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Memory

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7 views

Memory

Uploaded by

himelranasweet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory

Cache Memory
• Cache memory – A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of
microprocessor operations.
• L1 (Level one) cache – Cache memory that is located inside the
microprocessor.
• Write-through cache – The microprocessor writes 1s and 0s into the
cache memory at the same time as regular memory.
• Write-back cache – The 1s and 0s are written to regular memory when the
microprocessor is not busy. It is more efficient than write-through cache.
• L2 cache – Cache memory that is on the motherboard for Pentium and
lower processors. Starting with the Pentium Pro processor, the L2 cache is
inside the processor packaging and known as on-die cache.

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Memory
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

A read-only memory (ROM) is a type of memory that is fixed and unchangeable.


Once a ROM has been loaded with a bit pattern, it cannot be changed.
Standard ROM memory is embedded into the IC at the time of manufacture. The bit
patterns are chosen to represent data or instructions that will be accessed during the
normal execution of the computer, but will not be changed.
An example use of ROM in a computer is to hold the first few instructions required to
start up or boot the computer.
The primary functional difference between ROM and RAM is that the contents of
ROM persists even when power is off.

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Memory
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

There are two types of random access memory (RAM). The first type called static RAM
(SRAM) holds its contents after being written to only once, so long as power is applied.
When power is off the contents of static RAM is lost. Due to cost, the use of SRAM is
typically limited to cache memory.

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Memory
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Dynamic RAM or DRAM must be accessed frequently or its contents will be lost even
when power is being applied.
The rate of refresh depends on the particular DRAM but typically the time between
refreshes must be between a few microseconds and a few milliseconds.
The primary advantage of DRAM over SRAM is lower cost.

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Memory
Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
PROM (Programmable ROM) - a version of ROM that is manufactured with no bit
patterns but can be written to once by burning the bit patterned into its circuitry.
PROM's cannot be altered after the bit pattern is set.

EPROM (Erasable PROM) - a version of ROM that can be written to more that once.
These chips need to be reset out-of-circuit by exposure to UV light or some other non-
electrical process.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - a version of ROM that can be rewritten by


applying electrical signal alone. If the EEPROM can be rewritten while it is in-circuit,
it is called a flash-programmable EEPROM.

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Memory
Inline Memory Modules
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) - a physical layout of RAM on a small circuit
board with an edge connector that can be plugged into the memory slots of a
motherboard. DIMM's support a 64 bit data path to the Northbridge.

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) - a physical layout of RAM also on a small
circuit board with an edge connector. SIMM's support a 32-bit data path.

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Memory
Modern Computer Memory
EDO DRAM (Extended Data Output DRAM) - since data is partitioned into blocks,
the EDO DRAM can read and write separate memory blocks simultaneously.

SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) - this is a special type of RAM that runs faster than
conventional RAM by sending multiple bits one each bus wire during the time
required for one bit to be transferred. In conventional data transfer a bit must make
it to its destination before the next bit is applied to the bus wire.

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate-Synchronous DRAM) - DDR SDRAM doubles


the rate of data transfer by using both the rising and trailing edge of a logic pulse to
carry data.

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) - A proprietary version of DRAM by Rambus, Inc.


RDRAM Short for Rambus DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM) developed by
Rambus, Inc. In 1997, Intel announced that it would license the Rambus technology
for use on its future motherboards, thus making it the likely de facto standard for
memory architectures. 7
Memory
How RAM Affects Speed?
• More RAM means the computer can use bigger, more
powerful programs and those programs can access bigger
data files.
• More RAM can also make the computer run faster.
• When we run WINDOWS, the program does not need to
load all its files into memory to run properly. It loads only
the most essential parts into memory.
• When the computer needs access to other parts of the
program on the disk, it can unload or Swap out non essential
parts from RAM to Hard disk.
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Memory
Variations of DDR RAM

DDR SDRAM Bus clock Transfer Rate Voltage


Standard (MHz) (MT/s)

DDR 100–200 200–400 2.5/2.6

DDR2 200–533 400–1066 1.8

DDR3 400–1066 800–2133 1.5

DDR4 1000-1600 2100–3200 1.2

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