What is ICT

(Information and Communications Technology, or Technologies)

- is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.

- ICT is a broader term for Information Technology (IT)
- ICT is often used in many different contexts, including the ICT industry, ICT sector, ICT
companies, ICT law, the ICT BEE Charter, ICT governance, and ICT legislation
-
Communication
Through chatting, E-mail, voice mail and social networking people
communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of communication.

Job Opportunities
In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more
efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running
of any business.

Education
Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create,
disseminate, store, and manage information
Socializing
social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly
enabling people to communicate and share interest in many more ways,
sites like Facebook, Twitter LinkedIn You tube, Flicker, second life delicious
blogs wiki’s and many more
 Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology
 Access to information: Some of the positive aspects of this increased
access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP
phone and Instant Messaging.
 Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials.
New ways of learning, e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality.
 New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not
previously exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software and high quality
printers, screen magnification or screen reading software enables
partially sighted or blind people to work with ordinary text rather than
Braille.
 Communication: Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of normal
telephone, email / messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead
of traveling to meetings, e-commerce web sites instead of sales
catalogues. Access to larger, even worldwide, markets.
 Information management: Data mining of customer information to
produce lists for targeted advertising.
 Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption
methods can keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is
being stored or while it is being sent electronically.
 ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
• Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the
world.
• ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using
simulations.
• Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems
analysts, programmers and software engineers, as well as help desk
operators and trainers.
 Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology
• Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots
replacing people on an assembly line. Job export. e.g
• Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social
interaction in their daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet
and talk with other people they may feel isolated and unhappy.
 Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as
obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
 Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase
and to maintain.
 Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some
organizations being exposed to greater competition can be a problem
Year Technological Advancement
1837 Morse code and telegraph
1876 Telephone
1895 Wireless telegraphy
1927 Television
1947 Transistor

1951 UNIVAC I (First commercial computer)

1969 ARPANET (Foundation of the Internet)

1971 First email
1990 World Wide Web
1991 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
1994 Netscape Navigator (Widely-used web browser)
1998 Google

2001 Commercial 3G networks

2004 Facebook

2007 iPhone

Bitcoin (First blockchain-based

2008
cryptocurrency)

2010 4G networks

AlphaGo (AI system defeating world

2016
champion Go player)

2020 5G networks

Zoom (350 million daily meeting

2023
attendees)
•Electronic Numeric Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
• Developed in 1946
•Designed by J. Presper Ecket and
John W. Mauchly from the University of
Pennsylvania
• Financed by the US Army
•At present, ENIAC has only 20 words
of internal memory, in the form of
electronic accumulators.
•Only do arithmetic operations;
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, sign differentiation, and
square root extraction.
FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES (1940–1956)
• The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers
were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The
maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters.
• It was in this generation that the Von Neumann architecture was introduced, which displays
the design architecture of an electronic digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC
and ENIAC computers, invented by J. Presper Eckert, became examples of first-generation
computer technology. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
• Transistor was used as the interior
section
of the computer.
•Transistors were much smaller, faster,
and more dependable.
SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956–1963)
• The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late
1950s. This generation of computers also included hardware advances like magnetic core memory,
magnetic tape, and the magnetic disk.
• The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the
transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. A second-generation computer still relied on punched cards
for input and printouts for output.

When Did Computers Start Using Assembly Languages?

• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary language to symbolic, or assembly,

languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming
languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from
a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
• The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
•Jack Kilby invented the Integrated
Circuit (IC) in replacement with
transistors to build the computer.
•IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors.
•Remote processing, time-sharing,
and multiprogramming operating
system were used in this generation.
THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964–1971)
• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users would interact with a third-generation
computer through keyboards monitors and interfaces with an operating system, which
allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory. Computers, for the first time, became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
• Did You Know… ? Integrated circuit (IC) chips are small electronic devices made out of semiconductor
material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.
• Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits
were used to build computers.
•Circuits have about 5,000 transistors
and other circuits elements with their
connected circuits on a single chip
known as microprocessor.
•Microprocessor is used on pocket
calculators, television sets,
automotive devices, and audio and
video appliances
FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS (1971–PRESENT)
• The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The technology in the first generation
that filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, integrated all the components of the computer, from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls, on a single chip.
• In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began
to use the microprocessor chip.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Each fourth-generation
computer also saw the computer development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld technology.
VLSI has evolved to Ultra
LargeScale
Integration (ULSI) technology.
•Microprocessor chips have 10
million electronic components.
•This generation includes artificial
intelligence (AI), natural languages,
and expert systems.
FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (PRESENT AND
BEYOND)
• Fifth-generation computer technology, based on artificial intelligence, is still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The
use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. This is also so far the prime generation for packing a large amount of storage into a
compact and portable device.
• Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that will respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS
Cave paintings and carve Stones
-Imaginative art or some form of communication done by Neanderthals or early homo sapiens that dates
back to around 130,000 to 100,000 B.C Carrier Pigeons
- Another means of communication were homing pigeons
- Dating back to less than 2,900 B.C
- When ships coming into Egyptian ports discharged pigeons to report imperative guests.
- Additionally utilized for correspondence in China, India, Persia & numerous different parts of Asia.
- Around, 2,350 BC, King Sargon of Akkadia sent a homing pigeon out with everyone of his
detachments.
- By 776, transporter pigeons were being utilized to convey the news of Olympic triumphs to Athens.

Marathon Man
- Story of Pheidippides is that which inspired the sporting spectacle of Marathon running.
-Pheidippides, an Athenian Herald or Courier was said to have run from marathon to Athens to report
that the greeks won against the persians in the battle of marathon.
First daily newspaper
-The first daily newspaper to be distributed was the Einkommende Zeitungen, on July 01,
1650 in Leipzig, Germany.

Telegraph
- Was created in the 1840s
- Created by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) & different designers
- It worked by transmitting electrical flags over a wire laid between stations.
- Samuel Morse built up a code (bearing his name), which came to be known as the Morse
Code.

The Telephone
-Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), best known as the designer of the phone
-Bell was awarded the principal official patent for his phone on March 07,1876.
Radio Signal
-In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian Inventor pioneered long-distance radio transmission
and transmitted the first transatlantic radio signal from Cornwall to Newfoundland.

Television Broadcast
- April 07, 1927 AT&T (Bell Telephone Company) held the first public demonstration of long
distance television transmission.
-Reporters watched as a T.V image of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was sent from
Washington D.C., to New York by phone lines.

Internet
- Inter-networking began when Packet switching networks, including the ARPANET project of
the U.S Protection
Office, joined multiple separate networks into a network.
World Wide Web
- Was developed from 1989 to 1994 at the European Council for Nuclear Research
- Was made freely available to the world in 1994.

Instant Messaging
- Basically began in the 70s and 80s
- But the new era of instant messaging can be credited to America Online (AOL), which gained
popularity in May
1997.

Blogging 1999
- In 1999, the word “blog’ sprung up
- After 5 years the term blog was announced as the expression of the year by Merriam-Webster.
Twitter
- Was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass,Business Stone and Evan
Williams
- Created in 2006
- Rapidly gained popularity as of 2017 has100 million daily active user

Facebook
- The world’s mainstream interpersonal interaction site
- Was launched in February 2004
-Mark Zuckerberg founded it.
 refers to means of communication that uses unique
tools to interconnect among people. Example: television,
radio, cellular phones, and internet can also be considered as
the message, the medium, and the messenger.
 Media can be considered as the message itself for those
who create and own the rights of content.
Forms of Content

1.User-generated Content (UGC) - content created and owned by the users of a

system. e.g. Blog.
Blog - combination of two words—web and log.
•Blogger – a person who writes blogs.
•Microblogs - a social media site to which a user makes and share short,
frequent posts.
e.g. Twitter, Tumblr.
• Video Blog or Video Log (Vlog) – form of blog for which the medium used
is video, and a form of web television.
2. Professionally-generated Content (PGC) - content generated by the brand
itself in order to let people know its brand and much more than they
have to offer through images, videos, blog posts etc.
Refers to the tool or tools used in sending message from the
source to the destination.
Example: TV and/radio. Social Media platforms—Twitter,
Facebook

The one who delivers the message. e.g. News Anchor is the one
who delivers the new
 Internet of Things
(IoT)
• the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices
embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and
receive data.
• has been trending since 2016.

Augmented Reality is a technology that superimposes

a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world,
thus providing a composite view. • Example: Pokemon Go game
application which was very popular on 2016.

Virtual Reality is the computer-generated simulation of a

three-dimensional image or environment that can be interacted
with in a seemingly real or physical way
Machine Learning
automated detection of meaningful patterns in data. Also called artificial intelligence (AI)—
AI refers to artefacts that perceive environment and take actions that maximize their chance of
success at some goal. Example: Virtual Personal Assistant (Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant), Online
Customer Support (Chatbot)
Automation
The technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically
Example: Employee help desk support (Chatbot)
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