upper triangular matrix of order 3 × 3.
0 0 E
 

56 [Class XII : Maths]

Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0, when i > j.

D 0 0 
 
A = O D 0 
E O E
 
is a lower triangular matrix of order 3 × 3.
Transpose of a Matrix
Let A be any matrix, then on interchanging rows and columns of A. The new matrix so obtained
is transpose of A donated AT or A.
[order of A = m × n, then order of AT = n × m]
Properties of transpose matrices A and B are:
(a) (AT)T = A (b) (kA)T = kAT (k = constant)
(c) (A + B)T = AT + BT (d) (AB)T = BT. AT
Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric matrix
• A square matrix A = [aij] is symmetric if AT = A i.e. aij  i and j
• A square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric if AT = – A i.e. aij = –aij  i and j
(All diagonal elements are zero in skew-symmetric matrix)

Illustration:
A is matrix of order 2022 × 2023 and B is a matrix such that ABT and BT A are both defined,
then find the order of matrix B.
Solution: Let the order of matrix be R × C, So,
(A)2022×2023 (BT)C×R  C = 2023 (As ABT is defined)
(BT)C×R (A)2022×2023  R = 2022 (As BT A is defined)
Thus order of matrix B is (2022 × 2023).

Illustration:
If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then show that A2 is symmetric.
Solution: As A is skew-symmetric, AT = –A
(A2)T = (A.A)T = AT.AT = (–A) (–A) = A2
As (A2)T = A2
 Thus, A2 is symmetric.

[Class XII : Maths] 57

Illustration:

 1 1 3 4 a b 
If   X   , where X =   then find the value of a + c – b – d.
2 3  5 6 c d 

 1 1  a b   3 4 
Solution: As,    ,
2 3  c d  5 6

 a b   3 4   1 1  3  1 4  1 
     
c d  5 6 2 3  5  2 6  3

a b  2 5
   
c d  3 3
On compairing the corresponding elements, we get,
a = 2, b = 5, c = 3, d = 3
Thus, a + c – b – d = 5 – 5 – 3 = –3

Illustration:
If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3 such that A2 = A, then find number of possible
matrices A.
Solution: As, A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3

a 0 0
 
Let, A =  0 b 0 
0 0 c 
 

 a2 0 0
 
 A2 =  0 b2 0
 
0 0 c 2 


a 0 0  a2 0 0
   
As A2 = A   0 b 0  =  0 b2 0
0 0 c   
  0 0 c 2 


So, a = 0 or –1, similarly b and c can take 2 values (0 and –1).

Thus, total number of possible matrices are 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.

58 [Class XII : Maths]

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE
CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.

0,wheni  j
1. If A= [aij ]22  , then A2 =
1,wheni  j

0 0  1 0  0 1  1 1
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 0  0 1  1 0  1 1

0,wheni  j
2. If A= [aij ]22  , then A2025 =
1,wheni  j

0 0  1 0  0 1  1 1
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 0  0 1  1 0  1 1
 1 0 x 0
3. If A  ,B    and A = B , then x equals
2

 2 1  1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2

1 x2 2 3 
 
4. If A   7 5 7  be a symmetric matrix, then x equals
3 7 5 


(a) 3 (b) 2 (c)  2 (d) 0

 0 x 2  6 1
 
5. If A   5x x 2  9 7  be a skew -symmetric matrix, then x equals
 1 –7 0 

(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d) 0

 2y  7 0 0
 
6. If A   0 x  3 0  be a scalar matrix, then (x+y) equals
 0 0 7 

(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 17

[Class XII : Maths] 59

7. If A is matrix of order 2023 × 2024 and B is a matrix such that AB’ and B’A both are
defined, then the order of matrix B is
(a) 2023 × 2024 (b) 2023 × 2023 (c) 2024 × 2024 (d) 2024 × 2023
8. If A is matrix of order 2023 × 2024 and B is a matrix such that AB and BA both are
defined, then the order of matrix B is
(a) 2023 × 2024 (b) 2023 × 2023 (c) 2024 × 2024 (d) 2024 × 2023

 2 0 y x

If A  x  y  2 3

9.
 0  be a diagonal matrix then (xy) equals
 0 0 4 

(a 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
10. If all entries of a square matrix of order 2 are either 3, –3 or 0, then how many Non-zero
matrices are possible?
(a) 80 (b) 81 (c) 27 (d) 64
11. If all entries of a square matrix of order 3 are either 1 or 0, then how many Diagonal
matrices are possible?
(a) 512 (b) 8 (b) 6 (d) 2
12. If all entries of a square matrix of order 3 are either 3 or 0, then how many Scalar matrices
are possible?
(a) 1 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 2
13. If all entries of a square matrix of order 3 are either 5 or 0, then how many Identity
matrices are possible?
(a) 1 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 0
14. If there are five one’ s i.e. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 & four zeroes i.e. 0, 0, 0, 0, then total number of
symmetric matrices of order 3 ×3 possible?
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 3 (d) 9

1  2 4
15. If x    y      , then
2 5 9
(a) x= 1, y = 2 (b) x= 2, y=1 (c) x= 1, y=–1 (d) x= 3, y=2

 a b   a b 
16. The product    , is equal to
 b a   b a 

 a2  b 2 0   a2  b 2 0
(a)  2  (b)  2 
 0 a b 
2
a  b
2
0

60 [Class XII : Maths]

  a2  b 2 0  1 0
(c)   (d)  
 0 0  0 1
17. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (A – I)3.+ (A + I)3 –7A is equal to
(a) I (b) A (c) 3A – I (d) A–I
18. If A and B are two non-zero matrices such that AB = A, BA = B and (A + B) = k (A+ B),
3

then k is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
19. If A is a square matrix such that A = A, then(A + I) –3A is equal to
2 2

(a) I (b) A (c) 2A (d) 3I

20. If a matrix A = (1 2 3), then the matrix A.A’ (where A’ is the transpose of A) is

3
 
(a) (1 2 3)1×3 (b) (14)1×1 (c) (6)1×1 (d) 2
1 
 31

3 4
21. If A  and 2A + B is a null matrix, then B is equal to]
5 2

3 4  3 4   6 8 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)
5 2  5 2   10 2 
 6 8 
 4 
 10 –2
 0 1
22. If A  and (3I + 4A) (3I - 4A)= x I, then value of x is/are
2

 1 0 
(a) 3 (b)  7 (c) 5 (d) 0

2 8
23. If A    p  Q , where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix,
6 4
then Q is equal to

2 6  0 1  0 2
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)
8 4  1 0   2 0 
 0 2 
 
2 0 

[Class XII : Maths] 61

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS (Q.24 & Q.25)
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

 0 1 2 

24. ASSERTION: Matrix A  1 1

 3  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
 2 3 0 
 
REASONING: A matrix A is skew-symmetric if AI = -A.

 1 4 4 2
25. ASSERTION : For matrices A  and B   ,
2 3  9 1
(A + B) (A - B) = A2 - AB + BA - B2
REASONING : Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

26. If A is a square matrix, then show that

(a) (A + AT) is symmetric matrix.
(b) (A – AT) is symmetric matrix.
(c) (AAT) is symmetric matrix.
27. Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-
symmetric matrix.
28. If A and B are two symmetric matrices of same order, then show that
(i) (AB – BA) is skew-symmetric Matrix.
(ii) (AB + BA) is symmetric Matrix.

 0 6 7  0 1 1 2
     
29. (a) If A   6 0 8  , B   1 0 2  ,C   2  . Verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC.
   1 2 0 3
 7 8 0     

1 1
1 0   1 1  3 3 
(b) If A + B =   and A – 2B =   then show that A = 
1 1  0 1 2 1
 
3 3

62 [Class XII : Maths]

 i 0  0 i 
30. If A =   and B =   , show that AB  BA
 0  1  i 0

5 4  1 2 
31. Find a matrix X, for which     
 1 1 1 3 
32. If A and B are symmetric matrices, show that AB is symmetric, if AB = BA.
33. Match the following:
Possible Number of Matrices (An) of order 3 × 3 with entry 0 or 1 which are

Condition No. of matrices

(1) An is diagonal Matrix P 20
(2) An is upper triangular Matrix Q 21
(3) An is identity Matrix R 23
(4) An is scalar Matrix S 26

 cos x  sin x   cos3 x  sin3 x 

34. If A =   then prove that A3 =  .
 sin x cos x   sin3 x cos 3 x 

35. Express the following Matrices as a sum of a symmetric and skey-symmetric matrix.
(Note: Part (b) and (c) can be asked for one marker, SO THINK ABOUT THIS!)

 1 2 3 1 2 5   0 2 3 
     
2 5 7 2 5 7  2 0 4
(a) A =  (b) A =  (c) A = 
 2 4 5   5 7 5   3 4 0 
     

2 3
36. Show that the Matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 4A + I = 0.
 1 2

 1 1
37. Find the values of x and y, if A =   satisfies the equation A2 + xA + yI = 0.
 1 1

 2 3
38. Find f(A), if A =   such that f(x) = x2 – 3x + 5
 1 1 

5 4
39. Find A2 if A =  .
 1 1

  cos x  sin x 
40. Find 2A2 when x = where A =  .
3  sin x cos x 

[Class XII : Maths] 63

 THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1 0 0
 
3 1 0
41. Let P =  and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such that Q = P5 + I3, then Prove
 9 3 1
 
 q21  q31 
that  q  = 10.
 32 
42. Construct a 3 × 3 matrix A = [aij] such that

i  j ; i  j  2i ; i  j
 
 i
(a) aij   ; i  j (b) aij   i . j ; i  j
 j  j
i  j ; i  j 3 ; i  j

i 2  j 2 ; i  j | 2i  3 j |
(c) aij   (d) aij 
 0; i j 5

i 
(e) aij    , where [.] represents Greatest Integer Function.
j

 cos  i sin    cos2 i sin2 

43. If A =   , then prove that A2 =   , where i  1
 i sin  cos    i sin 2 cos 2 

2 3
44. If A =   , evaluate A3 – 4A2 + A.
 1 2

 cos x  sin x 0 
 
45. If f(x) =  sin x cos x 0  , then prove that f(x).f(y) = f(x + y)
 0 0 1 


1  1 x   xy 
46. If f(x) =   , Prove that f(x).f(y) = f   . Hence show that f(x).f(–x)
1 x  x 1 
2  1  xy 
= 1, where |x| < 1.

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

 0 2y z 
 
x y z  .
47. Find x, y and z if AT = A–1 and A =  Also find how many triplets of (x, y, z)
 x y z 

are possible. (NOTE: A.A–1 = A–1A = I)

64 [Class XII : Maths]

 2 3 
48. If A is a symmetric Matrix and B is skew-symmetric Matrix such that A + B =  
 5 1
 4 2 
then show that AB =  .
 1 4 

 4 1 a b 
49. If A =   and A50 =   then show that (a + b + c + d + 398) = 0.
 9 2  c d 

CASE STUDIES

50. (A) Two farmers Ramkishan and Gurcharan Singh cultivates only three varieties of rice
namely Basmati, Permal and Naura. The Quantity of sale (in Kg) of these varieties of rice
by both the farmers in the month of September and October are given by the following
matrices A and B.

BASMATI PERMAL NAURA

 1000 2000 3000  RAMAKRISHAN
A(September sales)    GURCHARAN SINGH
 5000 3000 1000 
BASMATI PERMAL NAURA
 5000 10000 6000  RAMAKRISHAN
B(October sales)    GURCHARAN SINGH
 20000 10000 10000 
If Ramakrishan sell the variety of rice (per kg)i.e. Basmati, Permal and Naura at Rs.30,
Rs. 20 & Rs.10 respectively, While Gurcharan Singh sell the variety of rice (per kg) i.e.
Basmati, Permal and Naura at Rs. 40, Rs. 30, & Rs.20 respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following:
(a) Find the Total selling Price received by Ramakrishan in the month of september.
(b) Find the Total Selling Price received by Gurcharan Singh in the month of september.
(c) Find the Total selling Price received by Ramakrishan in the month of september &
october.

[Class XII : Maths] 65

(B) A manufacture produces three stationery products Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener which
he sells in two markets. Annual sales are indicated below

Market Products (in numbers)

Pencil Eraser Sharpener
A 10,000 2000 18,000
B 600 20,000 8,00

If the unit Sale price of Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener are Rs. 2.50, Rs. 1.50 and Rs. 1.00
respectively, and unit cost of the above three commodities are Rs. 2.00, Rs. 1.00 and
Rs. 0.50 respectively, then, Based on the above information answer the following:
(a) Find the total Revenue of both the markets.
(b) Find the total Profit for both the markets.
(C) Three schools ABC, PQR and MNO decided to organize a fair for collecting money for
helping the flood victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled
material at a cost of Rs. 25, Rs. 100 and Rs. 50 each respectively. The numbers of
articles sold are given as

School/Article ABC PQR MNO

Hand made fans 40 25 35
Marks 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions.

(a) What is the total amount of money (in Rs.) collected by all the three schools ABC, PQR
& MNO?
(b) If the number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools, then
what is the total money collected by all schools?

66 [Class XII : Maths]

 SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE
CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. If A is a symmetric matrix then which of the following is not Symmetric matrix,
(a) A + AT (b) A.AT
(c) A – AT (d) AT
2. Suppose P, Q and R are different matrices of order 3 × 5, a × b and c × d respectively, then
value of ac + bd is, if matrix P + Q – R is defined
(a) 9 (b) 14
(c) 24 (d) 34
3. If A and B are two square matrices of same order such that, AB = A and BA = B, then
(A + B) (A – B) =
(a) O (b) A
(c) A – B
2 2
(d) B

 1 1 1  x  6 
4. If 0 1 1  y   3  , then 2x + y – z =
    
0 0
1 1  z   2

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
5. If a matrix has 2022 elements, how many orders it can have?
(a) 6 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE
CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. If matrix A = [aij]2×2 where
 1, if i j
aij =  , then A2021 =
0, if i j
(a) O (b) A
(c) –A (d) I

1 1 1
 
2. If A = 1 1 1 , then A4 =
1 1 1

(a) A (b) 3A
(c) 9A (d) 27A
[Class XII : Maths] 67
 1 1
3. If A =   and A2 + pA + qI = 0, then pq =
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 2

 2a  b a  2b   4 3 
4. If    , then a + b + c + d =
5c  d 4c  3d  11 24 
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 10
5. If A is a square Matrix such that A2 = A, then (I + A)3 – 7A is equal to
(a) 2A + I (b) A + 2I
(c) I (d) A + I

ANSWER
One Mark Questions

 1 0  0 1
1. (b) 
1
2. (c) 
0 1 0
3. (b) + 1 4. (a) ±3
5. (b) 3 6. (d) 17
7. (a) 2023 × 2024 8. (d) 2024 × 2023
9. (a) 1 10. (a) 80
11. (b) 8 12. (d) 2
13. (d) 0 14. (b) 12

 a2  b 2 0 
16. (a) 
a  b 
15. (b) x =2, y = 1
 0 2 2

17. (b) A 18. (c) 4

19. (a) I 20. (b) (14)

 6  8
21. (d)  22. (c) ±5
 10 4
0 1
23. (b)  24. (d) A si false but R is true.
 1 0
25. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

68 [Class XII : Maths]

 Two Marks Questions

 3 14 
31. X=   33. (1)  R (2)  S (3)  P (4)  Q
 4 17 

 1   5
1 2
2   0 0
2 
  
 3  0 11 
35. (a)  2 5   0
2 2
   
1 3 5 11
2 5   0 
 2   2 2 

 1 2 5  0 0 0  0 0 0   0 2 3 
       
35. (b)  2 5 7    0 0 0  35. (c)  0 0 0    2 0 4
 5 7 5   0 0 0   0 0 0   3 4 0 
       

0 0  29 24 
37. x = –2, y = 0 38.   39.  
0 0  6 5 

 1  3 
40.  

 3 1 
Three Marks Questions

 1 1 2   1 9 27   0 5 10 
42. (a)  3 1 1  42. (b)  4 4 27  42. (c)  5 0 13 
   
4 5 1  8 8 9   10 13 0 
     

1 4 7
5 5 5 
 1 0 0
1 2 0 0
40. (d)  1  42. (e)  2 1 0  44.  
5 5  3 1 1 0 0
   
3 0
3
5 5 


1 1 1
47. x   ,y   ,z   ;
2 6 3
CASE STUDIES QUESTION
50. Case Study: A
(a) Rs. 1,00,000 (b) Rs. 3,10,000 (c) Rs. 5,10,000

[Class XII : Maths] 69

50. Case Study: B
(b) Rs. 46,000 (For Market A) (b) Rs. 15,000 (For Market A)
Rs. 43,000 (Ror Market B) Rs. 17,000 (For Market A)
50. Case Study C: 50. (iv) Option (d) 50. (v) Option (c)
(a) Rs. 21,000
Rs. 21,250
SELF ASSESSMENT-1
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)

70 [Class XII : Maths]

 CHAPTER-4

DETERMINANTS
One of the important aplications of inverse of a non-singular
square matrix is in cryptography.
Cryptography is an art of communication between two
people by keeping the information not known to others. It
is based upon two factors, namely encryption and
decryption.
Encryption means the process of transformation of an
information (plain form) into an unreadable form (coded
form). On the other hand, Decryption means the
transformation of the coded message back into original
form. Encryption and decryption require a secret technique
which is known only to the sender and the receiver.
This secret is called a key. One way of generating a key is by using a non-singular matrix to
encrypt a message by the sender. The receiver decodes (decrypts) the message to retrieve
the original mesage by using the inverse of the matrix. The matrix used for encryption is called
encryption matrix (encoding matrix) and that used for decoding is called decryption matrix
(decoding matrix).

TOPIC TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM (2024-25)

• Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrice), minors, co-factors and applications
of determinants in finding the area of a triangle.
• Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
• Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique
solution) using inverse of a matrix.

a b
A determinant of order 2 is written as |A| = where a, b, c, d are complex numbers (As
c d
Complex Number Include Real Number). It denotes the complex number ad – bc.
Even though the value of determinnants Represented by Modulus symbol but the value of a
determinant may be positive, negative or zero.
In other words,
a b
|A| = = ad – bc (Product of diagonal elements – Product of non-diagonal elements)
c d
• Determinant of order 1 is the number itself.
• We can expand the determinants along any Row or Column, but for easier calculations we
shall expand the determinant along that row or column which contains maximum number
of zeroes.
[Class XII : Maths] 71
 MINORS AND COFATORS
Minor of an Element
If we take an element of the determinant and delete/remove the row and column containing
that element, the determinant of the elements left is called the minor of that element. It is
denoted by Mij. For example,
Let us consider a Determinant |A|

a b c
|A| = d e f 
p q r

a b c e f
d e f  M111 = (Minor of a111 = M11)
q r
p q r

a b c
e f
d e f  M111 = (Minor of a111 = M11)
q r
p q r

a b c
e f
d e f  M111 = (Minor of a111 = M11)
q r
p q r

Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” and a determinant of order three will have
“9 minors”.

Minor of an Element:
Cofactor of the element aij is cij = (–1)i+j Mij; where i and j denotes the row and column in which
the particular element lies. (Means Magnitude of Minor and Cofactor of aij are equal).
• Property: If we multiply the elements of any row/column with their respective Cofactors of
the same row/column, then we get the value of the determinant.
For example,
|A| = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
|A| = a31C31 + a32C32 + a33C33
• Property: If we multiply the elements of any row/column with their respective Cofactors of
the other row/column, then we get zero as a result.
For example,
a11C21 + a12C22 + a13C23 = a11C31 + a12C32 + a13C33

72 [Class XII : Maths]

Note that the value of a determinant of order three in term sof ‘Minor’ and ‘Cofactor’ can be
written as:
|A| = a11M11 – a12M12 + a13M13 OR |A| = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
|A| = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
• The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the row and solumns are inter changed.
|A| = |AT|
a p x a b c
b q y = p q r
c r z x y z
• If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is
changed in sign only . e.g.
a p x a x p b y q
b q y = b y q = a x p
c r z c z r c z r
• If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the determinant is zero.
a 0 x 0 0 0
b 0 y = p q r =0
c 0 z x y z
• If the all elements of a row (or column) are proportional (identical) to the elements sof some
other row (or column), then the determinant is zero.
a ka x mp mq mr
b kb y = p q r =0
c kc z x y z
• If all the elements of a determinant above or below the main diagonal consist of zeros
(Triangular Matrix), then the determinant is equal to the product of diagonal elements.
a 0 0 a x y a 0 0
x b 0 = 0 b z = 0 b 0 = abc
y z c 0 0 c 0 0 c

[Class XII : Maths] 73

• If all the elements of one row/column of a determinant are multiplied by “k” (A scalar), the
value of the new determinant is k times the original determinant.

ka p x a p x
kb q y = b q y
kc r z c r z

ka kp x a p x
kb kq y = k2 b q y
kc kr z c r z

ka kp kx a p x
kb kq ky =k 3 b q y
kc kr kz c r z
|kA| = kn |A|, where n is the order of determinant.

AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by

x1 y1 1
1
A= x 2 y 2 1 (sq. units)
2
x3 y3 1

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
Let A = [aij]m×n be a square matrix and Cij be cofactor of aij in |A|.

 C11 C21 C31 

 
Then, (adj A) = [Cij]  adj A =  C12 C22 C32 
C 
 13 C23 C33 
• A. (adj A) = (adj A).A = |A|
• (adj AB) = (adj B).(adj A)
• |adj A| = |A|n–1, where n is the order of a Matrix A

SINGULAR MATRIX
A Matrix A is singular if |A| = 0 and it is non-singular if |A|  0
2 3
|A| = = 5  0. So A is Non-singular Matrix.
1 4
2 8
|A| = = 8 – 8 = 0. So A is singular Matrix.
1 4

74 [Class XII : Maths]

 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order
such that AB = BA = I then we write A–1 = B, (A–1 exists only if |A|  0)

 C11 C21 C31 

1 1  
A = –1 (adj A )  C12 C22 C32 
|A| | A |  
 C13 C23 C33 
• (AB)–1 = B–1.A–1
• (A–1)–1 = A
• (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
• AA–1 = A–1A = I

1
• |A–1| = | A |

• |A.adj A| = |A|n (Where n is the order of Matrix A)

Illustration:

 2 10 
For what value of k, the matrix A =   is singular matrix.
 5 k  2 15 
Solution: As, Matrix is singular, so its determinant will be zero.
|A| = 2(15) – 10(5k – 2) = 30 – 50k + 20
|A| = 50 – 50k = 0
 50k = 50
 k=1

Illustration:

0 a b
Without expanding the determinants prove that a 0 c = 0
b c 0

0 a b
Solution: Let A = a 0 c
b c 0

[Class XII : Maths] 75

We observe here aij = –aij (A is skew-symmetric matrix)
 AT = –A
 |AT| = |–A|
 |A| = (–1)3 |A|

Property USED: |AT| = |A|, |kA| = kn|A|

Where n is the order of the determinant

 |A| = –|A|
 2|A| = 0

0 a b
 |A| = a 0 c =0
b c 0

Illustration:
If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 and |A| = 4, then write the value of |A–1|.
Solution: As we know that,

1 1
|A–1| = | A |  4

1
 |A–1| =
4

Illustration:

3 4 5
 
Find the inverse of the matrix  2 1 8  and hence solve the system of equations:
 5 2 7 
 
3x + 4y + 5z = 18
5x – 2y + 7z = 20
2x – y + 8z = 13

76 [Class XII : Maths]

 3 4 5
 
Solution: Let, A =  2 1 8 
 5 2 7 
 
Cofactors are,

1 8 4 5 4 5
C11 = = –7 + 16 = 9 C21 = – = –38 C31 = = 37
2 7 2 7 1 8

2 8 3 5 3 5
C12 = – = –(14 – 40) = 26 C22 = = –4 C32 = – = –14
5 7 5 7 2 8

2 1 3 4 3 4
C13 = = –4 + 5 = 1 C23 = – = 26 C33 = = –11
1
5 2 5 2 2 1

 C11 C21 C31   9 38 37 

   
C C22 C32    26 4 14 
Adj A =  12
C   
 13 C23 C33   1 26 11 

|A| = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 = 3(9) + 4(26) + 5(1) = 27 + 104 + 5 = 136

 9 38 37 
1 1  
So, A = –1 (Adj A)  26 4 14 
|A| 136  
 1 26 11 
Given system of equation can be written as

3 4 5 x   18  3 4 5 x   18 
         
 2 1 8   y  =  20    5 2 7   y  =  
13
 5 2 7   z   13   2 1 8   z   20 
         

 A.X = B  A–1 AX = A–1.B

IX = A–1.B  X = A–1.B

 9 38 37   18   9  18  38  13  37  20 
1    1  
X= 26 4 14   13  =  26  18  4  13  14  20 
136    136  1 18  26  13  11 20 
 1 26 11   20   

x  408   3 
  1    
y
X=   =
136  136    1 
z  136   1 
     
 So, x = 3, y = 1, z = 1

[Class XII : Maths] 77

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS

 cos x  sin x , then determinant of       

1. If ff(x)=
(x )  f  . f    
 sin x cos x    6   3 


(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d)
2

2. If for a square matrix A, A 2  A  1

I  0 , then A equal
–1

(a) A (b) 1
I +A (c) A – 1
I (d) 1I – A

x 3 4
3. If
1 2 1 = 0, then value of x is
1 4 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2

x y y z zx
4. The value of z x y is
1 1 1
(a) xyz (b) (x + y + z) (c) 2(x + y + z) (d) 0

 2 2023 2024
A  0 1 2022 , then A. (adj A) equals
5. If  
0 0 5 
(a) 2I (b) I (c) 5I (d) 10 I

3 1
If A  
7
6. , then A.(adj A) equals
 19

 3 1  1 0  2 0  7 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
 19 7  0 1 0 2  19 3 
7. If the area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units, then |k| =
(a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 9

78 [Class XII : Maths]

8. If the area of a triangle with vertices (2, –6), (5, 4) and (k, 4) is 35sq. units, then the sum
of all possible values of k is
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14

 2023 1
9. If A   , then A–1 =
 2024 1

 2023 1   1 1 
(a)  2024 1 (b) 
 2024 2023

 1 1  1 1 
(c)  1 1 (d) 
 2024 2023

k 16 
10. If A   is singular matrix, then sum of all possible values of k is
 9 k 
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 24

 k 12
11. If A  
6 
is non-invertible matrix, then value of k is
3
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12

 5 0 0
12. If A.(adjA )   0 5 0 , then | A |  | adjA | =
 
 0 0 5
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d) 30

 2 0 0
| A |  | AT |
13. If A.(adjA )   0 2 0 , then =
  | A 1 |
 0 0 2
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 16

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUSTIONS (Q. 14 & Q.15)

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is following by a statement of Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A are R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explnantion of A.
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

[Class XII : Maths] 79

  1 2 3
14. Assertion: For Matrix A   4 5 6 , value of 4C 31  5C 32  6C 33 is 0.
 
 7 8 9
Reasoning : The sum of the products of elements of any row of a matrix A with the co-
factors of elements of other row is always equal to Zero.

 1 2 3
15. Assertion : If A   4 5 6 , then determinant of matrix A is zero.
 
 7 8 9
Reasoning : The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 × 3 is always zero.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

0 2023 2021
16. Without expanding the determinants prove that 2023 0 2022 = 0
2021 2022 0

17. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that |A| = –2, then find the value of |–2A–1| + 2|A|.

a b c  yr  zq cq  br bz  cy 
   
18. If A =  x y z  , B   zp  xr ar  cp cx  az  . Find |B| if |A| = 4
p q r   xq  yp bp  aq ay  bx 
   

a b c  yr  zq cq  br bz  cy 
   
19. If A =  x y z  , B   zp  xr ar  cp cx  az  . Find |A| if |B| = 25
p q r   xq  yp bp  aq ay  bx 
   
20. Find the Adjoint of Matrix A,

  
 2cos 3 2 sin
3 
A= 
 2 sin  
2cos 

 3 3

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

21. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that |Adj A| = 25, then find the value of
(a) |A| (b) |–2AT | (c) |4A–1|
(d) |5A| (e) A.Adj A (f) |A.Adj A|
(g) |A3|

80 [Class XII : Maths]

22. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that |A| = 5, then find the value of
(a) |3A| (b) |–2AT | (c) |4A–1|
(d) |Adj A| (e) A.Adj A (f) |A.Adj A|
(f) |A |
3

 1 2020 2021   2 0 0
   
23. If A   0 1 2022  , B   2021 1 0  then find the value of
0 0 3   2020 2022 1 
  
(a) |AB| (b) |(AB)–1 | (c) |A2.B3|
(d) |3(AB)T | (e) |Adj (AB)|

 2 3   7 2   4 3 
24. Find matrix ‘X’ such that    
 1 2   1 1   1 1
25. Find matrix ‘X’ such that

 2 3   7 2  2 3  7 2 
(a) X    (b)  X  
 1 2  1 1   1 2  1 1 

 2 3   7 2   1 0 
(c)  X  
 1 2   1 1   0 1

FOUR/FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

26. (a) A school wants to award its students for regularity and hardwork with a total cash
award of ` 6,000. If three times the award money for hardwork added to that given for
regularity amounts of ` 11,000 represent the above situation algebraically and find
the award money for each value, using matrix method.
(b) A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pen A, B and C. Rohan purchased 1 pen of each
variety for total of ` 21. Ayush purchased 4 pens of A variety, 3 pens of B variety and
2 pen of C variety for ` 60. While Kamal purchased 6 pens of A variety, 2 pens of B
variety and 3 pen of C variety for ` 70. Find cost of each variety of pen by Matrix
Method.
 1 2 3 
 
27. Find A , where A =  2 3
–1 2  . Hence use the result to solve the following system of
 3 3 4 
 
linear equations:
x + 2y – 3z = –4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x – 3y – 4z = 11

[Class XII : Maths] 81

  1 2 3 
 
28. Find A , where A =  2 3
–1 2  . Hence, solve the system of linear equations:
 3 3 4 
 
x + 2y + 3z = 8
2x + 3y – 3z = –3
–3x + 2y – 4z = –6
 4 4 4   1 1 1 
   
7 1 3   1 2 2  find AB. Hence using the product solve the
29. If A =  and B =
 5 3 1 2 1 3 
   
system of eq.
x–y+z=4
x – 2y – 2z = 9
2x + y + 3z = 1

 1 3 2   1 2 3 
   
30. Find the product of matrices AB, where A =   3 0 1  , B   2 4 7  and use
   
 2 1 0  3 5 9 
the result to solve following system of equations:
x – 2y – 3z = 1
–2x + 4y + 5z = –1
–3x + 7y + 9z = –4

82 [Class XII : Maths]

 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

A. A family wanted to buy a home, but they wanted it to be close both to both the children’s
school and the parents’ workplace. By looking at a map, they cold find a point that is
equidistant from both the workplace and the school by finding the circumcenter of the
triangular region.

If the coordinates are A(12, 5), B(20, 5) and C(16, 7), on the basis of this answer the
following: (Figure is for reference only, Not as per scale)
(a) Using the concept of Determinants. Find the equation of AC.
(b) If any point P(2, k) is collinear with point A(12, 5) and O(16, 2), then find the value of
(2k – 15).
(c) If any point P(2, k) is collinear with point A (12, 5) and 0 (16, 2), then find the value of
(2k – 15).
B. For keeping Fit, X people believes in morning walk, Y people believes in yoga and Z
people join Gym. Total no of people are 70. Further 20%, 30% and 40% people are
suffering from any disease who believe in morning walk, yoga and GYM respectively.
Total no. of such people is 21. If morning walk cost ` 0 Yoga cost ` 500/month and GYM
cost ` 400/ month and total expenditure is ` 23000.

[Class XII : Maths] 83

 On the basis of above information, answer the following:
 1 1 1
 
(a) If matrix A   2 3 4  , then find A–1.
0 5 4
 
(b) On solving the given situational problem using matrix method, find the total number
of person who prefer GYM.
C. An amount of ` 600 crores is spent by the government in three schemes. Scheme A is
for saving girl child from the cruel parents who don’t want girl child and get the abortion
before her birth.
Scheme B is for saving of newlywed girls from death due to dowry. Scheme C is planning
for good health for senior citizen. Now twice the amount spent on Scheme C together
with amount spent on Scheme A is ` 700 crores. And three times the amount spent on
Scheme A together with amount spent on Scheme B and Scheme C is ` 1200 crores.
If we assume government invest (In crores) ` X, ` Y and ` Z in scheme A, B and C
respectively. Solve the above problem using Matrices and answer the following:
C. Gautam buys 5 pens, 3 pens, 3 bags & 1 instrumental box and pays a sum of Rs. 160.
From the same shop, Vikram buys 2 pens, 1 bag & 3 instrumental boxes and pays a
sum of Rs. 190. Also Ankur buys 1 pen, 2 bags & 4 instrumental boxes and pays a sum
of Rs. 250.
Based on above informatin answer the following questions:

(a) Convert the given situation into a matrix equation of the form AX = B.
(b) Find |A|.
(c) Find A–1.
OR
Determine P = A2 – 5A

84 [Class XII : Maths]

 SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE.
2 3 6 
 
1. If A  0 1 8  , then |A| =
0 0 5 
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 8 (d) 10
1 0 0
A  3 2 0  ,
2. If   then |A | =
T

 1 0 5 
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 8 (d) 10
cos x  sin x 
3. If A   , then |A–1| =
 sin x cos x 
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) cosx.sinx (d) –1
6 x 8 
4. If A    is singular matrix, then the value of x is
 3 2
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
5. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The value of k will
be
(a) 6 (b) 9
(c) 3 (d) 0
SELF ASSESSMENT-2
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE
1. If the value of a third order determinant is 12, then the value of the determinant formed by
replacing each element by its co-factor will be
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 12 (d) 144
2. If the points (3, –2), (x, 2), (8, 8) are collinear, then x =
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 3

[Class XII : Maths] 85

 cos15º sin75º
3. =
sin15º cos75º
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 2
1 2 3
4. The minor of 6 in the determinant 4 5 6 is
7 8 9
(a) 9 (b) –6
(c) 6 (d) 10

1 2 3
5. The cofactor of 4 in the determinant 4 5 6 is
7 8 9
(a) 9 (b) –6
(c) 6 (d) 10

86 [Class XII : Maths]

 ANSWER
One Mark Questions
1. (b) 1 2. (d) I – A 3. (c) 4

 2 0
6. (c) 
2
4. (d) 0 5. (d) 10I
0

 1 1
9. (b) 
2023
7. (c) 3 8. (b) 10
 2024
10. (a) 0 11. (c) 6 12. (d) 30
13. (b) 8
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.

Two Marks Questions

17. 0 18. 16 19. ±5
 1 3
20.  
 3 1 
Three Marks Questions

64
21. (a) ±5 (b) ±40 (c) (d) ±625 (e) ±5I
5
(f) ±125 (g) ±125
64
22. (a) 135 (b) –40 (c) (d) 25 (e) 5I
5
(f) 125 (e) 125
1
23. (a) 6 (b) (c) 72 (d) 162 (e) 36
6
1  2 31 
24. X =  
9  1 11

 16 25   11 7  1  5 17 
25. (a) X    (b) X    (c) X   
 1 1   5 4  9  3 12 
Five Marks Questions
26. (a) Award money given for
Honesty = ` 500
Regularity = ` 2000 and
[Class XII : Maths] 87
 Hard work = ` 3500
(b) Cost of pen of
Variety A = ` 5
Variety B = ` 8 and
Variety C = ` 8
27. x = 3, y = –2, z = 1 28. x = 0, y = 1, z = 2 29. x = 3, y = –2, z = –1
30. x = –4, y = –1, z = –1

CASE STUDIES QUESTIONS

A. (a) x – 2y = 2 (b) 10 sq. units (c) 10

 8 1 1 
B. (a) A 

1 1  8 4 2 (b) 20
6 
 10 5 1 

 5 3 1  x   160   2 10 8 
     1 
C. (a)  2 1 3  y    190  (b) –22 (c) 5 19 13
 1 2 4  z   250 22  
 3 7 1 
A X = B

OR PART
 7 5 13
5 8 2 
 
8 3 3 

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

88 [Class XII : Maths]

 I
It is of the form ex f(x) + f (x) dx
 CHAPTER-9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Sky diving is a method of transiting from a

high point in the atmosphere to the surface
of the Earth with the aid of graity. This involves
the control of speed during the descent using
a parachute. Once the sky diver jumps from
an airplane, the net force experienced by the
diver can be calculated using

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
Another eg.

y(t)

Falling stone

D.E. is

my = mg

 y = g = constant

where y = distance travelled by the stone at any time t.

and g = acceleration due to gravity.

TOPICS TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2023-24

• Definition, order and degree
• General and particular solutions of a D.E.
• Solutions of D.E. using method of separation of variables.
• Solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.
• Solutions of linear differential equations of the type.
dy
 py  q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.
dx
dx
 px  q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.
dy

162 [Class XII : Maths]

 KEY POINTS :
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : is an equation involving derivatives of the dependent
variable w.r.t independent variables and the variables themselves.
· ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (ODE) : A.D.E. involving derivatives of the
dependent variable w.r.t only one independent variable is an ordinary D.E.
In class XII ODE is referred to as D.E.
 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (PDE) : A.D.E involving derivatives w.r.t more
than one independent variables is called a partial D.E.
 ORDER of a DE : is the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the D.E.
 DEGREE of a D.E. : is the highest power of the highest order derivative occurring in
the D.E provided D.E is a polynomial equation in its derivatives. It is always a
whole no.
 SOLUTION OF THE D.E : A relation between involved variables, which satisfy the
given D.E is called its solution.
s of DE

 FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : We differentiate the function

successively as many times as the arbitary constants in the given function and
then eliminate the arbitiary constants from these equations.
 ORDER of A D.E : Is equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the general
solution of a D.E.
Solution of a First Order First Degree D.E.

Variable separable Homogeneous Linear Differential

method D.E. equation

 “VARIABLE SEPARABLE METHOD” : is used to solve D.E. in which variables

can be separated completely i.e, terms containing x should remain with dx and
terms containing y should remain with dy.
dy
 “HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : D.E. of the form  F( x,y )
dx
where F(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 0

[Class XII : Maths] 163

 i.e. F( x, y )  0 F( x,y )

or F( x, y )  F( x,y ) for some non-zero constant  .

To solve this type put y  vx

dx
To Solve homogenous D.E of the trype  G( x,y ), we make substitution x  vy
dy

dy
 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : A.D.E of the form  Py  Q where P
dx
and Q are constants or functions of x only is known as first order linear
differential equation.
Its solution

y.(IF )   Q  (I.F.)dx  C, where

 Pdx
I. F = Integrating factor = e

dx
Another form of Linear Differential Equation is  P1x  Q1 , where P and
dy 1

Q1 are constants or functions of y only..

Its solution is given as

x.(I.F )   Q1 X(I.F.) dy  C, where I.F.  e 

P1dy

Illustration:
Write the order and degree of the Differential Equation

3/2
1  ( y  )2   ky 
 
Solution: Squaring both the sides

3
1  ( y  )2   k 2 ( y  )2
 
 Order of D.E. = 2
and Degree of D.E. = 2

164 [Class XII : Maths]

Illustration:
Solve the differential equations

(1  e2 x )dy  e x (1  y 2 )dx  0; y (0)  1

dy e x (1  y 2 )
Solution: 
dx 1  e2 x
Using Variables separables method,

dy e x
2
 dx
1 y 1  e2 x
Integrating both sides we get

1 ex
 1 y 2
dy    1 e 2x
dx

dt
 tan–1y =   1 t 2
; On putting ex = t

= – tan–1t
 tan–1y = – tan–1 (ex) + C
 tan–1y + tan–1 (ex) = C
At x = 0, y = 1 given
 tan–1(1) + tan–1(1) = C

 2 =C
4

 C=
2

 Particular solution of D.E. is given by tan–1y + tan–1(ex) = .
2
Illustration:

dy
Solve (x – y) = x + 2y
dx
dy x  2y
Solution:   f ( x, y )
dx xy

x  2y ( x  2y )
Now f(x, y) = = = ºf(x, y)
x  y ( x  y )

[Class XII : Maths] 165

Clearly, f is homogeneous function in x and y.
So, given D.E. is homogenous D.E.
Now, Put y = vx

dy x dv
 =v+
dx dx

x dv x  2vx
 v+ =
dx x  vx

x dv 1  2v
 v+ =
dx 1 v

x dv 1  2v  v  v 2
 =
dx 1 v

x dv 1 v  v 2
 =
dx 1 v

(1  v ) dv dx
 2 =
1 v  v x
Integrating both sides we get

1 2v  2  1  1
 
2 1 v  v 2
dv = log |x| + C

1 2v  1 3 1
  
2 1 v  v 2
dv  
2 1 v  v 2
dv = log |x| + C

1 3 1

2
  log | 1  v  v |  2
dv = log |x| + C
2 2 2
1  3 
 v     
 2   2 

1 y y2  3  2   2v  1
  log 1      .  tan 1  = log |x| + C
2 x x 2  2  3   3 

1 2 2 1  2 y  x 
  log x  xy  y  3 tan  =C
2  3 x 

166 [Class XII : Maths]

Illustration:
Find the particular solution of the differential equation

dx
 x cot y  2y  y 2 cot y ( y  0) given that x = 0 when y = /2.
dy
Solution: Clearly, it is a Linear D.E.

dx
 Px  Q where
dy

P = cot y, Q = 2y + y2 cot y


Pdy

= e
coty dy

I.F. = e = elog(siny) = sin y

 solution of D.E. is given by

x. (I.F) =  Q.I Fdy + C; C is arbitrary constant

2
 x. (sin y) =  (2y  y cot y ) sin y dy + C

2
=  2y sin y dy   y cos y dy + C

=  2y sin y dy  y 2 .sin y   2y sin y dy  C

 x sin y = y2 sin y + C


Now, x = 0, when y =
2

2 2
So, 0 = +C C=–
4 4

2
 x siny = y2 sin y –
4

2
or x = y2 – cosec y
4

[Class XII : Maths] 167

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. The general solution of the D.E.
y dx – xdy = 0; (Given x, y > 0), is of the form.
(a) xy = c (b) x = cy2
(c) y = cx (d) y = cx2
(Where ‘c’ is an orbitary positive constant of integration)

dy 1 y 2
2. The differential equation  determines a family of circles with
dx y

(a) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, 1)

(b) Variable radii and fixed centre (0, –1)
(c) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on x-axis
(d) Fixed radius 1 and variable centre on y-axis

dy
3. The solution of the D.E.  e x  y  x 2e  y is
dx

y3 x2
(a) ex   ey  c (b) ey   ex  c
3 3

x3
(c) ey   ex  c (d) None f these
3

d 4y
4. The order and degree of the D.E.  sin( y )  0 are respectively
dx 4
(a) 4 and 1 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 4 and 4 (d) 4 and not defined

dx x 
5. A homogeneous differential equation of the type  h   can be solved by making
dy y 
the substitution.

168 [Class XII : Maths]

 (a) y = vx (b) v = yx
(c) x = vy (d) x = v

dy
6. Integrating factor of the D.E.  y tan x  sec x  0 is
dx
(a) cosx (b) secx
cos x sec x
(c) e (d) e
1
1
d 2 y  dy  4
7. The order and degree of the D.E.     x 6
 0, respectively are
dx 2  dx 
(a) 2 and not defined (b) 2 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 3
8. The order of the D.E. of a family of curves resprsented by an equation containing four
arbitrary constants, will be
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) None of these
9. An equation which involves variable as well as dirivatives of the dependent variable w.r.t.
the independent variable, is known as
(a) differential equation (b) integral equation
(c) linear equation (d) quadantic equation
10. tan1 x  tan1 y  c is general solution of the D.E.

dy 1  y 2 dy 1  x 2
(a)  (b) 
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  y 2

(c) (1  x 2 )dy  (1  y 2 )dx  0 (d) (1  x 2 )dx  (1  y 2 )dy  0

 dy 
11. The particular solution of log   3 x  4 y , y (0)  0 is
 dx 

(a) e 3 x  3e 4 y  4 (b) 4e 4 x + 3e 4 y  3

(c) 3e 3 x – 4e 4 y  7 (d) 4e 3 x  3e 4 y  7

dy 3x  4 y  2
12. The solution of the equation  is
dx 3x  4 y  3

(a) (x  y 2 )  c  log(3x  4 y  1) (b) x  y  c  log(3 x  4 y  4)

(c) ( x  y  c )  log(3 x  4 y  3) (d) x  y  c  log(3 x  4 y  1)

[Class XII : Maths] 169

 dy
13. If x  y (log y  log x  1), then the solution of the equation is
dx

x  y 
(a) y log    cx (b) x log    cy
y  x 

y  x 
(c) log    cx (d) log    cy
x  y 

14. Solution of D.E. xdy – ydx = 0 respresents

(a) rectangular hyperbola (b) parabola whose vertex is at orgain
(c) circle whose centre is at origin (d) straight line passing through origin
15. Family y = bx + c4 of curves will correspond to a differential equation of order
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) infinite

dx
16. The integrating factor of the differential equation (1  y 2 )  yx  ay ,(1  y  1)
dy
is :

1 1
(a) (b)
y 1
2
y 2 1

1 1
(c) (d)
1 y 2 1 y 2

17. The general solution of the differential equation xdy  (1  x 2 )dx  dx

0 is

x3 x3
(a) y  2x  c (b) y  2log x  c
3 3

x2 x2
(c) y c (d) y  log x  c
2 2

170 [Class XII : Maths]

 ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
Directions : Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason
(R) Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explantion of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true

x c 2
18. Assertion (A) : Order of the differential equation whose solution is y  c1 e  c 3e x c4
is 4.
Reason (R) : Order of the differential equation is equal to the number of independent
arbitrary constant mentioned in the solution of differential equation.

2
d 2y  dy   d 2y 
19. Assertion (A) : The degree of the differential equation  3    x 2
log  2 
dx 2 dx dx
is not defined.
Reason (R) : If the differential equation is a polynomial in terms of its derivatives, then
its degree is defined.

dy x 3  xy 2  y 3
20. Assertion (A) :  is a homogeneous differential equation.
dx x 2y  x 3

x 3  xy 2  y 3 is homogeneous.
Reason (R) : The function f (x , y ) 
x 2y  x 3

[Class XII : Maths] 171

 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Write the general solution of the following D.Eqns.

dy 2 dy 1 – cos 2 x
(i)  x5  x2 – (ii) 
dx x dx 1  cos 2y

(iii) ( e x  e – x ) dy  ( e x – e – x )dx

dy
2. Given that  e –2 y and y = 0 when x = 5.
dx

Find the value of x when y = 3.

3. Name the curve for which the slope of the tangent at any point is equal to the
ratio of the abbcissa to the ordinate of the point.

xdy
4. Solve  y  ex .
dx

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

2 d 2y xdy
1. (i) Show that y  em sin
1
x
is a solution of ( 1 – x ) 2
– – m2 y  0
dx dx

(ii)Show that y  a cos (log x )  b sin(log x ) is a solution of

x 2d 2 y xdy
2
 y 0
dx dx


(iii) Verify that y = log x  x 2  a2  satisfies the D.E.

 a 2  x 2  y   xy   0
2. Solve the following differential equations.

(i) xdy – ( y  2 x 2 )dx  0

(ii) ( 1  y 2 )tan –1 x dx  2y( 1  x 2 )dy  0

2 dy
(iii) x  x 2  xy  y 2
dx

172 [Class XII : Maths]

 dy
(iv) = 1 + x + y2 + xy2, y = 0 when x = 0
dx

(v) xdy – ydx  x 2  y 2 dx,y  0 when x  1

3. Solve each of the following differential equations

2 dy
(i) (1  x )  2 xy – 4 x 2  0, y( 0 )  0
dx

dy
(ii) ( x  1)  2e – y – 1,y( 0 )  0
dx

x x 2 
(iii) e tan ydx  ( 2 – e )sec ydy  0, y ( 0 ) 
4
(iv) (x2 – y2)dx + 2xydy = 0

2 dy 1
(v) ( 1  x )  2 xy  ,y  0 when x  1
dx 1 x2
4. Solve the following differential equations
(i) Find the particular solution of

2y e x / y dx  ( y – 2 xe x / y ) dy  0,x  0 if y  1

 y  dy y
(ii) x cos    y cos    x
 x  dx x

dy
(iii) = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y)
dx
[Hint : Put x + y = z]

dy y2
(iv) Show that the Differential Equation  is homogenous and also
dx xy – x 2
solve it.

dy 1
(v) ( x 2  1)  2 xy  2 ,| x |  1
dx x 1

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

d
Q. 1 Solve y  ( xy )  x(sin x  log x )
dx

y y
Q. 2 Solve ( x dy – ydx )y sin    ( ydx  xdy )x cos  
x x

[Class XII : Maths] 173

 dy
Q. 3 Find the particular solution of the D.E. ( x – y )  x  2y given that
dx
y  0 when x  1 .

Q. 4 Solve dy  cos x ( 2 – y cos ec x )dx, given that y  2 when x   / 2

–1 dy
Q. 5 Find the particular solution of the D.E. ( 1  y 2 )  ( x – e tan y
) 0
dx

given that y  0 when x  1

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1. An equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable w.r.t. the independent variables

dy
is called a differential equation. A differential equation of the from  f ( x , y ) is said
dx
to be homogeneous if f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero, whereas a
function f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n if f(x, y) = n f(x, y). To solve a

dy y 
homogeneous differential equation of the type  f (x , y )  g   we make the
dx x 
substitution y = vx and then separate the variables.
Based on the above, answer the following quations:

(i) Show that (x 2  y 2 )dx  2xydy  0 is a differential equation of the type

dy y 
g 
dx x 

(ii) Solve the above equation to find its general solution.

174 [Class XII : Maths]

 Self Assessment Test-1 Differential Equations
Q. 1 The general solution of the D.E.

log   = ax + by is
dy
 dx 

e  by eax
(a)  +C (b) eax – e–by = C
b a
(c) beax + aeby = C (d) none of these
Q. 2 The general solution of the DE

dy
x2 = x2 + xy + y2 is
dx

y  x
(a) tan–1   = log x + c (b) tan –1   = log x + c
 x y

y
(c) tan–1   = log y + c (d) none of these
 x

Q. 3 The solution of the D.E.

dy = (4 + y2) dx is
(a) y = 2 tan (x + c) (b) y = 2 tan (2x + c)
(c) 2y = tan (2x + c) (d) 2y = 2 tan (x + c)
Q. 4 What is the degree of the D.E.

3 2
 dy   dy 
y = x  +  
 dx   dx 

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) –2 (d) Degree doesn’t exist
Q. 5 Solution of D.E. xdy – ydx = 0 represents:
(a) a rectangular hyperbola
(b) a parabola whose vertex is at the origin
(c) a straight line passing through the origin
(d) a circle whose centre is at the origin.

[Class XII : Maths] 175

 Self Assessment Test-2

dy
Q. 1 The solution of the D.E. x + 2y = x2 is
dx

x2  c x2
(a) y = (b) y = +c
4x2 4

x2  c x4  c
(c) y = (d) y =
x2 4x2

dy
Q. 2 The solution of the + y = e–x, y(0) = 0, is
dx
(a) y = e–x (x –1) (b) y = x ex
(c) y = xe–x + 1 (d) y = x e–x

dy 2 x  y  2x
Q. 3 If  , y(0) = 1, then y (1) is equal to [JEE mains 2021]
dx 2y
(a) log2 (2 + e) (b) log2 (1 + e)
(c) log2 (2e) (d) log2 (1 + e2)
Q. 4 If the solution curve of the D.E. (2x – 10y3) dy + ydx = 0 passess through the
points (0, 1) and (2, ), then  is a root of the equation
(a) y5 – 2y – 2 = 0 (b) 2y5 – 2y – 1 = 0
(c) 2y5 – y2 – 2 = 0 (d) y5 – y2 – 1 = 0 [JEE mains 2021]
Q. 5 Consider a curve y = f(x) passing through the point (–2, 2) and the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x, f(x)) is given by
I
f(x) + xf (x) = x2,
(a) x3 + 2x f(x) – 12 = 0 (b) x3 + xf(x) + 12 = 0
(c) x3 – 3x f(x) – 4 = 0 (d) x2 + 2xf(x) + 4 = 0 (HOTS)

Answers
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. (c) y = cx 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d)
5. (c) x = vy 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 4
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d)

176 [Class XII : Maths]

 1
13.(c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 2 16. (d)
1 y 2
17.(d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

x6 x3
1. (i) y   – 2 log | x | C (ii) 2( y – x )  sin2y  sin2 x  c
6 3
(iii) y = loge |ex + e–x| + C
e6  9
2. 3. Rectangular hyperbola 4. y.x  e x  c
2

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1
2. (i) y  2x 2  cx (ii) ( tan–1x )2  log( 1  y 2 )  c
2
–1  y   x2 
(iii) tan    log | x | c (iv) y  tan  x  
x  2 
(v) y  x2  y 2  x2

4x 3
3. (i) 1  x  y 
2
(ii) ( 2 – e y ) ( x  1)  1
3

(iii) tany  2  e x (iv) x 2  y 2  cx

(v) ( 1  x 2 )y  tan –1 x –  / 4

x/y –1
4. (i) e  log | y | 1 (ii) sin( y / x )  log | x | c
2

xy y
(iii) log 1  tan    x c (iv) – log | y | c
 2  x

2 1 x –1
(v) ( x – 1)y  log c
2 x 1

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

2 sin x 2 cos x x log x x c

1. y  – cos x    –  2
x x2 3 9 x

y
2. xy cos    c
x

[Class XII : Maths] 177

  2y  x  1 3
3. 3tan–1  2 2
 – 2 log | x  xy  y | 6
 3x 
–1 3
4. y sin x  cos ( 2x ) 
2 2
1 tan–1y 1 – tan–1y
5. x  e  e
2 2

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1. (iii) x2 + y2 = cx; c is an arbitrary constant

SELE ASSESSMENT TEST-1

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b)
4. (b) 5. (c)

SELE ASSESSMENT TEST-2

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b)
4. (d) 5. (c)

178 [Class XII : Maths]

 non-zero

180 [Class XII : Maths]

 +
If C is mid point then
2

direction

l 2 + m2 + n 2 = 1

or cos2a + cos2b + cos2rg = 1

i×i × ×

i i

[Class XII : Maths] 181

 sum of given vectors

are

[Class XII : Maths] 185


If a and b are two unit vectors such that |a + b| = 3 then find the value of
(2a – 5b). (3a + b).

29.
Let a = 2i^ + ^j – 3k,

^ b = ^i + ^j + k^ and c = ^i – ^j + ^k. Find a vector d such that a.d = 0,

b.d = 2 and c.d = 4.

Case Study Questions (4 Marks Each)

1.
A farmer moves along the boundary of a triangular field PQR. Three vertices of the
triangular field are P(2, 1, –2), Q(–1, 2, 1) and R(1, –4, –2) respectively.

Q R

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Find the length of PQ.
(ii) Find the ÐPQR
(iii) Find the area of the DPQR
OR
(iii) Find projection of QP on QR.

[Class XII : Maths] 193

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS

_
1(- i +2 2
3

196 [Class XII : Maths]

 TWO MARK QUESTIONS

12. AC = 3(a – b), BC = 4(a – b)

14. p=– 2 ,2
3

15. 33

16. 32 , 32 (2i^ + 6j^ + 3k)

^
7 49

17. x = – 31 y = 41
12 12
p
18. 4
19. p
2

[Class XII : Maths] 197

 THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

26.

28. – 11
2
^ ^ ^
29. d = 2i – j + k

8. a×b+b×c+c×a=0 Case Study Questions

(i) 19 units
(ii) cos–1 3
12. 19

(iii) 7 10 square units

13. 2
OR
14. (iii) 3 units

17.

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
18. 0
1. (C) 2. (D)
3. (D) 4. (B)
19. 5. (B)

20. SELF ASSESSMENT-2

1. (D) 2. (A)
22. 3. (B) 4. (B)
5. (A)

24.

25.

198 [Class XII : Maths]

 0 2

[Class XII : Maths] 205

24.
For what value of 'l', the following are Skew lines?
+

25.
Find the vector equation of the line passing through (2, 1, –1) and parallel to the
line Also find the distance between these two lines.

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE
CORRECT ALTERNATIVE.

1.
The foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (2, –1, 5) to the line

is
(a)
(2, 1, 3)

(b)
(3, 1, 2)
(c)
(1, 2, 3)

(d)
(3, 2, 1)

2.
The shortest distance between the lines

and
(a)
10 units

(b)
9 units
(c)
12 units

(d)
9/2 units

3.
If the x-coordinate of a point A on the join of B(2, 2, 1) and C(5, 1, –2) is 4 then its
z-coordinate is
(a)
–2

(b)
–1
(c)
1

(d)
2

4.
The distance of the point M(a, b, c) from the x-axis is

(a)

b 2 + c 2
(b)
c 2 + a2

©
a2 + b2 (d)
a2 +
– b2 + c 2

5.
The straight line is

(a)
parallel to x-axis

(b)
parallel to y-axis

(c)
parallel to z-axis
(d)
perpendicular to z-axis

210 [Class XII : Maths]

 CHAPTER-12

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Linear programming is used to obtain optimal solutions for operations research. Using LPP,
researchers find the best, most economical solution to a problem within all of its limitations,
or constraints.
Few examples of applications of LPP
(i) Food and Agriculture: In nutrition, Linear programming provides a powerful tool to aid
in planning for dietary needs. Here, we determine the different kinds of foods which
should be included in a diet so as to minimize the cost of the desired diet such that it
contains the minimum amount of each nutrient.
(ii) Transportation: Systems rely upon linear programming for cost and time efficiency.

Airlines use linear programming to optimize their profits according to different seat prices
and customer demand. Because of this only, efficiency of airlines increases and expenses
are decreased.

TOPICS TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM 2024-25

• Introduction, constraints, objective function, optimization.
• Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables.
• Feasible and infeasioble region (bounded or unbounded)
• Feasible and infeasible solutions.
• Optimal feasible solutions (upto three non-trival constraints)

216 [Class XII : Maths]

 KEY POINTS :
 OPTIMISATION PROBLEM : is a problem which seeks to maximize or minimize a
function. An optimisation problem may involve maximization of profit, minimization
of transportation cost etc, from available resources.
 A LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM (LPP) : LPP deals with the optimisation
(maximisation/minimisation) of a linear function of two variables (say x and y)
known as objective function subject to the conditions that the variables are non
negative and satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints). A LPP
is a special type of optimisation problem.
 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION : Linear function z = ax + by where a and b are constants
which has to be maximised or minimised is called a linear objective function.
 DECISION VARIABLES : In the objective function z = ax + by, x and y are called
decision variables.
 CONSTRAINTS : The linear inequalities or restrictions on the variables of an
LPP are called constraints.

The conditions x  0, y  0 are called non-negative constraints.

 FEASIBLE REGION : The common region determined by all the constraints

including non-negative constraints x  0, y  0 of a LPP is called the feasible
region for the problem.
 FEASIBLE SOLUTION : Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region
for a LPP represent feasible solutions.
 INFEASIBLE SOLUTIONS : Any point outside the feasible region is called an
infeasible solution.
 OPTIMAL (FEASIBLE) SOLUTION : Any point in the feasible region that gives
the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called an
optimal solution.
 THEOREM 1 : Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a LPP and let
z = ax + by be the objective function. When z has an optimal value (maximum or
minimum), where x and y are subject to constraints described by linear inequalities,
this optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
 THEOREM 2 : Let R be the feasible region for a LPP. & let z = ax + by be the
objective function. If R is bounded, then the objective function z has both a
maximum and a minimum value on R and each of these occur at a corner point
of R.
If the feasible region R is unbounded, then a maximum or minimum value of the
objective function may or not exist. However, if it exists it must occur at a corner
point of R.

[Class XII : Maths] 217

  MULTIPLE OPTIMAL POINTS : If two corner points of the feasible region are
optimal solutions of the same type i.e both produce the same maximum or
minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these two points is also an
optimal solution of the same type.

Illustration:
A company produces two types of belts A and B. Profits on these belts are Rs. 2 and Rs.
1.50 per belt respectively. A belt of type A requires twice as much time as belt of type B.
The company can produce atmost 1000 belts of type B per day. Material for 800 belts per
day is available. Atmost 400 buckles for belts of type A and 700 for type B are available
per day. How much belts of each type should the company produce so as to maximize
the profit?
Solution: Let the company produces x no. of belts of type A and y no. of belts of type B
to maximize the profit.
 Objective function Max z = 2x + 1.5y
As, maximum 1000 belts of type B : 1 day

th
 1 
 1 belt of type B :   of a day
 1000 

th
 2 
ATQ, 1 belt of type A :   of a day
 1000 

2x y
  1
1000 1000

 2x + y  1000
L.P.P becomes
Max z = 2x + 1.5y
s.t. 2x + y  1000
x + y  800
x  400, y  700, x  0,  0

Here, the feasible negion is bounded

given be region OABCDE.

218 [Class XII : Maths]

 Using Corner point method.

Corner Points Obj. fn. z = 2x + 1.5y

O (0, 0) 0

A (400, 0) 800

B (400, 200) 1100

C (200, 600) 1300 max z.

D (100, 700) 1250

E (0, 700) 1050

 Optimal solution is given by C(200, 600)

i.e. company should produce 200 belts of type A and 600 belts of type B so as to maximize
the profit of Rs. 1300.

[Class XII : Maths] 219

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. The solution set of the inequation 3x + 4y < 7 is:
(a) Whole xy plane except the points lying on the line 3x + 5y = 7
(b) Whole xy plane alogn with the points lying on the line 3x + 5y = 7
(c) Open half plane containging the origin except the point of line 3x + 5y = 7
(d) Open half plane not containging the origin except the point of line 3x + 5y = 7
2. Which of the following points solisfies both the inequations 2x + y  10 and x + 2y  8?
(a) (–2, 4) (b) (3, 2)
(c) (–5, 6) (d) (4, 2)
3. The objective function Z = ax + by of LPP has maximum value 42 at (4, 6) and
minimum value 19 at (3, 2). Which of the following is true?
(a) a = 9, b = 1 (b) a = 5, b = 2
(c) a = 3, b = 5 (d) a = 5, b = 3

 20 4 
4. The corner points of the feasible region of a LPP are (0, 4), (7, 0) and  ,  . If
 3 3
z = 30x + 24y is the objective functions, then (maximum value of z-minimum value of
z) is equal to
(a) 40 (b) 96
(c) 120 (d) 136
5. The minimum value of z = 3x + 8y subject to the constraints x  20, y  10 and x  0,
y  0 is
(a) 80 (b) 140
(c) 0 (d) 60
6. The number of corner points of the feasible region determined by the constraints
x – y  0, 2y  x + 2, x  0, y  0 is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
7. The no. of feasible solutions of the L.P.P. given as maximise z = 15x + 30y subject the
constraints:
3x + y  12, x + 2y  10, x  0, y  0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinite

220 [Class XII : Maths]

8. The feasible region of a linear programming problem is shown in the figure below:

Which of the following are the possible constraints?

(a) x + 2y  4, x + y  3, x  0, y  0
(b) x + 2y  4, x + y  3, x  0, y  0
(c) x + 2y  4, x + y  3, x  0, y  0
(d) x + 2y  4, x + y  3, x  0, y  0
9. L.P.P. is a process of finding
(a) Maximum value of the objective function
(b) Minimum value of the objective function
(c) Optimum value of the objective function
(d) None of these
10. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Every L.P.P. admits an optimal solution
(b) A L.P.P. admits a unique optimal solution
(c) If a L.P.P. admits two optimal solutions, it has an infinite number of optimal solutions
(d) The set of all feasible solution of a L.P.P. is not a convex set
11. Region represented by x  0, y  0 is
(a) First quadrant (b) Second quadrant
(c) Third quadrant (d) Fourth quadrant

[Class XII : Maths] 221

12. The feasible region for L.P.P. is shown shaded in the figure. Let f = 3x – 4y be the
objective function, then maximum value of f is

(a) 12 (b) 8
(c) 0 (d) –18
13. The area of the feasible region fo the following constraints
3y + x  3, x  0, y  0 will be
(a) Bounded (b) Unbounded
(c) Convex (d) Concave

14. The line 5x  4 y  20, x  6, y  4 form,

(a) A square (b) A rhombus

(c) A triangle (d) A qudrilateral
15. The graph of inequations x  y and y  x + 3 is located in
(a) II quadrant (b) I, II quadrant
(c) I, II and III quadrant (d) II, III, IV quadrant

ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

222 [Class XII : Maths]

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is ture
16. Assertion (A) : If a L.P.P. admits two optional solution then it has infinitely many optimal
solution.
Reason (R) : If the value of the objective function of a L.P.P. is same at two corners
then it is same at every point on the line segment joining the two corner pionts.
17. Assertion (A): The solution region satisfied by the inequalities x + y  5, x  4, y  4,
x  0, y  0 is bounded.
Reason (R) : A region in x-y plane is said to be bounded if it can be enclosed within a
circle.

18. Assertion (A) : Minimize z  x 2  2xy  y 2 can be considered as the objective function
for the L.P.P.
Reason (R) : Objective function of the L.P.P. is of this type z = ax + by; a and b are real
numbers i.e. z is linear function of x and y.
19. Assertion (A) : The region represented by the inequalities x  6, y  2, 2x + y  10,
x  0, y  0 is empty.
Reason (R) : There is no (x, y) that satisfies all the constraints.
20. Assertion (A) : Corner points of the feasible region for an L.P.P. are (0, 2), (3, 0),
(6, 0), (6, 8) and (0, 5). Let F = 4x + 6y be the objective function. The minimum value
of F occurs at (0, 2) only.
Reason (R) : Minimum value of F occurs at all the infinite no. points that lie on the line
segment joining (0, 2) and (3, 0).

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximise z = – 3x – 5y
subject to the constraints
–2x + y  4
x+y3
x – 2y  2
x  0, y  0

[Class XII : Maths] 223

2. Solve the following LPP graphically:
Maximise z = 5x + 3y
s.t. the constraints
3x + 5y  15
5x + 2y 10
x, y  0
3. Solve the following LPP graphically
Maximise z = x + 2y
s.t. x + 2y 100
2x – y  0
2x + y  200
x  0, y  0
4. The objective function z = 4x + 3y of a LPP under some constraints is to be maximized
and minimized. The corner points of the feasible region are A(0, 700), B(100, 700),
C(200, 600) and D(400, 200). Find the point at which z is maximum and the point at
which z is minimum. Also find the corresponding maximum and minimum values of z.
5. Solve graphically
Minimise : z = –3x + 4y
s.t. 3x + 2y 12
x, y  0
6. Solve the following LPP graphically
Minimise: Z = 60x + 80y
s.t. 3x + 4y 8
5x + 2y  11
x, y  0
7. Solve graphically
Maximise : z = 600x + 400y
s.t. x + 2y  12
2x + y  12
x + 1. 25y  5
x, y  0
8. Solve graphically
Maximise : P = 100x + 5y
s.t. x + y  300
3x + y  600
y  x + 200

224 [Class XII : Maths]

9. Solve the LPP graphically
Minimize z = 5x + 10y
s.t. x + 2y  120, x + y  60, x – 2y  0
x  0, y  0
10. Determine graphically the minimum value of the following objective function:
z = 500x + 400y
s.t. x + y  200
x  20
y  4x
y 0

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Q. 1 Solve the following LPP graphically.
Maximize z = 3x + y subject to the constraints

x  2y  100

2x – y  0

2 x  y  200

x,y  0

Q.2 The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear
constraints are as shown below.

[Class XII : Maths] 225

 Answer each of the following :
(i) Let z  3 x – 4 y be the objective function. Find the maximum and minimum
value of z and also the corresponding points at which the maximum and
minimum value occurs.
(ii) Let z = px + qy where p,q  0 be the objective function. FInd the condition
on p and q so that the maximum value of z occurs at B (4, 10) and C (5, 8).
Also mention the number of optimal solutions in this case.
Q. 3 There are two types of fertilisers A and B. A consists of 10% nitrogen and 6%
phosphoric acid and B consists of 5% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric acid. After
testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that he needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen
and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for his crop. If A costs Rs. 6 per kg and B costs Rs.
5 per kg. determine how much of each type of fertiliser should be used so that
nutrient requirements are met at minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?
Q. 4 A man has Rs. 1500 to purchase two types of of shares of two different companies
S1 and S2. Market price of one share of S1 is Rs. 180 and S2 is Rs 120. He
wishes to purchase a maximum of ten shares only. If one share of type S1 gives
a yield of Rs 11, and of type S2 yields Rs 8 then how much shares of each type
must be purchased to get maximum profit? and what will be the maximum profit?
Q. 5 A company manufactures two types of lamps say A and B. Both lamps go through
a cutter and then a finisher. Lamp A requiires 2 hours of the cutter’s time and 1
hour of the finisher’s time. Lamp B required 1 hr of cutter’s, 2 hrs of finisher’s
time. The cutter has 100 hours and finisher has 80 hours of time available each
month. Profit on one lamp A is Rs. 7.00 and on one lamp B is Rs 13.00. Assuming
that he can sell all that he produces how many of each type of lamps should be
manufactured to obtain maximum profit and what will be the maximum profit?
Q.6 A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines. He has only
Rs. 5760 to invest and has space for atmost 20 items. A fan and sewing machine
cost Rs 360 and Rs. 240 respectively. He can sell a fan at a profit of Rs. 22 and
sewing machine at a profit of Rs. 18. Assuming that he can sell whatever he
buys, how should he invest money to maximise his profit?
Q. 7 A producer has 20 and 10 units of labour and capital respectively which he can
use to produce two kinds of goods X and Y. To produce one unit of X, 2 units of
capital and 1 unit of labour is required. To produce one unit of Y, 3 units of labour
and 1 unit of capital is required. If X and Y are priced at Rs. 80 and Rs100 per unit
respectively, how should the producer use his resources to maximize revenue?
Q. 8 A factory owner purchases two types of machines A and B for his factory. The
requirements and limitations for the machines are as follows :
Machine Area Occupied Labour Force Daily Output
(in units)
A 1000 m2 12 men 50
B 1200 m2 8 men 40

226 [Class XII : Maths]

 He has maximum area of 7600 m2 available and 72 skilled labourers who can
operate both the machines. How many machines of each type should he buy to
maximise the daily output?
Q.9 A manufacturer makes two types of cups A and B. Three machines are
required to manufacture the cups and the time in minutes required by each in
as given below :

Types of Cup Machines

I II III
A 12 18 6
B 6 0 9

Each machine is available for a maximum period of 6 hours per day. If the profit
on each cup A is 75 paisa and on B is 50 paisa, find how many cups of each type
should be manufactured to maximise the profit per day.
Q. 10 An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs. 400 is
made on each first class ticket and as profit of Rs. 300 is made on each second
class ticket. The airline reserves atleast 20 seats for first class. However at least
four times as many passengers prefer to travel by second class than by first
class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold to maximize profit
for the airline.
Q. 11 A diet for a sick person must contains at least 4000 units of vitamins, 50 units of
minerals and 1400 units of calories. Two foods A and B are available at a cost of
Rs. 5 and Rs. 4 per unit respectively. One unit of food A contains 200 units of
vitamins, 1 unit of minerals and 40 units of calories whereas one unit of food B
contains 100 units of vitamins, 2 units of minerals and 40 units of calories. Find
what combination of the food A and B should be used to have least cost but it
must satisfy the requirements of the sick person.
Q.12 Anil wants to invest at most Rs. 12000 in bonds A and B. According to the rules,
he has to invest at least Rs. 2000 in Bond A and at least Rs. 4000 in bond B. If the
rate of interest on bond A and B are 8% and 10% per annum respectively, how
should he invest this money for maximum interest? Formute the problem as LPP
and solve graphically.

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

Q. 1 A man rides his motorcycle at the speed of 50 km/hr. He has to spend Rs 2/km on
petrol. But if he rides it at a faster speed of 80 km/hr, the petrol cost increases to
Rs 3/km. He has atmost Rs 120 to spend on petrol and one hr’s time. he wishes
to find the maximum distance that he can travel.

[Class XII : Maths] 227

 Based on the above information answer the following questions.
(1) If he travels x km with the speed of 50 km/hr and y km with the speed of 80
km/hr, then write the objective function
(2) Find the Maximum distance man can travel?
Q.2 Two tailors A and B earn Rs 150 and Rs 200 per day respectively. A can sticth 6
shirts and 4 pants per day, while B can stitch 10 shirts and 4 pants per day. it is
desired to produce atleast 60 shirts and 32 pants at a minimum labour cost.

Tailor A Tailor B
Based on the above information answer the following.
(1) If x and y are the number of days A and B work respectively then find the
objective function for this LPP
(2) Find the optimal solution for this LPP and the minimum labour cost?

228 [Class XII : Maths]

 SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE COR-
RECT ALTERNATIVE.
1. Objective functin of a L.P.P. is
(a) A constraint
(b) A function of be optimised
(c) A relation between the variables
(d) None of these
2. The solution set of the inequation 2x + y > 5 is
(a) Open half plans that contains the origion
(b) Open half plane not containing the origin
(c) Whole xy-plane except the points lying on the line 2x + y = 5
(d) None of these
3. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Every L.P.P admits an optimal solution
(b) A L.P.P. admits unique optimal solution
(c) If a LPP admits two optimal solutions, it has an infinite number of optimal solutions
(d) None of these
4. Solution set of inequation x  0 is
(a) Half plane on the left of y-axis
(b) Half plane on the right of y-axis excluding the points on y-axis
(c) Half plane on the right of y-axis including the points on y-axis
(d) None of these
5. In a LPP, the constraints on the decision variables x and y are
x – 3y  0, y  0, 0  x  3.
The feasible region
(a) is not in the first quadrant
(b) is bounded in the first quadrant
(c) is unbounded in the first quadrant
(d) doesn’t exist

[Class XII : Maths] 229

 SELF ASSESSMENT-2
EAH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE CORRECT
ALTERNATIVE.
1. Solution set of the inequation y  0 is
(a) Half plane below the x-axis excluding the points on x-axis
(b) Half plane below the x-axis including the points on x-axis
(c) Half plane above the x-axis
(d) None of these
2. Regions represented by inequations x  0, y  0 is
(a) first quadrant
(b) second quadrant
(c) third quadrant
(d) fourth quadrant
3. The feasible region for an LPP is always
(a) concavo convex polygen
(b) concave poloygon
(c) convex polygon
(d) None of these
4. If the constraints in a linear programming problem are changed then
(a) the problem is to be reevaluated
(b) solution not defined
(c) the objective function has to be modified
(d) the change in constraints is ignored
5. L.P.P. is as follows:
Minimize Z = 30x + 50y
Subject to the constraints,
3x + 5y  15
2x + 3y  18
x  0, y  0
In the feasible region, the minimum value of Z occurs at
(a) a unique point
(b) no point
(c) infinitely many points
(d) two points only

230 [Class XII : Maths]

 ANSWER
One Marks Questions
1. (c) 2. (d) (4, 2) 3. (c) a = 3, b = 5
4. (d) 136 5. (a) 80 6. (a) 2
7. (d) infinite 8. (c) 9. (c)
10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 0
13. (b) unbounded 14. (c) A triangle 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d)
19. (a) 20. (d)

Three Marks Questions

 8 1 29
–  , maximize =
1. Optimal solution  8,3, feasible region unbounded.
 3 3 3
 20 45  235
2. Optimal solution  ,  , maximize =  12.3
 19 19  19
3. Optimal solution (0, 200), maximize = 400
4. Maximize z = 2600 at C(200, 600) and minimize z is 2100 at A(0, 700)
5. Minimize z = – 12 at (4, 0)
6. Unbounded, minimize z = 160. It occurs at all the points onthe line segment joining
 1 8 
 2,  and  ,0  . So, infinite optimal solutions.
 2 3 
7. Maximize z = 4000 at (4, 4)
8. Maximize z = 20,000 at (200,0)
9. Miximize z = 300 at (60, 0)
10. Miximize z =42000 at (20, 80)
Five Marks Questions
1. Max z = 250 at x = 50, y = 100
2. (i) Max z = 12 at (4,0) and min z = –32 at (0,8)
(ii) P = 2q, infinite solutions lying on the line segment joining the points B and C
3. 100 kg of fertilizer A and 80 kg of fertilizer B, minimum cost Rs 1000
4. Maximum profit = Rs 95 with 5 shares of each type.
5. Lamps of type A = 40, Lamps of type B = 20 Max profit = Rs 540
6. Fans : 8, sewing machines : 12, max profit : Rs 392
7. X : 2 units, Y : 6 units, max revenue is Rs 760.

[Class XII : Maths] 231

8. Type A : 4, Type B : 3
9. Cup A : 15, cup B : 30
10. No of first class ticket = 40, No of second class tickets = 160
11. Food A :5 units, food B: 30 units
12. Maximum interest is Rs 1160 at (2000, 10000)

CASE STUDIES QUESTIONS

2
1. (i) maximize z = x + y (ii) 54 km
7
2. (i) minimize z = 150x + 200y (ii) (5, 3) and Rs. 1350

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

232 [Class XII : Maths]

 CHAPTER-13

PROBABILITY

Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with assigning a numerical quantity
(0  p  1) to the happening/non happening of any event.

Weather Forecasting
Sports betting
Real Life Investing in stock market
Applications
Politics
How likely a natural disaster like earthquake, hurricane etc.
will strike the country in a given year.

A sports betting company may look at the current record of two teams A and B and determine
which team has higher probability of winning and do the sports betting accordingly.

TOPICS TO BE COVERED AS PER CBSE LATEST CURRICULUM (2024-25)

• Conditional probability
• Multiplication theorem on probability
• Independent events
• Total probability and Baye’s theorem
• Random variable and its probability distribution
• Mean of random variable

[Class XII : Maths] 233

KEY POINTS

Conditional Probability : If A and B are two events associated with the same sample
space of a random experiment, then the conditional probability of the event A under the condition
that the event B has already occurred, written as P(A|B), is given by

(P  B )
P(A|B) = , P(B)  0.
P (B)

Properties :
(1) P(S|F) = P(F|F) = 1 where S denotes sample space

(2) P((A  B)|F) = P(A|F) + P(B|F) – P((A  B)|F)

(3) P(E|F) = 1 – P(E|F)
Multiplication Rule : Let E and F be two events associated with a sample place of an
experiment. Then

P(E  F) = P(E) P(F|E) provided P(E)  0

= P(F) P(E|F) provided P(F)  0.
If E, F, G are three events associated with a sample space, then

P(E  F  G) = P(E) P(F|E) P(G|(E  F))

Independent Events : Let E and F be two events, then if probability of one of them is not
affected by the occurrence of the other, then E and F are said to be independent, i.e.,
(a) P(F|E) = P(F), P(E)  0
or (b) P(E|F) = P(E), P(F)  0

or (c) P(E  F) = P(E) P(F)

Three events A, B, C are mutually independent if

P(A  B  C) = P(A) P(B) P(C)

P(A  B) = P(A) P(B)

P(B  C) = P(B) P(C)

and P(A  C) = P(A) P(C)

Partition of a Sample Space : A set of events E1, E2, ..., En is said to represent a
partition of a sample space S if

(a) Ei  Ej =  ; i  j ; i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n

(b)E1  E2  E3 ...  En = S and

(c) Each Ei   i.e. P(Ei) > 0  i = 1, 2, ..., n

234 [Class XII : Maths]

 Theorem of Total Probability : Let {E1, E2, ..., En} be a partition of the sample space S.
Let A be the any event associated with S, then

n
P(A) =  P(E j ) P(A|Ej)
j 1

Baye’s Theorem : If E1, E2, ..., En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
associated with a sample space S, and A is any event associated with Ei’s having non-zero
probability, then

P ( A | Ei ) P ( E i )
P(Ei|A) = n
 P ( A | Ei ) P ( E i )
i 1

Random Variable : A (r.v.) is a real variable which is associated with the outcome of a
random experiment.

Probability Distribution of a r.v. X is the system of numbers given by

X: x1 x2 .... xn

P(X = x) : p1 p2 .... pn

n
where pi > 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n,  pi = 1.
i 1

Mean of a r.v. X :

n
 = E(X) =  pi xi
i 1

Illustration:

5 2
Evaluate P(A  B) if 2P(A) = P(B) = and P(A|B) =
13 5

5
Solution: 2P(A) = P(B) =
13

5 5
 P(A) = , P(B) =
26 13

[Class XII : Maths] 235

 P(A  B)
As P(A|B) =
P(B)

2 P(A  B) 2 5
 =    P(A  B)
5 (5/13) 5 13

2
  P(A  B)
13
Now, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

5 5 2 11
=   
26 13 13 16

Illustration:

Prove that if E and F are independent events, then the events E and F are also independent.

Solution: P(E  F) = P(E) P(F) (given)

Consider, P(E  F) = P(E) – P(E  F)

= P(E) – P(E) P(F)
= P(E) (1 – P(F))

P(E  F) = P(E) – P(F)

So, E and F are also independent.

Illustration:
A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are
drawn. What is the probability that they both are diamonds.
Solution: Let E1 = lost card is diamond
E2 = lost card is non-diamond
A = 2 diamonds cards are drawn from the remaining cards
Using Theorem of total probability
P(A) = P(A|E1) P(E1) + P(A|E2) P(E2)
3
12 11 13 12 13 39
=     
51 50 52 4 50 51 524

132 468 600 1

=   
10200 10200 10200 17 17

236 [Class XII : Maths]

Illustration:
Three cards are drawn at random (without replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52
playing cards. Find the probability distribution of number of red cards. Hence, find the
mean of the distribution.
Solution: Let X denotes the number of red cards
26
C3 26  25  24 2 4
 P(X = 0) =   
52
C3 52  51 50 17 34

26 26
C1  C2 26  25 3  2 1 13
P(X = 1) =  26   =
52
C3 2 52  51 50 34

26 26
C2  C1 26  25  26  3  2  1 13
P(X = 2) =  
52
C3 2  52  51 50 34

26
C3 4
P(X = 3) = 52

C3 34

 Probability Distribution

X P(X = x) X.P(x)

4
0 0
34

13 13
1
34 34

13 26
2
34 34

4 12
3
34 34

 pi 1 x   pi xi

13 26 12 51 3
 x  pi xi     
34 34 34 34 2

[Class XII : Maths] 237

 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. The events E and F are independent. If P(E) = 0.3 and P(EUF) = 0.5, then P(E/F) – P(F/
E) equals:
1 2
(a) (b)
7 7
3 1
(c) (d)
35 70
2. For two events A and B, if P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8, P(B/A) = 0.6, then P(AUB) is:
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.3
(c) 0.48 (d) 0.96
2
3. If A and B are two events such that P(A/B) = 2 × P(B/A) and P(A) + P(B) = , then
3
P(B) is equal to
2 7
(a) (b)
9 9
7 5
(c) (d)
9 9
4. Two events A and B will be independent, if;
(a) A and B are mutually exclusive
(b) P(A) = P(B)
(c) P(AB) = [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
(d) P(A) + P(B) = 1
4 7
5. If for any two events A and B, P(A) = and P(A  B) = , then P(B/A) is equal to
5 10
1 1
(a) (b)
10 8
7 17
(c) (d)
8 20
6. Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of the events that atleast one
head comes up is
27 5
(a) (b)
32 32
31 1
(c) (d)
32 32
7. Ashima can hit a target 2 out of 3 times. She tried to hit the target twice. The probability
that she missed the target exactly one is
2 1
(a) (b)
3 3
4 1
(c) (d)
9 9

238 [Class XII : Maths]

8. If sum of numbers obtained on throwing a pair of dice is 9, then the probability that
number obtained on one of the dice is 4 is
1 4
(a) (b)
9 9
1 1
(c) (d)
18 2
2 3
9. p (x  y ) 
X & Y are independent events such that P and P(X)  . Then P(Y) is equal
5 5
to
2 2
(a) (b)
3 5
1 1
(c) (d)
3 5
1 3 B 
10. If for two events A and B, P(A – B) = and P(A) = , then P   is equal to
5 5 A

1 3
(a) (b)
2 5
2 2
(c) (d)
5 3
11. If A and B are two events such that P(A) > 0 and P(B)  1, then P (A | B ) =

(a) 1  P (A / B ) (b) 1  P (A / B )

1  P (A  B ) P (A )
(c) (d)
P (B ) P (B )
12. A and B are events such that P(A/B) = P(B/A) then
(a) A  B (b) B = A

(c) A  B   (d) P(A) = P(B)

13. Two aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in succession. The probabilities of I and II scoring
a hit correctly are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The second plane will bomb only if the first
misses the target. The probability that the target is hit by the II plane is
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.7
(c) 0.06 (d) 0.14
14. P(E  F) is equal to
(a) P(E) P(F/E) (b) P(F).P(E/F)
(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these

[Class XII : Maths] 239

15. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of the numbers on the dice is less than
6, the probability of getting a sum 3 is

1 2
(a) (b)
8 5

1 5
(c) (d)
5 18
In following questions Q16 to Q20, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
16. Assertion (A) : The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation of x,
denoted by E(x).
Reason (R) : The mean or expectation of a random variable X is the sum of the producuts
of all possible values of x by their respective probabilities.

17. Assertion (A) : Let A and B be two independent events. The P (A  B )  P (A )  P (B )

Reason (R) : Three events A, B and C are said to be independent if

P ( A  B  C )  P (A ). P (B ). P (C )

18. Assertion (A) : Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probabiltiy ofgetting two

1
heads, if it is known that atleast one head comes up is .
3

Reason (R) : Let E and F be two events with a random experiment, then

P (F  E )
P (F / E ) 
P (E )

19. Assertion (A) : The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on
three faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on one face is 2

n
Reason (R): E(X) = mean of x  p x
i 1
i i

240 [Class XII : Maths]

20. Assertion (A) : Bag P contains 6 Red and 4 Blue balls and Bag Q contains 5 red and 6
Blue Balls. A ball is transferred from Bag P to bag Q and then a ball is drawn from Bag

8
Q. The probability that the ball drawn from bag Q is blue is .
15

Reason (R) : According to the law of total probability

P ( A )  P (E 1 )P (A / E 1 )  P (E 2 )P ( A / E 2 ) where E1 and E2 partitions the sample space S

and A is any event connected with E1 and E2.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. A and B are two events such that P(A)  0, then find P(B|A) if (i) A is a subset of B (ii)
A  B = .

2. A random variable X has the following probability distribution, find k.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 15K  2 15K  1 1
P(X) K K
15 15 15 15
3. Out of 30 consecutive integers two are chosen at random. Find the probability so that
their sum is odd.

4. Assume that in a family, each child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. A family with
three children is chosen at random. Find the probability that the eldest child is a girl
given that the family has atleast one girl.

5 2
5. If A and B are such that P(A  B) = and P( A  B ) = , then find P( A ) + P( B ).
9 3

6. Prove that if A and B are independent events, then A and B are also independent
events.

7. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A) = 0.3, P(A  B) = 0.5, then find
P(A|B) – P(B|A)

8. Three faces of an ordinary dice are yellow, two faces are red and one face is blue. The
dice is rolled 3 times. Find the probability that yellow, red and blue face appear in the
first, second and third throw respectively.

9. Find the probability that a leap year will have 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays.

10. A person writes 4 letters and addresses on 4 envelopes. If the letters are placed in the
envelopes at random, then what is the probability that all the letters are not placed in
the right envelopes.

[Class XII : Maths] 241

 11. Find the mean of the distribution

X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 5 2 1 1 1
P(X = x)
6 18 9 6 9 18

12. In a class XII of a school, 40% of students study Mathematics, 30% of the students
study Biology and 10% of the class study both Mathematics and Biology. If a student
is selected at random from the class, then find the probability that he will be studying
Mathematics or Biology.

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

Q.1. A problem in mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving it are
1 1 1
, and . What is the probability that the problem is solved ?
2 3 4

2 1
Q.2. If A and B are two independent events such that P( A  B) = and P(A  B ) =
15 6
then find P(A) and P(B).

Q.3. From a lot of 20 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at
random, one by one with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs. Also, find the mean of the distribution.

Q.4. Amit and Nisha appear for an interview for two vacancies in a company. The probability
of Amit’s selection is 1/5 and that of Nisha’s selections is 1/6. What is the probability
that

(i) both of them are selected?

(ii) only one of them is selected?

(iii) none of them is selected?

Q.5. In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and looses a rupee for any other number when
a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he
gets a six. Find the expected value of the amount he wins/looses.

Q.6. Suppose that 10% of men and 5% of women have grey hair. A grey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability that the selected person is male assuming
that there are 60% males and 40% females ?

Q.7. Two dice are thrown once. Find the probability of getting an even number on the first die
or a total of 8.

242 [Class XII : Maths]

 Q.8. Two aeroplanes X and Y bomb a target in succession. There probabilities to hit correctly
are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The second plane will bomb only if first miss the target.
Find the probability that target is hit by Y plane.

Q.9. The random variable X can take only the values 0, 1, 2. Given that P(X = 0) = P(X = 1)
= p and that E(X2) = E(X), find the value of p.

Q.10. An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Let X be the number of red balls in a random
draw of 3 balls. Find the mean of X.

Q11. A box contains 10 tickets, 2 of which carry a prize of Rupees 8 each, 5 of which carry
a prize of Rupees 4 each and remaining 3 carry a prize of Rupees 2 each. If one ticket
is drawn at random, find the mean value of the prize. Using the concept of probability
distribution.

Q.12. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below:

X 1 2 3

P(X) K/2 K/3 K/6

(i) Find the value of K

(ii) Find P(1  X < 3)

(iii) Find E(X), the mean of X.

1 1
Q.13. A and B are independent events such that P ( A  B )  and P ( A  B )  . Find P(A)
4 6
and P(B).

Q.14. A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the absolute difference of numbers
obtained on the pair of dice, then find the probability distribution of x?

Q.15. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coin such that

P(Head) : P(tail) is 1 : 3 and the other is a fair coin. A coin is selected at random and
tossed once. If the coin showed head, then find the probability that it is a biased coin.

Q.16. Two numbers are selected from first six even natural numbers at random without
replacement. If X denotes the greater of two numbers selected, find the probability
distribution of X.

Q.17. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event “Head appears on the
coin” and B’ be the event, “3 comes on the die”. Find whether A and B are independent
or not.

[Class XII : Maths] 243

 FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
Q.1. By examining the chest X-ray, the probability that TB is detected when a person is
actually suffering is 0.99. The probability of a healthy person diagnosed to have TB is
0.001. In a certain city, 1 in 1000 people suffers from TB. A person is selected at
random and is diagnosed to have TB. What is the probability that he actually has TB ?

Q.2. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager in a private company. Chances of
their selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that A, B and C
can introduce charges to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively.
If the change doesn’t take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment
of C.

Q.3. A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the
envelope, just two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the
letter came from TATANAGAR.

Q.4. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given as under :

 kx 2 for x  1,2, 3

P(X = x) =  2kx for x  4,5,6
 0 Otherwise

where k is a constant. Calculate

(i) E(X) (ii) E(3X2) (iii) P(X  4)

Q.5. Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the book are 5 : 2, 4 : 3 and 3 : 4
respectively for the three critics. Find the probability that the majority are in favour of
the book.

Q.6. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from positive integers 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the mean of the
probability distribution of X.

Q.7. An urn contains five balls. Two balls are drawn and are found to be white. What is the
probability that all the balls are white?
Q.8. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance
for the number of face cards obtained.

Q.9. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards
are drawn at random and are found to be both clubs. Find the possibility of the lost card
being of club.

Q.10. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One
ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II at random.
The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred
ball is black.

244 [Class XII : Maths]

 CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
Q.1. There are different types of Yoga which involve the usage of different poses of Yoga
Asanas, Meditation and Pranayam as shown in the figure below:

The Venn Diagram below represents the probabilities of three different types of Yoga, A,
B and C performed by the people of a society. Further it is given that probability of a
member performing type C Yoga is 0.44.

On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Find the value of x.

(ii) Find the value of y.

C 
(iii) (a) Find P  
B 

[Class XII : Maths] 245

 OR

(iii) (b) Find the probability that a randomly selected person of the society does Yoga of
type A or B but not C.

Q.2. Recent studies suggest that roughly 12% of the world population is left handed.

Depending upon the parents, the chances of havig a left handed child are as follows:
A : When both father and mother are left handed

Chances of left handed child is 24%

B : When father is right handed and mother is left handed:

Chances of left handed child is 22%

C : When father is left handed and mother is right handed:

Chances of left handed child is 17%

D : When both father and mother are right handed:

Chances of left handed child is 9%

1
Assuming that P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = P(D) = and L denotes the event that child is left
4
handed.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Find P(L/C)

(ii) Find P(L/A)

(iii) (a) Find P(A/L)

OR
(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected child is left handed given that exactly
one of the parents is left handed.

246 [Class XII : Maths]

 Q.3 An octagonal prism is a three-dimensional polyhedron bounded by two octagonal bases
and eight rectangular side faces. It has 24 edges and 16 vertices.

The prism is rolled along the rectangular faces and number on the bottom face (touching
the ground) is noted. Let X denote the number obtianed on the bottom face and the
following table give the probability distribution of X.
X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X): P 2p 2p p 2p p2 2p2 7p2 + p

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Find the value o f p

(ii) FInd P(X > 6)

(iii) (a) Find P(x = 3m), where m is a natural number

OR

(iii) (b) Find the mean E(X)

Q.4. In a birthday party, a magician was being invited by a parent and he had 3 bags that
contain number of red and white balls as follows:

Bag 1 contains : 3 red balls, Bag 2 contains : 2 white balls and 1 Red ball
Bag 3 contains : 3 white balls

The probability that the bag i will be chosen by the magician and a ball is selected from
i
it is , i  1, 2, 3 .
6
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(a) What is the probability that a red ball is selected by the magician?

(b) What is the probability that a white ball is selected by the magician?

(c) Given that the magician selects the white ball, what is the probability that the ball
was from Bag 2.

[Class XII : Maths] 247

 Q.5. In an office three employees Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal process incoming copies of a
certain form. Vinay process 50% of the forms. Sonia processes 20% and Iqbal the
remaining 30% of the forms. Vinay has an error rate of 0.06, Sonia has an error rate of
0.04 and Iqbal has an error rate of 0.03.

Based on the above information answer the following :

(i) Find the conditional probability that an error is committed in processing given that
Sonia processed the form?

(ii) What is probability that Sonia processed the form and committed an error?

(iii) What is total probability of committing an error in processing the form?

SELF ASSESSMENT-1
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE CORRECT
ALTERNATIVE.
1. If A and B are independent events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = x and P(A  B) = 0.5, then
x=?

4
(a) (b) 0.1
5

1
(c) (d) None of these
6

248 [Class XII : Maths]

2. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B/A) = 0.4, then P(A/B) is
(a) 0.32 (b) 0.64
(c) 0.16 (d) 0.25
3. A couple has two children. What is the probability that both are boys if it is known that one
of them is a boy?

1 2
(a) (b)
3 3

3 1
(c) (d)
4 4
4. The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where ‘k’ is
some number.

 k , if x 0
2k , if x 1

P(X = x) = 
3k , if x2
 0 otherwise
Determine the value of k.
5. If two events are independent, then
(a) they must be mutually exclusive
(b) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1
(c) (a) and (b) both are correct
(d) none of the above is correct

SELF ASSESSMENT-2

EAH OF THE FOLLOWING MCQ HAS ONE OPTION CORRECT, CHOOSE THE CORRECT
ALTERNATIVE.
1. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards with replacement. The
probability that both cards are queens is
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) 
13 13 13 13
1 1 1 4
(c)  (d) 
13 17 13 51

[Class XII : Maths] 249

2. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is given below:

X 2 3 4 5
5 7 9 11
P(X = x)
k k k k
The values of k is
(a) 8 (b) 16
(c) 32 (d) 48
3. Three persons A, B and C fire at a target in turn, starting with A. Their probability of hitting
the target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The probability of two hits is
(a) 0.024 (b) 0.188
(c) 0.336 (d) 0.452
4. If 4P(A) = 6P(B) = 10P(A  B) = 1, then P(B/A) = ?
2 3
(a) (b)
5 5
7 19
(c) (d)
10 60
5. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON; on the postmark only
the two consecutive letters ON are legible. The probability that it came from LONDON is
5 12
(a) (b)
17 17
17 3
(c) (d)
30 5
ANSWER
One Mark Questions
1 2
1. (d) 2. (d) 0.96 3. (a) 4. (c)
70 9

7 31 4 1
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)
8 32 9 2

1 2
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 1  P(A/B) 12. (d) P(A) = P(B)
3 3

1
13. (d) 0.14 14. (c) Both (a) & (b) 15. (c) 16. (a)
5
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)

250 [Class XII : Maths]

 Two Marks Questions
4 15 4
1. (i) 1 (ii) 0 2. 3. 4.
15 29 7

10 1 1 3
5. 7. 8. 9.
9 70 36 7

23 35
10. 11. 12. 0.6
24 18

Three Marks Questions

3 1 1 5 4
1. 2. P(A) = and P(B) = or P(A) = and P(B) =
4 5 6 6 5

1 x 0 1 2 1 3 2 91
3. 9 6 1 4. (i) (ii) (iii) 5. –
2 P(x) 30 10 3 54
16 16 16
3 5 7 1
6. 7. 8. 9.
4 9 50
22 2
9 5 5
10. 11. 4.2 12. (i) k = 1 (ii) (iii)
7 6 3

1 1 3 2
13. and , and
3 4 4 3
14. X 0 1 2 3 4 5

6 10 8 6 4 2
P(X)
36 36 36 36 36 36

1
15.
3

16. X 4 6 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5
P(X)
15 15 15 15 15

17. Yes, A and B are independent.

Five Marks Questions

110 7 7 15
1. 2. 3. 4. (i) 4.31, (ii) 61.9, (iii)
221 10 11 22
[Class XII : Maths] 251
 209 17 1 6 60
5. 6. x = 7. 8. x = , 2 =
343 3 2 13 169

11 16
9. 10.
50 31

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

23
1. (i) x = 0.23 (ii) y = 0.04 (iii) (a) or (b) 0.46
36

1
2. (i) P(L/C) = 0.17, (ii) P(L/A) = 0.76 (iii) (a) P(A/L) = or (b ) 0.39
3

1 19
3. (i) P  (ii) P ( x  6) 
10 100

21
(iii) (a) or (b) E (x )  4.06
100

5 13 4
4. (a) (b) (c)
18 18 13

5. (i) 0.04 (ii) 0.008 (iii) 0.047

SELF ASSESSMENT-1

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. k  1 5. (d)

6
SELF ASSESSMENT-2
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

252 [Class XII : Maths]

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315 [Class XII : Maths]
NOTES