Chapter 1 – Algebra I

Solutions to Exercise 1A
1 a Add indices: n Multiply the coefficients and add the
x3 × x4 × x3+4 = x7 indices:
1 1 7
2x 2 × 4x3 = (2 × 4)x 2 +3 = 8x 2
b Add indices:
a5 × a−3 = a5+−3 = a2 o Multiply the first two indices and add

s
the third:
c Add indices:

f
5 5
x2 × x−1 × x2 = x2+−1+2 = x3 (a2 ) 2 × a−4 = a2× 2 × a−4

oo
d Subtract indices: = a5+(−4)
y3 = a1 = a
= y3−7 = y−4
y7

pr
1 1
e Subtract indices: p = x 1÷ 4
= x4
x8 x−4
= x8−(−4) = x12
x −4 q
 2 5 2
ed
f Subtract indices: 2n −5
÷ (43 n4 ) = 25 n− 5 ×5 ÷ ((22 )3 n4 )
p−5
= p−5−2 = p−7 = 25 n−2 ÷ (26 n4 )
p2
= 25−6 n−2−4
ct
g Subtract indices:
1 2 3 4 1
a 2 ÷ a 3 = a 6 − 6 = a− 6 1
= 2−1 n−6 =
2n6
re

h Multiply indices: r Multiply the coefficients and add the

(a−2 )4 = a−2×4 = a−8 indices.
1 3
or

i Multiply indices: x3 × 2x 2 × −4x− 2

(y−2 )−7 = y−2×(−7) = y14 1 3
 
3+ 2 + − 2
= (1 × 2 × −4)x
c

j Multiply indices: = −8x2

(x5 )3 = x5×3 = x15
un

1
s (ab3 )2 × a−2 b−4 ×
k Multiply indices: a2 b−3
3 3
(a−20 ) 5 = a−20× 5 = a−12 = a2 b6 × a−2 b−4 × a−2 b3
= a2+−2+−2 b6+−4+3
l Multiply indices:
= a−2 b5
 1 −4 1
x− 2 = x− 2 ×−4 = x2
t (22 p−3 × 43 p5 ÷ ((6p−3 ))0 = 1
m Multiply indices:
1 1 Anything to the power zero is 1.
(n10 ) 5 = n10× 5 = n2

1
 1 √  23 0
2 a 25 2 = 25 = 5 k =1
5
1 √3
b 64 3 = 64 = 4 3  1 3
l 128 7 = 128 7
1
 16  1 16 2
2
c = 1
= 23 = 8
9
92
√
16 4
= √ = 3 a 4.352 = 18.9225 ≈ 18.92
3

s
9
b 2.45 = 79.62624 ≈ 79.63

f
1 1
d 16 −2
= √

oo
1
16 2 c 34.6921 = 5.89
1 1
= √ = d 0.02−3 = 125 000
16 4
√3

pr
 49 − 1 e 0.729 = 0.9
2 1
e = √4
36  49  1 f 2.3045 = 1.23209 . . . ≈ 1.23
2
36 1
g (345.64)− 3 = 0.14249 . . . ≈ 0.14
ed
1
= √
49 2
√ h (4.558) 5 = 1.83607 . . . ≈ 1.84
36
√
ct
36 6 1 1
= √ = i 1
= (0.064) 3 = 0.4
49 7 (0.064)− 3
re

1 √3
f 27 3 = 27 = 3
a2 b3
1 √ 4 a −2 −4
= a2−−2 b3−−4
a b
g 144 2 = 144 = 12
or

= a4 b7
2  1 2
h 64 3 = 64 3 = 42 = 16 2a2 (2b)3 2a2 × 23 b3
b =
c

 1 3 (2a)−2 b−4 2−2 a−2 b−4

3
i 92 = 92 24 a2 b3
un

= −2 −2 −4
2 a b
= 33 = 27
= 24−−2 a2−−2 b3−−4
1
 81  1
4 81 4 = 26 a4 b7 = 64a4 b7
j = 1
16
16 4 a−2 b−3
3 c = a−2−−2 b−3−−4
= a−2 b−4
2 = a0 b1 = b

2
 a2 b3 ab 6 2−x × 3−x × 62x × 32x × 22x
d −2 −4
× −1 −1
a b a b
= (2 × 3)−x × 62x × (2 × 3)2x
a2+1 b3+1
= −2+−1 −4+−1 = 6−x × 62x × 62x
a b
3 4
ab = 6−x+2x+2x
= −3 −5
a b = 63x
= a3−−3 b4−−5 = a6 b9

7 In each case, add the fractional indices.

s
(2a)2 × 8b3 4a2 × 8b3
e =
16a−2 b−4 16a−2 b−4

f
1 1 2 2 1 4
32a2 b3 a 2 3 × 2 6 × 2− 3 = 2 6 + 6 +− 6

oo
=
16a−2 b−4 1 11
6
32 =2 −6
=
= a2−−2 b3−−4 2
16
1 2 1 5 8 2

pr
= 2a4 b7 b a 4 × a 5 × a− 10 = a 20 + 20 +− 20
11
2a2 b3 16ab = a 20
f −2 −4
÷
8a b (2a)−1 b−1
2 5 2 4 5 4
ed
2a2 b3 (2a)−1 b−1 c 2 3 × 2 6 × 2− 3 = 2 6 + 6 +− 6
= ×
8a−2 b−4 16ab 5
2a b2 3 −1 −1 −1
2 a b = 26
= −2 −4
×
8a b 16ab
ct
 1 2  1 5 2 5
2 1+−1 2+−1 3+−1
a b d 23 × 22 = 23 × 22
= −2+1
8 × 16 × a b−4+1 4 15 19
= 26+ 6 = 2 6
re

20 a1 b2
=
128a−1 b−3  1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1−−1 2−−3 a2 b5 e 23 × 2 3 × 2− 5 = 2 3 × 2 3 × 2− 5
= =
or

a b
128 128 2 1 2 3
= 2 3 + 3 +− 5 = 2 5
2n × 8n 2n × (23 )n
c

5 =
22n × 16 22n × 24 8 a √ √3 1 1
un

3
2n × 23n a3 b2 ÷ a2 b−1 = (a3 b2 ) 3 ÷ (a2 b−1 ) 3
= 2n
2 × 24 2 2 1
2n+3n−2n = a1 b 3 ÷ a 3 b− 3
= 2 2 1 1
24 = a1− 3 b 3 −− 3 = a 3 b
= 22n × 2−4
= 22n−4

3
 √ √ √ √
b a3 b2 × a2 b−1 e a3 b2 c−3 × a2 b−1 c−5
1 1 1 1
= (a3 b2 ) 2 × (a2 b−1 ) 2 = (a3 b2 c−3 ) 2 × (a2 b−1 c−5 ) 2
3 1 3 3 1 5
= a 2 b1 × a1 b− 2 = a 2 b1 c− 2 × a1 b− 2 c− 2
3 1 5 1 3 1 3 5
= a 2 +1 b1+− 2 = a 2 b 2 = a 2 +1 b1+− 2 c− 2 +− 2
5 1
c √ √5 = a 2 b 2 c−4
5 1 1
a3 b2 × a2 b−1 = (a3 b2 ) 5 × (a2 b−1 ) 5

s
√5 √5
3 2 2 1 f a3 b2 ÷ a2 b−1

f
= a5 b5 × a 5 b− 5
1 1

oo
3 2 2 1 1 = (a3 b2 ) 5 ÷ (a2 b−1 ) 5
= a 5 + 5 b 5 +− 5 = ab 5
3 2 2 1
√ √ = a 5 b 5 ÷ a 5 b− 5
d a−4 b2 × a3 b−1 3 2 2 1 1 3
= a 5 − 5 b 5 −− 5 = a 5 b 5

pr
1 1
= (a−4 b2 ) 2 × (a3 b−1 ) 2
g √ √
3 1
=a b × −2 1
a 2 b− 2 a3 b2 a−4 b2 √ 3 −1
× × ab
3 1 a2 b−1 c−5 a3 b−1
ed
= a−2+ 2 b1+− 2 1 1
(a3 b2 ) 2 (a−4 b2 ) 2 1
1 1 = 2 −1 −5 × 3 −1 × (a3 b−1 ) 2
= a− 2 b 2 ab c ab
3
1
b1 a 2 b1 a−2 b1 3 1
ct
b2 2 = 2 −1 −5 × 3 −1 × a 2 b− 2
= 1
= ab c ab
a
a2 3
= a 2 −2 b1−−1 c0−−5 × a−2−3 b1−−1
re

3 1
× a 2 b− 2
1 3 1
or

= a− 2 b2 c5 × a−5 b2 × a 2 b− 2
1 3 1
= a− 2 +−5+ 2 b2+2+− 2 c5
c

7
= a−4 b 2 c5
un

4
 Solutions to Exercise 1B
1 a 47.8 = 4.78 × 101 = 4.78 × 10 f The decimal point moves 10 places to
the right = 2.998 × 1010
b 6728 = 6.728 × 103

c 79.23 = 7.923 × 101 = 7.923 × 10 3 a The decimal point move 13 places to

the right = 81 280 000 000 000
d 43 580 = 4.358 × 104

s
b The decimal point move 8 places to
e 0.0023 = 2.3 × 10−3 the right = 270 000 000

f
oo
f 0.000 000 56 = 5.6 × 10−7 c The decimal point move 13 places to
the left = 0.000 000 000 000 28
g 12.000 34 = 1.2000 34 × 101
= 1.2000 34 × 10

pr
4 a 456.89 ≈ 4.569 × 102
h Fifty million = 50 000 000 (4 significant figures)
= 5.0 × 107 b 34567.23 ≈ 3.5 × 104
ed
(2 significant figures)
i 23 000 000 000 = 2.3 × 1010
c 5679.087 ≈ 5.6791 × 103
j 0.000 000 0013 = 1.3 × 10−9
(5 significant figures)
ct
k 165 thousand = 165 000
d 0.04536 ≈ 4.5 × 10−2
= 1.65 × 10 5
(2 significant figures)
re

l 0.000 014 567 = 1.4567 × 10−5 e 0.09045 ≈ 9.0 × 10−2

(2 significant figures)
or

2 a The decimal point moves 8 places to

f 4568.234 ≈ 4.5682 × 103
the right = 1.0 × 10−8
(5 significant figures)
c

b The decimal point moves 24 places to

un

the right = 1.67 × 10−23 324 000 × 0.000 000 7

5 a
4000
c The decimal point moves 5 places to 3.24 × 105 × 7 × 10−7
the right = 5.0 × 10−5 =
4 × 103
3.24 × 7
d The decimal point moves 3 places to = × 105+−7−3
4
the left = 1.853 18 × 103
= 5.67 × 10−5
e The decimal point moves 12 places to = 0.0000567
the left = 9.461 × 1012

5
 √3 √3
5 240 000 × 0.8 a 2 × 109
b 6 a =
42 000 000 b4 3.2154
5.24 × 106 × 8 × 10−1 √3 √3
= 2 × 109
4.2 × 107 =
106.8375 . . .
41.92 × 105 1.2599 . . . × 103
= =
4.2 × 107 106.8375 . . .
4192 × 103
= = 0.011 792 . . . × 103 ≈ 11.8
42 000 × 103

s
4192 262 b √4
= = √4
42 000 2625 a 2 × 1012

f
=
4b4 4 × 0.054

oo
√4 √4
2 × 1012
=
4 × 0.000 006 25
1.189 2 . . . × 103
=

pr
4 × 6.25 × 10−6
ed = 0.047 568 . . . × 109 ≈ 4.76 × 107
ct
re
c or
un

6
 Solutions to Exercise 1C
1 a 3x + 7 = 15 f −3(4 − 5x) = 24
3x = 15 − 7 −12 + 15x = 24
=8 15x = 24 + 12

x=
8 = 36
3 36
x=

s
x 15
b 8 − = −16
2 12

f
x = = 2.4
− = −16 − 8 5

oo
2
= −24 g 3x + 5 = 8 − 7x
x 3x + 7x = 8 − 5
− × −2 = −24 × −2
2

pr
10x = 3
x = 48
3
x= = 0.3
c 42 + 3x = 22 10
ed
3x = 22 − 42 h 2 + 3(x − 4) = 4(2x + 5)
= −20 2 + 3x − 12 = 8x + 20
20 3x − 10 = 8x + 20
x=−
ct
3 3x − 8x = 20 + 10
2x −5x = 30
d − 15 = 27
re

3
30
2x x= = −6
= 27 + 15 −5
3
or

= 42 i
2x 3
− = 5x
2x 3 3 5 4
× = 42 × 2x 3
3 2 2 × 20 − × 20 = 5x × 20
c

5 4
x = 63
8x − 15 = 100x
un

e 5(2x + 4) = 13 8x − 100x = 15
10x + 20 = 13 −92x = 15
10x = 13 − 20 15
x=−
= −7 92

7
x=− = −0.7
10

7
 x 5x 4 2x
j 6x + 4 = −3 d − =
3 4 3 5
x
6x × 3 + 4 × 3 = × 3 − 3 × 3 5x 4
× 60 − × 60 =
2x
× 60
3 4 3 5
18 x + 12 = x − 9 75x − 80 = 24x
18 x − x = −9 − 12 75x − 24x = 80
17x = −21 51x = 80
21
x=− 80

s
17 x=
51

f
x − 4 2x + 5

oo
x 2x e + =6
2 a + = 16 2 4
2 5
x−4 2x + 5
x 2x ×4+ ×4=6×4
× 10 + × 10 = 16 × 10 2 4
2 5

pr
2(x − 4) + (2x + 5) = 24
5x + 4x = 160
2x − 8 + 2x + 5 = 24
9x = 160
160 4x = 24 + 8 − 5
x=
ed
9 = 27
3x x 27
b − =8 x= = 6.75
4 3 4
ct
3x x
× 12 − × 12 = 8 × 12 f
4 3 3 − 3x 2(x + 5) 1
− =
9x − 4x = 96 10 6 20
re

3 − 3x 2(x + 5) 1
5x = 96 × 60 − × 60 = × 60
10 6 20
96 6(3 − 3x) − 20(x + 5) = 3
x= = 19.2
or

5
18 − 18x − 20x − 100 = 3
3x − 2 x
c + = −8 −38x = 3 − 18 + 100
2 4
c

3x − 2 x = 85
× 4 + × 4 = −8 × 4
un

2 4 85
x=−
2(3x − 2) + x = −32 38
6x − 4 + x = −32
7x = −32 + 4
= −28
x = −4

8
 3 − x 2(x + 1)
g − = −24 b 5x + 2y = 4; 3x − y = 6
4 5
3−x 2(x + 1) Use elimination. Multiply the second
× 20 − × 20 = −24 × 20
4 5 equation by 2.
5(3 − x) − 8(x + 1) = −480 5x + 2y = 4 1
15 − 5x − 8x − 8 = −480
6x − 2y = 12 2
−13x = −480 − 15 + 8
= −487 1 + 2:

x=
487 11x = 16
13

s
16
−2(5 − x) 6 4(x − 2) x=

f
h + = 11
8 7 3 Substitute into the second, simpler

oo
−2(5 − x) 6 4(x − 2)
× 168 + × 168 = × 168 equation:
8 7 3
16
−42(5 − x) + 144 = 224(x − 2) 3× −y=6
11
−210 + 42x + 144 = 224x − 448
48

pr
42x − 224x = −448 + 210 − 144 −y=6
11
−182x = −382
48
382 191 −y = 6 −
x= = 11
182 91
18
ed
y=
11
3 a 3x + 2y = 2; 2x − 3y = 6
Use elimination. Multiply the c 2x − y = 7; 3x − 2y = 2
first equation by 3 and the second Use substitution. Make y the subject
ct
equation by 2. of the first equation.
9x + 6y = 6 1 y = 2x − 7
Substitute into the second equation:
re

4x − 6y = 12 2
3x − 2(2x − 7) = 2
1 + 2:
3x − 4x + 14 = 2
13x = 18
or

−x = 2 − 14
18
x= x = 12
13
Substitute into the equation in which
c

Substitute into the first equation:

18 y is the subject:
3× + 2y = 2
un

13 y = 2 × 12 − 7
54
+ 2y = 2 = 17
13
54 d x + 2y = 12; x − 3y = 2
2y = 2 −
13 Use substitution. Make x the subject
28 of the first equation.
=−
13 x = 12 − 2y
14
y=−
13

9
 Substitute into the second equation: Substitute into the second equation:
12 − 2y − 3y = 2 x + 5 × 2 = 10
−5y = 2 − 12 x + 10 = 10
= −10 x=0
y=2 f 15x + 2y = 27; 3x + 7y = 45
Substitute into the first equation:
Use elimination. Multiply the second
x + 2 × 2 = 12
equation by 5.

s
x + 4 = 12 15x + 2y = 27 1

f
x=8 15x + 35y = 225 2

oo
e 7x − 3y = −6; x + 5y = 10 1 − 2:
Use substitution. Make x the subject −33y = −198
of the second equation.
−198

pr
x = 10 − 5y y= =6
−33
Substitute into the first equation:
Substitute into the second equation:
7(10 − 5y) − 3y = −6
3x + 7 × 6 = 45
70 − 35y − 3y = −6
ed
3x + 42 = 45
−38y = −6 − 70
3x = 45 − 42
= −76
=3
ct
−76
y= =2 x=1
−38
re
or
c
un

10
 Solutions to Exercise 1D
1 a 4(x − 2) = 60 g Using the fact that there are 12 lots of
4x − 8 = 60 5 min in an hour (60 ÷ 12 = 5),
60n
= 2400
4x = 60 + 8 5
= 68 60
h a = circumference ×
x = 17 360

s
60
= 2π(x + 3) ×
2x + 7 360

f
b The length of the square is .
4 1
= 2π(x + 3) ×

oo
!2
2x + 7 6
= 49
4 π
= (x + 3)
2x + 7 3
=7

pr
4
2x + 7 = 7 × 4 = 28 2 Let the value of Bronwyn’s
sales in the first week be $s.
2x = 28 − 7 = 21
s + ( s + 500) + ( s + 1000)
x = 10.5
ed
+ ( s + 1500) + ( s + 2000)
c The equation is length = twice width. = 17500
x − 5 = 2(12 − x)
5s + 5000 = 17500
ct
x − 5 = 24 − 2x
5s = 12500
x + 2x = 24 + 5
s = 2500
re

3x = 29 The value of her first week’s sales is

29 $2500.
x=
3
or

d y = 2((2x + 1) + (x − 3)) 3 Let d be the number of dresses bought

and h the number of handbags bought.
= 2(2x + 1 + x − 3)
65d + 26h = 598
c

= 2(3x − 2)
d + h = 11
un

= 6x − 4 Multiply the second equation by 26 (the

smaller number).
e Q = np 65d + 26h = 598 1

f If a 10% service charge is added, 26d + 26h = 286 2

the total price will be multiplied by

110%, or 1.1.
R = 1.1pS

11
 1 − 2: 23x + 26y = 545
39d = 312 y = 22 − x

d=
312
=8 23x + 26(22 − x) = 545
39
23x + 572 − 26x = 545
h + 8 = 11
−3x = 545 − 572
h=3
Eight dresses and three handbags. = −27

s
x=9
He sells nine houses with an $11 500

f
4 Let the courtyard’s width be w metres.
commission.

oo
3w + w + 3w + w = 67
8w = 67
7 It is easiest to let the third boy have
w = 8.375 m marbles, in which case the sec-

pr
The width is 8.375 m.
ond boy will have 2m marbles and
The length = 3 × 8.375 = 25.125 m.
the first boy will have 2m − 14.
(2m − 14) + 2m + m = 71
5 Let p be the full price of a case of 5m − 14 = 71
ed
wine. The merchant will pay 60%
(0.6) on the 25 discounted cases. 5m = 85
25p + 25 × 0.6p = 2260 m = 17
ct
The first boy has 20 marbles, the second
25p + 15p = 2260
boy has 34 and the third boy has 17
40p = 2260 marbles, for a total of 71.
re

p = 56.5
The full price of a case is $56.50.
8 Let Belinda’s score be b.
or

Annie’s score will be 110% of Belinda’s

6 Let x be the number of houses with or 1.1b.
an $11 500 commission and y be the Cassie’s will be 60% of their combined
c

number of houses with a $13 000 scores:

commission. 0.6(1.1b + b) = 0.6 × 2.1b
un

We only need to find x. = 1.26b

x + y = 22
1.1b + b + 1.26b = 504
11 500x + 13 000y = 272 500
To simplify the second equation, divide 3.36b = 504
both sides by 500. 5.04
23x + 26y = 545 b=
3.36
Using the substitution method: = 150

12
 c
Belinda scores 150 2c + 6 × = 2.45 × 10−22
3
Annie scores 1.1 × 150 = 165
Cassie scores 0.6 × (150 + 165) = 189 2c + 2c = 2.45 × 10−22
4c = 2.45 × 10−22
9 Let r km/h be the speed Kim can 2.45 × 10−22
c=
run. Her cycling speed will be 4
(r + 30) km/h. Her time cycling = 6.125 × 10−23
will be 48 + 48 ÷ 3 = 64 min. Con- c

s
x=
verting the times to hours (÷60) and 3

f
using distance = speed × time 6.125 × 10−23
=

oo
gives the following equation: 3
48 64
r× + (r + 30) × = 60 ≈ 2.04 × 10−23
60 60 The mass of an oxygen atom is
48r + 64(r + 30) = 60 × 60 2.04 × 10−23 g.

pr
48r + 64r + 1920 = 3600
112r + 1920 = 3600 11 Let x be the number of pearls.
x x x
112r = 1680 + + +9= x
ed
6 3 5
1680 5x + 10x + 6x
r= = 15 +9= x
112 30
She can run at 15 km/h
21x + 270 = 30x
ct
7x + 90 = 10x
10 Let c g be the mass of a carbon atom and
3x = 90
re

x g be the mass of an oxygen atom.

(o is too confusing a symbol to use) x = 30
2c + 6x = 2.45 × 10 −22 There are 30 pearls.
or

c
x=
3 12 Let the oldest receive $x.
Use substitution.
The middle child receives $(x − 12). !
c

x − 12
The youngest child receives $
3
un

x − 12
x + x − 12 + = 96
3
x − 12
2x − 12 + = 96
3
x
2x − 12 + = 100
3
6x − 36 + x = 300
7x = 336
x = 48

13
 Oldest $48, Middle $35, Youngest $12

13 Let S be the sum of her marks on the 16 Height candle A at t minutes = 10 − 5t

first four tests. Height of candle B at t minutes = 8 − 2t
S
Then = 88 a 10 − 5t = 8 − 2t
4
∴ S = 352 3t = 2
Let x be her mark on the fifth test.

s
2
S +x t=
= 90 3

f
5 ∴ equal after 40 minutes.

oo
352 + x = 450
1
x = 98 b 10 − 5t = (8 − 2t)
2
Her mark on the fifth test has to be 98%
10 − 5t = 4 − t

pr
4t = 6
14 Let N be the number of students in the
3
class. t=
0.72N students have black hair 2
∴ half the height after 90 minutes.
ed
After 5 leave the class there are
0.72N − 5 students with black hair. c 10 − 5t = 8 − 2t + 1
There are now N − 5 students in the 10 − 5t = 9 − 2t
class.
ct
0.72N − 5 3t = 1
Hence = 0.65
N−5 1
t=
∴ 0.72N − 5 = 0.65(N − 5)
re

3
∴ 0.72N = 0.65N + 1.75 ∴ one centimetre more after 20
minutes.
∴ 0.07N = 1.75
or

7N = 175
17 Let t be the time the motorist drove at
N = 25 100 km/h
c

There were originally 25 students 10

100t + 90( − t) = 320
3
un

15 Amount of water in tank A at time t 100t + 300 − 90t = 320

minutes = 100 − 2t 10t = 20
Amount of water in tank B at time t t=2
minutes = 120 − 3t Therefore the motorist travelled 200 km
100 − 2t = 120 − 3t at 100 km/h
t = 20
After 20 minutes the amount of water in
18 Let v km/h be Jarmila’s usual speed
the tanks will be the same.

14
 14v 13 14v
Therefore distance travelled= km ∴ (v + 3) =
3 3 3
13
v + 3 is the new speed and it takes 13(v + 3) = 14v
3
hours. v = 39
Her usual speed is 39 km/h

f s
oo
pr
ed
ct
re
or
c
un

15
 Solutions to Exercise 1E
1 Let k be the number of kilometres 4 Let $m be the amount the contractor
travelled in a day. The unlimited paid a man and $b the amount he paid a
kilometre alternative will become more boy.
attractive when 0.32k + 63 > 108. 8m + 3b = 2240
Solve for 0.32k + 63 = 108: 6m + 18b = 4200
0.32k = 108 − 63 Multiply the first equation by 6.
48m + 18b = 13 440

s
= 45 1

6m + 18b = 4200

f
45 2
k= = 140.625

oo
0.32 1 − 2:
The unlimited kilometre alternative will
become more attractive when you travel 42m = 9240
more than 140.625 km. m = 220

pr
Substitute into the first equation:
2 Let g be the number of guests. Solve for 8 × 220 + 3b = 2240
the equality.
1760 + 3b = 2240
300 + 43g = 450 + 40g
ed
3b = 2240 − 1760
43g − 40g = 450 − 300
= 480
3g = 150
b = 160
ct
g = 50 He paid the men $220 each and the boys
Company A is cheaper when there are
$160.
more than 50 guests.
re

5 Let the numbers be x and y.

3 Let a be the number of adults
x + y = 212 1
or

and c the number of children.

45a + 15c = 525 000 x − y = 42 2

a + c = 15 000 1 + 2:
c

Multiply the second equation by 15. 2x = 254

45a + 15c = 525 000
un

1
x = 127
15a + 15c = 225 000 2
127 + y = 212
1 − 2: y = 85
30a = 300 000 The numbers are 127 and 85.
a = 10 000

10 000 adults and 5000 children bought 6 Let x L be the amount of 40% solu-
tickets. tion and y L be the amount of 15%
solution. Equate the actual substance.

16
 0.4x + 0.15y = 0.24 × 700 When the amounts are interchanged, she
= 168 earns $1000 more, i.e. $32 000.
0.07x + 0.1y = 32 000
x + y = 700 Multiply the first equation by 100 and
Multiply the second equation by 0.15.
the second equation by 70.
0.4x + 0.15y = 168 1 10x + 7y = 3 100 000 1

0.15x + 0.15y = 105 2 4.9x + 7y = 2 240 000 2

− 2: 1 − 2:

s
1

0.25x = 63 5.1x = 860 000

f
oo
x = 63 × 4 860 000
x= ≈ 168 627.451
5.1
= 252
10 × 168 627.451 + 7y = 3 100 000
252 + y = 700
1 686 274.51 + 7y = 3 100 000

pr
y = 448
7y = 1 413 725.49
Use 252 L of 40% solution and 448 L y = 201 960.78
of 15% solution. The total amount invested is
ed
x + y = 168 627.45 + 201 960.78
7 Form two simultaneous equations. = $370 588.23
x + y = 220 1 = $370 588
ct
x correct to the nearest dollar.
x − = y − 40
2
x
− y = −40
re

2
2 9 Let a be the number of adults and s the
1 + 2: number of students who attended.
30a + 20s = 37 000
or

3x 1
= 180
2 a + s = 1600
x = 120
20a + 20s = 1600 × 20
c

120 + y = 220
= 32 000 2
un

y = 100
1 − 2:
They started with 120 and 100 marbles 10a = 5000
and ended with 60 each.
a = 500
500 + s = 1600
8 Let $x be the amount initially invested at
10% and $y the amount initially invested s = 1100
at 7%. This earns $31 000. 500 adults and 1100 students attended
0.1x + 0.07y = 31 000 the concert.

17
 Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 a v = u + at 1 1 1
h = +
f v u
= 15 + 2 × 5
1 1 10
= 25 = + =
3 7 21
21
PrT f =
b I= 10
100
= 2.1

s
600 × 5.5 × 10
=
100

f
i c2 = a2 + b2
= 330

oo
= 8.82 + 3.42
c V = πr2 h = 89
= π × 4.252 × 6 √
c = 89

pr
≈ 340.47 ≈ 9.43

d S = 2πr(r + h) j v2 = u2 + 2as
= 2π × 10.2 × (10.2 + 15.6)
ed
= 4.82 + 2 × 2.25 × 13.6
≈ 1653.48 = 91.04
√
4 v = 91.04
e V = πr2 h
ct
3
≈ 9.54
4π × 3.582 × 11.4
=
re

3
≈ 612.01 2 a v = u + at
v − u = at
1
or

f s = ut + at2 v−u
2 ∴ a=
1 t
= 25.6 × 3.3 + × −1.2 × 3.32
2 n
S = (a + l)
c

b
≈ 77.95 2
un

s 2S = n(a + l)
l 2S
g T = 2π a+l=
g n
2S
l=
r
1.45 ∴ −a
= 2π × n
9.8
= 2π × 0.3846 . . .
≈ 2.42

18
 1 ax + by
c A = bh i = x−b
2 c
2A = bh ax + by = c(x − b)

∴b=
2A ax + by = cx − bc
h
ax − cx = −bc − by
d P=I R 2
x(a − c) = −b(c + y)
P −b(c + y)
= I2 ∴ x=

s
R a−c
r
P b(c + y)

f
∴I=± =
R c−a

oo
1 mx + b
e s = ut + at2 j =c
2 x−b
1 2
s − ut = at mx + b = c(x − b)

pr
2
mx + b = cx − bc
2(s − ut) = at2
mx − cx = −bc − b
2(s − ut)
∴ a= x(m − c) = −b(c + 1)
ed
t2
−b(c + 1)
f
1
E = mv2 ∴ x=
2 m−c
2E = mv2
ct
9C
2E 3 a F= + 32
v =2
5
m
re

9 × 28
= + 32
r
2E 5
∴v=±
m = 82.4◦
or

Q=
p
g 2gh 9C
b F= + 32
Q = 2gh
2
5
9C
c

Q2 F − 32 =
∴h= 5
2g
un

9C = 5(F − 32)
h −xy − z = xy + z 5(F − 32)
∴ C=
−xy − xy = z + z 9
Substitute F = 135.
−2xy = 2z 5(135 − 32)
C=
2z 9
∴ x= 515
−2y =
z 9
=−
y ≈ 57.22◦

19
 4 a S = 180(n − 2) 1
c V = πr2 h
3
= 180(8 − 2)
3V = πr2 h
= 1080◦
3V
r2 =
πh
b S = 180(n − 2) r
3V
S ∴ r=
=n−2 πh
180 r
S 3 × 262

s
∴ n= +2 =
180 π × 10

f
1260 ≈ 5.00 cm
= +2

oo
180
=7+2=9 n
Polygon has 9 sides (a nonagon). 6 a S = (a + l)
2

pr
7
= (−3 + 22)
1 2
5 a V = πr2 h
3 = 66.5
1
= × π × 3.52 × 9 n
ed
3 b S = (a + l)
2
≈ 115.45 cm3
2S = n(a + l)
1 2S
b V = π2 h =a+l
ct
3 n
3V = πr2 h 2S
∴a= −l
n
re

3V
∴h= 2 × 1040
πr2 = − 156
3 × 210 13
=
π42 =4
or

≈ 12.53 cm n
c S = (a + l)
2
c

2S = n(a + l)
un

2S
∴n=
a+l
2 × 110
=
25 + −5
= 11
There are 11 terms.

20
 Solutions to Exercise 1G
2x 3x 4x + 9x 2x 4x 3
1 a + = h −
x+3 x−3 2
−
3 2 6
4x(x − 3) − 8x(x + 3) − 3(x + 3)(x − 3)
13x =
= 2(x + 3)(x − 3)
6
4x2 − 12x − 8x2 − 24x − 3(x2 − 9)
=
3a a 6a − a 2(x + 3)(x − 3)
b − =
2 4 4 4x2 − 12x − 8x2 − 24x − 3x2 + 27
=
5a 2(x + 3)(x − 3)

s
=
4 −7x2 − 36x + 27
=

f
2(x + 3)(x − 3)
3h 5h 3h 6h + 5h − 12h

oo
c + − =
4 8 2 8 4 3 4(x + 1) + 3
i + =
h x + 1 (x + 1) 2 (x + 1)2
=−
8 4x + 4 + 3
=

pr
3x y x 9x − 2y − 4x (x + 1)2
d − − = 4x + 7
4 6 3 12 =
5x − 2y (x + 1)2
=
12
ed a − 2 a 3a
j + +
3 2 3y + 2x a 4 8
e + =
x y xy 8(a − 2) + 2a2 + 3a2
=
8a
2 5x + 2(x − 1)
ct
5
f + = 5a + 8a − 16
2
x−1 x x(x − 1) =
8a
5x + 2x − 2
=
re

x(x − 1) 6x2 − 4 10x2 − (6x2 − 4)

k 2x − =
7x − 2 5x 5x
=
x(x − 1) 10x − 6x2 + 4
2
=
or

5x
3 2 3(x + 1) + 2(x − 2)
g + = 4x + 4
2
x−2 x+1 (x − 2)(x + 1) =
5x
c

3x + 3 + 2x − 4
= 4(x2 + 1)
(x − 2)(x + 1) =
un

5x
5x − 1
=
(x − 2)(x + 1)

21
 2 3 1 (x − y)(x − y) − 1
l − 2 p x−y− =
x + 4 x + 8x + 16 x−y x−y
2 3 (x − y)2 − 1
= − =
x + 4 (x + 4)2 x−y
2(x + 4) − 3
= 3 4x 3 4x
(x + 4)2 q − = +
2x + 8 − 3 x−1 1−x x−1 x−1
= 4x + 3
(x + 4)2 =
x−1
2x + 5

s
=
(x + 4)2 3
+
2
=
3 2x

f
r −
x−2 2−x x−2 x−2

oo
3 2 3 − 2x
m + =
x − 1 (x − 1)(x + 4) x−2
3(x + 4) + 2
=
(x − 1)(x + 4)
x2 4y3 4y3 x2

pr
3x + 12 + 2 2 a × =
= 2y x 2yx
(x − 1)(x + 4)
3x + 14 = 2xy2
=
(x − 1)(x + 4)
ed
3x2 y2 3x2 y2
b × =
3 2 4 4y 6x 24yx
n − + 2 xy
x−2 x+2 x −4 =
3 2 4 8
ct
= − +
x − 2 x + 2 (x − 2)(x + 2) 4x3 12 48x3
3(x + 2) − 2(x − 2) + 4 c × 4 =
= 3 8x 24x4
re

(x − 2)(x + 2) 2
3x + 6 − 2x + 4 + 4 =
= x
(x − 2)(x + 2)
x2 3xy x2
or

6
x + 14 d ÷ = ×
= 2y 6 2y 3xy
(x − 2)(x + 2)
6x2
o =
c

5 3 2 6xy2
− +
x − 2 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 3 x
un

= 2
5 3 2 y
= − +
x − 2 (x + 2)(x + 3) x + 3
5(x + 3)(x + 2) − 3(x − 2) + 2(x − 2)(x + 2) 4−x a2 a2 (4 − x)
= e × =
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) 3a 4 − x 3a(4 − x)
5(x2 + 5x + 6) − 3x + 6 + 2(x2 − 4) a
=
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)
=
3
5x2 + 25x + 30 − 3x + 6 + 2x2 − 8
=
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)
7x2 + 22x + 28
=
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)

22
 2x + 5 2x + 5 x+2 4x + 8
f = l ÷ 2
4x2 + 10x 2x(2x + 5) x(x − 3) x − 4x + 3
1 x+2 4(x + 2)
= = ÷
2x x(x − 3) (x − 1)(x − 3)
x+2 (x − 1)(x − 3)
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 = ×
g = x(x − 3) 4(x + 2)
x2 + 3x − 4 (x − 1)(x + 4)
1 x−1
x−1 = ×
= x 4
x+4

s
x−1
=
x2 − x − 6 (x − 3)(x + 2) 4x

f
h =
x−3 x−3 m

oo
= x+2 2x 4x2 2x x2 − 1
÷ 2 = ×
x−1 x −1 x−1 4x2
x2 − 5x + 4 (x − 1)(x − 4) 2x (x − 1)(x + 1)
i = = ×
x2 − 4x x(x − 4) x−1 4x2

pr
x−1 2x(x + 1)
= =
x 4x2
x+1
5a2 10a 5a2 6b =
= 2x
ed
j 2
÷ 2
×
12b 6b 12b 10a
30a b2 x2 − 9 3x + 6 9
= n × ÷
120ab2 x+2 x−3 x
a (x − 3)(x + 3) 3(x + 2) x
ct
= = × ×
4b x+2 x−3 9
3x(x − 3)(x + 3)(x + 2)
x − 2 x2 − 4 =
9(x + 2)(x − 3)
re

k ÷
x 2x2 x(x + 3)
x−2 2x2 =
= × 2 3
x −4
or

x
x−2 2x2 3x 6x2 2
= × o ÷ ×
x (x − 2)(x + 2) 9x − 6 x − 2 x + 5
3x x−2 2
c

2x2 = × ×
= 3(3x − 2) 6x 2 x+5
x(x + 2)
un

2x(x − 2)
2x = 2
= 6x (3x − 2)(x + 5)
x+2
x−2
=
3x(3x − 2)(x + 5)

1 2 3
3 a + =
x−3 x−3 x−3

23
 2 2 2(x − 3) + 2(x − 4) 2 5 2(x + 4) − 5(x − 3)
b + = h − =
x−4 x−3 (x − 4)(x − 3) x−3 x+4 (x − 3)(x + 4)
2x − 6 + 2x − 8 2x + 8 − 5x + 15
= 2 =
x − 7x + 12 x2 + x − 12
4x − 14 23 − 3x
= 2 = 2
x − 7x + 12 x + x − 12
3 2 3(x − 3) + 2(x + 4) i
c + = 2x 3x 2x(x + 3) + 3x(x − 3)
x+4 x−3 (x + 4)(x − 3) + =
x−3 x+3 (x − 3)(x + 3)

s
3x − 9 + 2x + 8
= 2x2 + 6x + 3x2 − 9x
x2 + x − 12

f
=
5x − 1 x2 − 9

oo
= 2 5x2 − 3x
x + x − 12 = 2
x −9
d
2x 2 2x(x + 4) + 2(x − 3) 1 2 1 − 2(x − 5)
+ = =

pr
x−3 x+4 (x − 3)(x + 4) j 2
−
(x − 5) x−5 (x − 5)2
2x2 + 8x + 2x − 6 1 − 2x + 10
= = 2
x2 + x − 12 x − 10x + 25
2x2 + 10x − 6 11 − 2x
ed
= 2 = 2
x + x − 12 x − 10x + 25
1 2 1 + 2(x − 5) 2x 2 2x − 2(x − 6)
e + = k − =
(x − 5)2 x − 5 (x − 5)2 (x − 6) 3 (x − 6) 2 (x − 6)3
ct
1 + 2x − 10 2x − 2x + 12
= 2 =
x − 10x + 25 (x − 6)3
2x − 9
re

= 2 12
x − 10x + 25 =
(x − 6)3
3x 2 3x + 2(x − 4) l
f + =
or

(x − 4) 2 x−4 (x − 4)2 2x + 3 2x − 4
−
3x + 2x − 8 x−4 x−3
= 2 (2x + 3)(x − 3) − (2x − 4)(x − 4)
x − 8x + 16 =
c

5x − 8 (x − 4)(x − 3)
= 2
x − 8x + 16 (2x2 − 3x − 9) − (2x2 − 12x + 16)
un

=
1 2 −1 x2 − 7x + 12
g − = 2x2 − 3x − 9 − 2x2 + 12x − 16
x−3 x−3 x−3 =
1 x2 − 7x + 12
= 9x − 25
3−x = 2
x − 7x + 12

24
 √ 2 3x3 √
4 a 1−x+ √ f √ + 3x2 x + 3
1−x 2 x+3
√ √ √ √
1−x 1−x+2 3x3 + 6x2 x + 3 x + 3
= √ = √
1−x x+3
1−x+2 3x + 6x (x + 3)
3 2
= √ = √
1−x x+3
3−x 3x + 6x3 + 18x2
3
= √ =
1−x √

s
x+3
√
2 2 x−4+6 9x + 18x2
3

f
2 = √
b √ + = √
x+3

oo
x−4 3 3 x−4
9x (x + 2)
2
3 2 5 = √
c √ + √ = √ x+3
x+4 x+4 x+4

pr
3 √ 1 2
d √ + x+4 5 a (6x − 3) 3 − (6x − 3)− 3
x+4
√ √ 1 1
3+ x+4 x+4 = (6x − 3) 3 −
= √ 2
ed
x+4 (6x − 3) 3
3+x+4 1 2
= √ (6x − 3) 3 (6x − 3) 3 − 1
x+4 = 2
x+7 (6x − 3) 3
ct
= √ 6x − 3 − 1
x+4 = 2
√ (6x − 3) 3
3x3
re

e √ − 3x2 x + 4 6x − 4
x+4 = 2
√ √ (6x − 3) 3
3x3 − 3x2 x + 4 x + 4
=
or

√
x+4 1 2
b (2x + 3) 3 − 2x(2x + 3)− 3
3x − 3x (x + 4)
3 2
= √ 1 2x
x+4 = (2x + 3) 3 −
c

2
3x − 3x3 − 12x2
3 (2x + 3) 3
=
un

√ 1 2
x+4 (2x + 3) 3 (2x + 3) 3 − 2x
2 = 2
12x
=−√ (2x + 3) 3
x+4 2x + 3 − 2x
= 2
(2x + 3) 3
3
= 2
(2x + 3) 3

25
 1 2
c (3 − x) 3 − 2x(3 − x)− 3 Since (3 − x)2 = (x − 3)2 , the answer is
3 − 3x
1 2x equivalent to 2
.
= (3 − x) 3 − 2 (x − 3) 3
(3 − x) 3
1 2
(3 − x) 3 (3 − x) 3 − 2x
= 2
(3 − x) 3
3 − x − 2x
=

s
2
(3 − x) 3

f
3 − 3x
=

oo
2
(3 − x) 3

pr
ed
ct
re
or
c
un

26
 Solutions to Exercise 1H
1 a ax + n = m 1 b
f =
x+a x
ax = m − n
Take reciprocals of both sides:
m−n x
x= x+a=
a b
x
x − = −a
b ax + b = bx b
x

s
ax − bx = −b −x=a
b

f
x(a − b) = −b x − xb
=a

oo
−b b
x= x − xb
a−b × b = ab
This answer is correct, but to avoid a b
negative sign, multiply numerator and x − xb = ab

pr
denominator by −1.
−b −1 x(1 − b) = ab
x= ×
a − b −1 ab
b x=
= 1−b
ed
b−a
b 2b
ax g =
c +c=0 x−a x+a
b Take reciprocals of both sides:
ax x−a x+a
ct
= −c =
b b 2b
ax = −bc x−a x+a
× 2b = × 2b
re

bc b 2b
x=− 2(x − a) = x + a
a
2x − 2a = x + a
px = qx + 5
or

d
2x − x = a + 2a
px − qx = 5
x = 3a
x(p − q) = 5
c

5 h
x= x x
un

p−q +n= +m
m n
x x
e mx + n = nx − m × mn + n × mn = × mn + m × mn
m n
mx − nx = −m − n
nx + mn = mx + m2 n
2

x(m − n) = −m − n
nx − mx = m2 n − mn2
−m − n
x= x(n − m) = mn(m − n)
m−n
m+n mn(m − n)
= x=
n−m n−m

27
 Note that n − m = −m + n l
x 2x 1
= −1(m − n) + = 2
a − b a + b a − b2
−mn(n − m) x(a − b)(a + b) 2x(a + b)(a − b) (a + b)(a − b)
∴ x= + =
n−m a−b a+b a2 − b2
= −mn x(a + b) + 2x(a − b) = 1
ax + bx + 2ax − 2bx = 1
i −b(ax + b) = a(bx − a)
3ax − bx = 1
−abx − b = abx − a
2 2
x(3a − b) = 1

s
−abx − abx = −a + b 2 2 1
x=

f
3a − b
−2abx = −a2 + b2

oo
m
(−a2 + b2 ) p − qx qx − t
x=− +p=
2ab t p
a − b2
2 pt(p − qx) pt(qx − t)
+ p × pt =

pr
=
2ab t p

j p2 (1 − x) − 2pqx = q2 (1 + x) p(p − qx) + p2 t = t(qx − t)

p2 − p2 x − 2pqx = q2 + q2 x p2 − pqx + p2 t = qtx − t2

ed
−p2 x − 2pqx − q2 x = q2 − p2 −pqx − qtx = −t2 − p2 − p2 t

−x(p2 + 2pq + q2 ) = q2 − p2 −qx(p + t) = −(t2 + p2 + p2 t)

t2 + p2 + p2 t
ct
−(q2 − p2 ) x= or
x= 2 q(p + t)
p + 2pq + q2
p2 − q2 p2 + p2 t + t2
re

= q(p + t)
(p + q)2
(p − q)(p + q) 1 1 2
= n + =
(p + q)2 x + a x + 2a x + 3a
or

p−q
= Multiply each term
p+q
by(x + a)(x + 2a)(x + 3a).
c

x x (x + 2a)(x + 3a) + (x + a)(x + 3a) = 2(x + a)(x + 2a)

k −1= +2
a b
un

x2 + 5ax + 6a2 + x2 + 4ax + 3a2 = 2x2 + 6ax + 4a2

x x
× ab − ab = × ab + 2ab 2x2 + 9ax + 9a2 = 2x2 + 6ax + 4a2
a b
bx − ab = ax + 2ab 2x2 − 9ax − 2x2 − 6ax = 4a2 − 9a2
3ax = −5a2
bx − ax = 2ab + ab
−5a2
x(b − a) = 3ab x=
3a
3ab 5a
x= =−
b−a 3

28
 2 ax + by = p; bx − ay = q ab(b − a)
=
Multiply the first equation by a and the (b − a)(b + a)
second equation by b. ab
=
a2 x + aby = ap 1 a+b
Substitute into bx + ay = ab:
b2 x − aby = bp 2
b×
ab
+ ay = ab
a+b
1 s+ 2:
ab2 (a + b)
x(a2 + b2 ) = ap + bq + ay(a + b) = ab(a + b)
a+b

s
ap + bq ab2 + ay(a + b) = a2 b + ab2
x=
a2 + b2

f
ay(a + b) = a2 b + ab2 − ab2
Substitute into ax + by = p:

oo
ap + bq ay(a + b) = a2 b
a× 2 + by = p
a + b2
a2 b
a(ap + bq) + by(a2 + b2 ) = p(a2 + b2 ) y=
a(a + b)

pr
a2 p + abq + by(a2 + b2 ) = a2 p + b2 p ab
=
by(a2 + b2 ) = a2 p + b2 p a+b

− a2 p − abq
4 a Multiply the first equation by b.
ed
by(a2 + b2 ) = b2 p − abq
abx + by = bc 1
b(bp − aq)
y=
b(a2 + b2 ) x + by = d 2
ct
bp − aq 1 − 2:
= 2
a + b2
x(ab − 1) = bc − d
re

x y x y bc − d
3 + = 1; + = 1 x=
a b b a ab − 1
First, multiply both equations by ab, d − bc
=
or

giving the following: 1 − ab

bx + ay = ab
It is easier to substitute in the first
ax + by = ab
c

equation for x:
Multiply the first equation by b and the
un

second equation by a:
b2 x + aby = ab2 1

a2 x + aby = a2 b 2

1 − 2:
x(b2 − a2 ) = ab2 − a2 b
ab2 − a2 b
x=
b2 − a2

29
 bc − d c Add the starting equations:
a× +y=c
ab − 1
ax + by + ax − by = t + s
a(bc − d)(ab − 1)
+ y(ab − 1) = c(ab − 1)
ab − 1 2ax = t + s
abc − ad + y(ab − 1) = abc − c t+s
x=
y(ab − 1) = abc − c 2a
Subtract the starting equations:
− abc + ad
ax + by − (ax − by) = t − s
y(ab − 1) = −c + ad
2by = t − s

s
ad − c
y= t−s
ab − 1 y=

f
c − ad 2b
=

oo
1 − ab d Multiply the first equation by a and
b Multiply the first equation by a and the second equation by b.
the second equation by b. a2 x + aby = a3 + 2a2 b − ab2 1
a2 x − aby = a3

pr
1
b2 x + aby = a2 b + b3 2
b2 x − aby = b3 2
1 − 2: 1 − 2:

x(a2 − b2 ) = a3 − b3 x(a2 − b2 ) = a3 + a2 b − ab2 − b3

ed
a3 − b3 a3 + a2 b − ab2 − b3
x= x=
a2 − b2 a2 − b2
(a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) a2 (a + b) − b2 (a + b)
= =
ct
(a − b)(a + b) a2 − b2
a + ab + b2
2
(a2 − b2 )(a + b)
= =
a+b a2 − b2
re

In this case it is easier to start again, =a+b

but eliminate x. Substitute into the second, simpler
or

Multiply the first equation by b and equation.

the second equation by a. b(a + b) + ay = a2 + b2
abx − b2 y = a2 b 3
abx − a2 y = ab2 ab + b2 + ay = a2 + b2
c

4
3 − 4: ay = a2 + b2 − ab − b2
un

y(−b2 + a2 ) = a2 b − ab2 ay = a2 − ab
y(a2 − b2 ) = ab(a − b) a2 − ab
y=
ab(a − b) a
y= 2
a − b2 =a−b
ab(a − b)
=
(a − b)(a + b) e Rewrite the second equation, then
ab multiply the first equation by b + c
=
a+b

30
 and the second equation by c. Multiply 1 by 3 and 2 by 2.
(a + b)(b + c)x + c(c + c)y 9x − 6y = 3a + 15 3

= bc(b + c) 1 4x + 6y = 10a − 2 4
acx + c(b + c)y 3 + 4:
= −abc 2 13x = 13a + 13
1 − 2: x=a+1
x((a + b)(b + c) − ac)

s
Substitute into 2 :
= bc(b + c) + abc 2(a + 1) + 3y = 5a − 1

f
x(ab + ac + b2 + bc − ac) 2a + 2 + 3y = 5a − 1

oo
= bc(b + c + a)
3y = 5a − 1 − 2a − 2
x(ab + b + bc) = bc(a + b + c)
2
3y = 3a − 3
xb(a + b + c) = bc(a + b + c)

pr
y=a−1
bc(a + b + c)
x=
b(a + b + c)
=c 5 a s = ah
ed
Substitute into the first equation. (It = a(2a + 1)
has the simpler y term.)
b Make h the subject of the second
c(a + b) + cy = bc
equation.
ct
ac + bc + cy = bc h = a(2 + h)
cy = bc − ac − bc = 2a + ah
re

cy = −ac h − ah = 2a
−ac
y= h(1 − a) = 2a
c
or

2a
= −a h=
1−a
Substitute into the first equation.
f First simplify the equations.
s = ah
c

3x − 3a − 2y − 2a = 5 − 4a 2a
un

=a×
3x − 2y = 5 − 4a 1−a
+ 3a + 2a 2a2
=
1−a
3x − 2y = a + 5 1

2x + 2a + 3y − 3a = 4a − 1
2x + 3y = 4a − 1
− 2a + 3a
2x + 3y = 5a − 1 2

31
 c h + ah = 1 e s = h2 + ah
h(1 + a) = 1 = (3a2 )2 + a(3a2 )

h=
1
=
1 = 9a4 + 3a3
(1 + a) a + 1
= 3a3 (3a + 1)
as = a + h
1 f as = a + 2h
=a+
a+1 = a + 2(a − s)
a(a + 1) + 1

s
= = a + 2a − 2s
a+1

f
a +a+1
2 as + 2s = 3a

oo
=
a+1 s(a + 2) = 3a
a +a+1
2
s= s=
3a
a(a + 1) a+2

pr
d Make h the subject of the second
g s = 2 + ah + h2
equation.
ah = a + h
 1  1 2
=2+a a− + a−
a a
ed
ah − h = a 1
= 2 + a2 − 1 + a2 − 2 + 2
h(a − 1) = a a
1 1
h= = 2a2 − 1 + 2
ct
a−1 a
Substitute into the first equation.
h Make h the subject of the second
as = s + h
equation.
re

a
as = s + as + 2h = 3a
a−1
a 2h = 3a − as
as − s =
or

a−1 3a − as
a h=
s(a − 1) = 2
a−1 Substitute into the first equation.
a(a − 1) 3s − ah = a2
c

s(a − 1)(a − 1) =
a−1 a(3a − as)
= a2
un

s(a − 1) = a
2 3s −
2
a 6s − a(3a − as) = 2a2
s=
(a − 1)2
6s − 3a2 + a2 s = 2a2
a2 s + 6s = 2a2 + 3a2
s(a2 + 6) = 5a2
5a2
s=
a2 + 6

32
 Solutions to Exercise 1I
Use your CAS calculator to find the solu- Dividing by y yields:
tions to these problems. The exact method b
ax + = a + c
will vary depending on the calculator used. y
a
bx + = b + c
1 a x=a−b y
1
let n = and the equations become:
b x=7 y

s
ax + bn = a + c
√
a2 + 4ab − 4b2

f
a± bx + an = b + c
c x=−

oo
2
a+b+c
a+c ∴ x=
d x= a+b
2 a+b
y=
c

pr
2 a (x − 1)(x + 1)(y − 1)(y + 1)
b x(b − c) + by − c = 0
b (x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) y(c − a) − ax + c = 0
(b − c)x + by = c
ed
c (a2 − 12b)(a2 + 4b)
−ax + (c − a)y = −c
d (a − c)(a − 2b + c) −(a − b − c)
∴ x=
ct
a+b−c
3 a axy + b = (a + c)y a−b+c
y=
a+b−c
bxy + a = (b + c)y
re
c or
un

33
 Solutions to technology-free questions
1 a (x3 )4 = x3×4 3 4 3(x + 4) + 4(x + 2)
d + =
x+2 x+4 (x + 2)(x + 4)
= x12
3x + 12 + 4x + 8
=
3 3 (x + 2)(x + 4)
b (y−12 ) 4 = y−12× 4
7x + 20
=
= y−9 (x + 2)(x + 4)

s
3 3 5x 4x 5
c 3x 2 × −5x4 = (3 × −5)x 2 +4 e +
x+4 x−2 2
−

f
11 10x(x − 2) + 8x(x + 4) − 5(x + 4)(x − 2)
= −15x 2 =

oo
2(x + 4)(x − 2)
10x2 − 20x + 8x2 + 32x − 5(x2 + 2x − 8)
4 4 =
d (x3 ) 3 ×x −5
=x 3× 3
×x −5
2(x + 4)(x − 2)
10x2 − 20x + 8x2 + 32x − 5x2 − 10x + 40
= x4−5

pr
=
2(x + 4)(x − 2)
= x−1 37x2 + 2x + 40
=
2(x + 4)(x − 2)

2 32 × 1011 × 12 × 10−5
ed 3 6 3(x − 2) − 6
f − =
= (32 × 12) × 1011−5 x − 2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)2
3x − 6 − 6
= 384 × 106 =
x−2
ct
= 3.84 × 108 3x − 12
=
x−2
3(x − 4)
re

3x y 2x 6x + y − 4x =
3 a + − = x−2
5 10 5 10
2x + y
= x+5 x2 + 5x
or

10 4 a ÷
2x − 6 4x − 12
4 7 4y − 7x x+5
b − = =
4x − 12
× 2
x y xy 2x − 6 x + 5x
c

5 2 5(x − 1) + 2(x + 2) x+5 4(x − 3)

=
un

c + = ×
x+2 x−1 (x + 2)(x − 1) 2(x − 3) x(x + 5)
5x − 5 + 2x + 4 4 2
= = =
(x + 2)(x − 1) 2x x
7x − 1
=
(x + 2)(x − 1)

34
 3x 12x2 1.5 × 108
b ÷ 2 6 = 0.5 × 102
x + 4 x − 16 3 × 106
3x x2 − 16 = 50 times further
= ×
x+4 12x2
3x (x − 4)(x + 4)
= × 7 Let g be the number of games the team
x+4 12x2
lost. They won 2g games and drew
3x(x − 4)
= one third of 54 games, i.e. 18 games.
12x2
x−4 g + 2g + 18 = 54

s
=
4x 3g = 54 − 18

f
x2 − 4 3x − 9 = 36

oo
9
c × ÷
x−3 x+2 x+2 g = 12
x − 4 3x − 9 x + 2
2
They have lost 12 games.
= × ×
x−3 x+2 9

pr
(x − 2)(x + 2) 3(x − 3)
= × 8 Let b be the number of blues CDs
x−3 x+2
x+2 sold. The store sold l.lb clas-
×
9 sical and 1.5(b + 1.1b) heavy
ed
(x + 2)(x − 2) x2 − 4 metal CDs, totalling 420 CDs.
= = b + 1.1 b + 1.5 × 2.1b = 420
3 3
5.25b = 420
4x + 20 6x2 2
ct
d × ÷ 420
9x − 6 x + 5 3x − 2 b=
4(x + 5) 6x2 3x − 2 5.25
= × × = 80
3(3x − 2) x + 5
re

2
4 × 6x2 1.1b = 1.1 × 80 = 88
= = 4x2
3×2 1.5 × 2.1b = 1.5 × 2.1 × 80
or

= 252
5 Let t seconds be the required time. 80 blues, 88 classical and 252 heavy
The number of red blood cells to be metal (totalling 420)
1
c

replaced is × 5 × 1012 = 2.5 × 1012

2
un

2.5 × 106 × t = 2.5 × 1012

9 a V = πr2 h
12
2.5 × 10
t= = π × 52 × 12
2.5 × 106
= 106 = 300π ≈ 942 cm3

Time = 106 seconds

= 106 ÷ 3600 ÷ 24 days
31
≈ 11.57 or 11 days
54

35
 V d
b h= ax + d
πr2 a − dx
+b=
585 d b
= bd(a − dx) bd(ax + d)
π × 52 + bd × b =
117 d b
= ≈ 7.4 cm
5π b(a − dx) + b d = d(ax + d)
2

V ab − bdx + b2 d = adx + d2
c r2 =
πh − bdx − adx = d2 − ab − b2 d

s
r
V
r= (use positive root) − x(bd + ad) = −(ab + b2 d − d2 )
πh

f
−(ab + b2 d − d2 )

oo
r
786 x=
= −(bd + ad)
π×6
ab + b2 d − d2
=
r
128
= ≈ 40.7 cm bd + ad
π

pr
p q p(p − q) + q(p + q)
10 a xy + ax = b 11 a + =
p+q p−q (p + q)(p − q)
x(y + a) = b p2 − qp + qp + q2
ed
=
b p2 − pq + pq − q2
x=
a+y p2 + q2
=
p2 − q2
ct
a b
b + =c
x x 1 2y (xy − y2 ) − 2xy
ax bx b − =
+ = cx x xy − y2 x(xy − y2 )
re

x x
−xy − y2
a + b = cx =
x2 y − xy2
a+b y(−x − y)
or

x= =
c xy(x − y)
x x −x − y
c = +2 =
a b x(x − y)
c

xab xab x+y

= + 2ab =
un

a b x(y − x)
bx = ax + 2ab
x2 + x − 6 2x2 + x − 1
bx − ax = 2ab c ×
x+1 x+3
x(b − a) = 2ab (x − 2)(x + 3) (x + 1)(2x − 1)
= ×
2ab x+1 x+3
x= = (x − 2)(2x − 1)
b−a

36
 2a 2ab + b2 13 a Simplify the first equation:
d ×
2a + b ba2 1
a − 5 = (b + 3)
2a b(2a + b) 7
= ×
2a + b ba2 7(a − 5) = b + 3
2ab
= 2 7a − 35 = b + 3
ba
2 7a − b = 38
= Simplify the second equation:
a
1
b − 12 = (4a − 2)

s
5
12 Let A’s age be a, B’s age be b and C’s
5(b − 12) = 4a − 2

f
age be c.

oo
a = 3b 5b − 60 = 4a − 2

b + 3 = 3(c + 3) −4a + 5b = 58
Multiply the first equation by 5, and
a + 15 = 3(c + 15)

pr
add the second equation.
Substitute for a and simplify:
b + 3 = 3(c + 3) 35a − 5b = 190 1

b + 3 = 3c + 9 −4a + 5b = 58 2

+ 2:
ed
b = 3c + 6 1 1

3b + 15 = 3(c + 15) 31a = 248

3b + 15 = 3c + 45 a=8
ct
3b = 3c + 30 Substitute into the first equation:
7 × 8 − b = 38
b = c + 10 2
re

56 − b = 38
1 = 2:
b = 56 − 38 = 18
3c + 6 = c + 10
or

3c − c = 10 − 6 b Multiply the first equation by p.

2c = 4 (p − q)x + (p + q)y = (p + q2 )
p(p − q)x + p(p + q)y = p(p + q2 )
c

c=2
1
un

b=3×2+6
Multiply the second by (p + q).
= 12
qx − py = q2 − pq
a = 3 × 12
q(p + q)x − p(p + q)y
= 36
A, B and C are 36, 12 and 2 years old = (p + q)(q2 − pq) 2

respectively. 1 + 2:
(p(p − q) + q(p + q))x
= p(p + q)2 + (p + q)(q2 − pq)

37
 (p2 − pq + pq + q2 )x −32x2 + 102x + 35 = 0
= p(p2 + 2pq + q2 ) 32x2 − 102x − 35 = 0
+ pq2 − p2 q + q3 − pq2 (2x − 7)(16x + 5) = 0
(p2 + q2 )x 2x − 7 = 0 or 16x + 5 = 0
= p3 + 2p2 q + pq2 − p2 q + q3 x > 0, so 2x − 7 = 0
= p3 + p2 q + pq2 + q3 x = 3.5

s
= p2 (p + q) + q2 (p + q)
2n2 × 6nk2

f
= (p + q)(p2 + q2 ) 15 a 2n2 × 6nk2 ÷ 3n =

oo
3n
x= p+q 3 2
12n k
Substitute into the second equa- =
tion, factorising the right side. 3n
q(p + q) − py = q2 − pq = 4n2 k2

pr
pq + q2 − py = q2 − pq 8c2 x3 y
1
2 xy
b ÷
−py = q2 − pq − pq − q2 6a2 b3 c3 15abc2
−py = −2pq 8c2 x3 y xy
= 2 3 3÷
ed
6a b c 30abc2
−2pq
y= 8c2 x3 y 30abc2
−p = 2 3 3×
6a b c xy
= 2q
ct
240abc4 x3 y
=
6a2 b3 c3 xy
distance 40cx2
14 Time =
re

speed =
ab2
Remainder = 50 − 7 − 7 = 36 km
7 7 36
+ + =4
or

x 4x 6x + 3 x+5 x−5 2x
16 − =1+
7 7 12 15 10 15
+ + =4
x 4x 2x + 1 30(x + 5) 30(x − 5)  2x 
7 7 12
! − = 30 × 1 +
c

(4x(2x + 1)) × + + 15 10 15
x 4x 2x + 1 2(x + 5) − 3(x − 5) = 30 + 4x
un

= 4 × 4x(2x + 1) 2x + 10 − 3x + 15 = 30 + 4x
28(2x + 1) + 7(2x + 1) + 48x 2x − 3x − 4x = 30 − 10 − 15
= 16x(2x + 1) −5x = 5
56x + 28 + 14x + 7 + 48x x = −1
= 32x2 + 16x
56x + 28 + 14x + 7 + 48x
− 32x2 − 16x = 0

38
 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 A 5x + 2y = 0 5 B
3 2 3(x + 3) − 2(x − 3)
2y = −5x − =
x−3 x+3 (x − 3)(x + 3)
y 5 3x + 9 − 2x + 6
=− =
x 2 x2 − 9
x + 15
2 A Multiply both sides of the second = 2
x −9
equation by 2.

s
9x2 y3
6 E 9x2 y3 ÷ 15(xy)3 =

f
3x + 2y = 36 1 15(xy)3

oo
6x − 2y = 24 2 9x2 y3
=
15x3 y3
9
1 + 2: =

pr
15x
9x = 60
3
20 =
x= 5x
3
20 1
V = h(l + w)
ed 7 B
3× − y = 12 3
3
20 − y = 12 3V = h(l + w)

y=8 3V = hl + hw
ct
hl = 3V − hw
3 C t − 9 = 3t − 17
3V − hw
l=
re

t − 3t = 9 − 17 h
−2t = −8 3V
= −w
h
t=4
or

(3x2 y3 )2 9x4 y6
n− p 8 B =
4 A m= 2x2 y 2x2 y
n+ p
9x2 y5
c

m(n + p) = n − p =
2
un

mn + mp = n − p 9
= x2 y5
2
mp + p = n − mn
p(m + 1) = n(1 − m)
n(1 − m)
p=
1+m

39
 4 10 B Let the other number be n.
9 B Y = 80% × Z = Z
5
x+n
3 = 5x + 4
X = 150% × Y = Y 2
2
3 4Z x + n = 2(5x + 4)
= ×
2 5 = 10x + 8
12Z
= n = 10x + 8 − x
10
= 1.2Z = 9x + 8

s
= 20% greater than Z

f
oo
pr
ed
ct
re
c or
un

40
 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 Jack cycles 10x km.
Benny drives 40x km.

a Distance = speed × time

distance
∴ time =
speed

s
10x
∴ time taken by Jack =
8

f
5x
=

oo
hours
4
40x
b Time taken by Benny =
70

pr
4x
= hours
7
5x 4x
c Jack’s time–Benny’s time = −
4 7
ed
(35 − 16)x
=
7
19x
= hours
ct
28
1
d i If the difference is 30 mins = hour
2
re

19x 1
then =
28 2
14
or

∴ x=
19
= 0.737 (correct to three decimal places)
c

14
ii Distance for Jack = 10 ×
un

19
140
=
19
= 7 km (correct to the nearest km)
14
Distance for Benny = 40 ×
19
560
=
19
= 29 km (correct to the nearest km)

41
 2 a Dinghy is filling with water at a rate of
27 000 − 9 000 = 18 000 cm3 per minute.

b After t minutes there are 18 000t cm3 water in the dinghy,

i.e. V = 18 000t

c V = πr2 h is the formula for the volume of a cylinder

V
∴ h= 2
πr

s
18 000t
=
πr2

f
The radius of this cylinder is 40 cm

oo
18 000t 45t
∴ h= =
1600π 4π
45t
i.e. the height h cm water at time t is given by h =
4π

pr
45 × 9
d When t = 9, h =
4π
≈ 32.228 . . .
The dinghy has filled with water, before t = 9, i.e. Sam is rescued after the dinghy
ed
completely filled with water.
5a 3a
3 a Let Thomas have a cards. Therefore Henry has cards, George has cards, Sally
6 2
a
ct
has (a − 18) cards and Zeb has cards.
3
3a a 5a
re

b + a − 18 + = a + +6
2 3 6

c ∴ 9a + 6a − 108 + 2a = 6a + 5a + 36
or

∴ 6a = 144
∴ a = 24
Thomas has 24 cards, Henry has 20 cards, George has 36 cards, Sally has 6 cards
c

and Zeb has 8 cards.

un

6.67 × 10−11 × 200 × 200

4 a F=
122
= 1.852 . . . × 10−8
= 1.9 × 10−8 (correct to two significant figures)

42
 Fr2
b m1 =
m2 × 6.67 × 10−11
Fr2 × 1011
=
6.67m2

c If F = 2.4 × 104
r = 6.4 × 106
and m2 = 1500

s
2.4 × 104 × (6.4 × 106 )2 × 1011
m1 =

f
6.67 × 1500

oo
= 9.8254 . . . × 1024
The mass of the earth is 9.8 × 1024 kg (correct to two significant figures).

5 a V = 3 × 103 × 6 × 103 × d

pr
= 18 × 106 d

b When d = 30, V = 18 × 106 × 30

ed
= 540 000 000
= 5.4 × 108
The volume of the reservoir is 5.4 × 108 m3 .
ct
c E = kVh
1.06 × 1015 = k × 200 × 5.4 × 108
re

1.06 × 1015
k=
200 × 5.4 × 108
or

= 9.81 . . . × 103
k = 9.81 × 103 correct to three significant figures.
c

d E = (9.81 × 103 ) × 5.4 × 108 × 250

un

= 1.325 × 1015 correct to four significant figures.

The amount of energy produced is 1.325 × 1015 J.

e Let t be the time in seconds.

5.2 × t = 5.4 × 108
t = 103.846 153 8
∴ number of days = 103.846 153 8 ÷ (24 × 60 × 60)
= 1201.92 . . .
The station could operate for approximately 1202 days.

43
 CAS calculator techniques for Question 5
5 b Calculations involving scientific notation and
significant figures can be accomplished with the
aid of a graphics calculator.
When d = 30, V = 18 × 106 × 30
= 540 000 000
This calculation can be completed as shown

s
here.
T1: Press c → 5: Settings → 2: Document

f
Settings and change the Exponential Format to

oo
Scientific. Click on Make Default.
Return to the Calculator application.
Type 18 × 10∧ 6 × 30 or 18i6 × 30

pr
CP: In the Main application tap → Basic
Format
Change the Number Format to Sci2
Type 18 × 10∧ 6 × 30
ed
c T1: Press c→ 5: Settings → 2: Document
Settings and change the Display Digits to Float
3. Click on Make Default.
ct

Return to the home screen and press and complete as shown.

CP: tap → Basic Format
re

Change the Number Format to Sci3 Complete calculation as shown

d The calculation is as shown. T1: Display Digits

or

is Float 4 CP: Number Format is Sci4

Simply type ×5.4 × 10∧ 8 × 25
c
un

44
 6 Let R1 cm and R2 cm be the radii of the inner circles.
∴ Yellow area = πR21
R1 R2
Blue area = πR22 − πR21
Red area = 100π − πR22 Yellow 10 cm

∴ 100π − πR22 = πR22 − πR21 = πR21 Blue

Red
Firstly, πR22 − πR21 = πR21
implies R22 = 2R21 1

s
and 100π − πR22 = πR22 − πR21

f
100 = 2R22 − R21

oo
implies 2
Substitute from 1 in 2
∴ 100 = 4R21 − R21
100 = 3R21

pr
10
and R1 = √
3
√
10 3  200 
= Note : R22 =
ed
3 √ 3
10 3
The radius of the innermost circle is cm.
3
ct
7 If C = F,
5
F = (F − 32)
re

9
9F = 5F − 160
∴ 4F = −160
or

∴ F = −40
Therefore − 40◦ F = −40◦ C.
c
un

45
 8 Let x km be the length of the slope. x km
x
∴ time to go up =
15
x
∴ time to go down =
40
x x
∴ total time = +
15 40
11x
=
120

s
total distance
∴ average speed =
total time

f
11x

oo
= 2x ÷
120
120
= 2x ×
11x
240

pr
=
11
≈ 21.82 km/h
ed
9 1 litre = 1000 cm3

a Volume = Volume of cylinder + Volume of hemisphere

2
ct
= πr2 h + πr3
3
It is known that r + h = 20
re

∴ h = 20 − r

2
b i Volume = πr2 (20 − r) + πr3
or

3
2
= 20πr2 − πr3 + πr3
3
π 3
c

= 20πr − r
2
3
un

ii If Volume = 2000 cm3

π
then 20πr2 − r3 = 2000
3
Use a CAS calculator to solve this equation for r, given that 0 < r < 20. This
gives r = 5.943999 · · ·
Therefore h = 20 − r
= 20 − 5.943 99 . . .
= 14.056 001 . . .

46
 The volume is two litres when r = 5.94 and h = 14.06, correct to two decimal
places.

10 a Let x and y be the amount of liquid (in cm3 ) taken from bottles A and B respectively.
Since the third bottle has a capacity of 1000 cm3 ,
x + y = 1000 1
2 1
Now x= x wine + x water
3 3

s
1 5
and y = y wine + y water
6 6

f
2 1 1 5

oo
∴ x + y = x + y since the proportion of wine and water must be the same.
3 6 3 6
∴ 4x + y = 2x + 5y
∴ 2x = 4y

pr
∴ x = 2y
From 2 2y + y = 1000
1000 2000
y= and x =
ed
∴
3 3
2000 3 1000 3
Therefore, cm and cm must be taken from bottles A and B respectively
3 3
2
so that the third bottle will have equal amounts of wine and water, i.e. L from A
ct
3
1
and L from B
3
re

b x + y = 1000 1
1 3 2 1
x+ y= x+ y
or

3 4 3 4
∴ 4x + 9y = 8x + 3y
∴ 6y = 4x
c

3
∴ x= y 2
un

2
3
From 1 y + y = 1000
2
2
∴ y = × 1000
5
= 400
∴ x = 600

47
 Therefore, 600 cm3 and 400 cm3 must be taken from bottles A and B respectively so
that the third bottle will have equal amounts of wine and water, i.e. 600 mL from A
and 400 mL from B

c
x + y = 1000 1
m p n q
x+ y= x+ y
m+n p+q m+n p+q

s
∴ m(p + q)x + p(m + n)y = n(p + q)x + q(m + n)y

f
∴ (m(p + q) − n(p + q))x = (q(m + n) − p(m + n))y

oo
∴ (m − n)(p + q)x = (q − p)(m + n)y
(m + n)(q − p)
∴ x= y, m , n, p , q 2
(m − n)(p + q)

pr
(m + n)(q − p)
From 1 y + y = 1000
(m − n)(p + q)
(m + n)(q − p) + (m − n)(p + q)
∴ y = 1000
(m − n)(p + q)
ed
mq − mp + nq − np + mp + mq − np − nq
∴ y = 1000
(m − n)(p + q)
2(mq − np)
∴ y = 1000
ct
(m − n)(p + q)
500(m − n)(p + q)
∴ y= ,
mq − np
re

mq , np
(m + n)(q − p) 500(m − n)(p + q)
From 1 x = ×
(m − n)(p + q)
or

mq − np
500(m + n)(q − p) n q
= , ,
mq − np q p
500(m + n)(q − p) 500(m − n)(p + q)
c

Therefore, cm3 and cm3 must be taken from

mq − np mq − np
un

bottles A and B respectively so that the third bottle will have equal amounts of wine
(m + n)(q − p) (m − n)(p + q)
and water. In litres this is litres from A and litres
2(mq − np) 2(mq − np)
n q n q
from B. Also note that ≥ 1 and ≤ 1 or ≤ 1 and ≥ 1.
m p m p

48
 20 − h r
11 a =
20 10
∴ 10(20 − h) = 20r
∴ 200 − 10h = 20r
∴ 20 − h = 2r
∴ h = 20 − 2r
= 2(10 − r)

s
b V = πr2 h

f
oo
= 2πr2 (10 − r)

c Use CAS calculator to solve the equation 2πx2 (10 − r) = 500, given that 0 < r < 10.
This gives r = 3.49857 . . . or r = 9.02244 . . .

pr
When r = 3.498 57 . . . , h = 2(10 − 3.498 57 . . .)
= 13.002 85 . . .
When r = 9.022 44 . . . , h = 2(10 − 9.022 44 . . .)
ed
= 1.955 11 . . .
Therefore the volume of the cylinder is 500 cm3 when r = 3.50 and h = 13.00 or
when r = 9.02 and h = 1.96, correct to two decimal places.
ct
re
c or
un

49