Activity 1

Objective : To draw the graph of a quadratic polynomial and observe the shape of the curve
and its number of zeroes.

Material Required : Graph paper, pencil, eraser, scale, pen, fevicol.

Procedure :

1. Take a graph paper of convenient size and paste it on a A4 size paper or in notebook.
2. Consider a quadratic polynomial y  x 2  2 x  3
3. Find the ordered pairs  x, y  for different values of x.
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
y 5 0 3 4 3 0 5

4. Plot these ordered pairs in the Cartesian plane.

5. Join the plotted points by a free hand curve.

Observation : We observed that the shape of a curve is a parabola and curve

intersects x axis at two points.

Conclusion : 1. The graph of a quadratic polynomial is parabola in shape.

2. A quadratic polynomial can have maximum two zeroes.
 Activity 2
Objective : To verify the conditions of consistency / inconsistency for a pair of linear
equations in two variables by graphical method.

Prerequisite Knowledge:

1. Plotting of points on a graph paper.

2. Conditions of parallel, intersecting and coincident lines.

Materials Required
Graph papers, fevicol, geometry box..

Procedure
Consider the three pairs of linear equations
1st pair: 2 x  5 y  4  0 , 2 x  y  8  0
2nd pair: 4 x  6 y  24 , 2 x  3 y  6
3rd pair: x  2 y  5 , 3x  6 y  15

1. Take the 1st pair of linear equations in two variables, e.g., 2 x  5 y  4  0 ,

2x  y  8  0 .
2. Obtain a table of at least three such pairs (x, y) which satisfy the given equations.

3. Plot the points of two equations on the graph paper as shown in fig. (i).
4. Observe whether the lines are intersecting, parallel or coincident. Write the values in
observation table.
a b c
Also, check ; 1 , 1 , 1
a2 b2 c2
5. Take the second pair of linear equations in two variables i.e. 4 x  6 y  24 , 2 x  3 y  6

6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.

7. Take the third pair of linear equations in two variables, i.e. x  2 y  5 , 3x  6 y  15

8. Repeat steps 3 and 4

Obtain the condition for two lines to be intersecting, parallel or coincident from the
a b c
observation table by comparing the values of 1 , 1 , 1
a2 b2 c2

Observation Table :

Pair of a1 b1 c1 Compare the Type of No. of

Lines a2 b2 c2 ratios and lines solutions
write the
conditions

1st pair

2nd pair

3rd pair

Observation : We observed that

a1 b1
1. for intersecting lines, 
a2 b2
a b c
2. for parallel lines, 1  1  1
a2 b2 c2
a b c
3. for coincident lines, 1  1  1
a2 b2 c2

Result : The conditions of consistency / inconsistency for a pair of linear equations in two
variables is verified.
 Activity 3
n  n  1
Objective : To verify that the sum of first n natural numbers is by graphical
2
method.

Prerequisite Knowledge :

1. Concept of natural numbers.

2. Area of squares and rectangles.

Materials Required : Graph papers, white paper, coloured pens, geometry box.

Procedure : Let us consider the sum of first n natural numbers

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +………. + n (say n = 10).

1. Take a graph paper and paste it on a white paper.

2. Mark the rectangles 1, 2, 3, ……, n , ( n + 1) along the vertical line and 1,2, 3,…. n
along the horizontal line.
3. Colour the rectangular strips of length 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm ,……, n cm each of width 1
cm.
4. Complete the rectangle with sides n and n +1. Name this rectangle as PQRS. Mark
dot in each square as shown in fig. (i).
5. Count the coloured squares and total number of squares in rectangle PQRS.
 1
Observation : We observed that number of shaded squares =  total no. of squares
2
No. of shaded squares = 1+ 2 + 3 + … + n
Total squares = Area of rectangle = n  n  1
1
Therefore 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = n  n  1
2

Calculation :
Area of rectangle PQRS = 10  11
1
Area of shaded region =  10  11 = 55 ……………….(i)
2
Also, area of shaded region = (1  1) + (2  1) + (3  1) +… + (10  1)
= 1+2 + 3 + … +10 = 55 …………………….(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
1
1+2 + 3 + … + 10 =  10  11 = 55
2
1
Verified that 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 10 =  10 (10 + 1) by graphical method.
2

n  n  1
Result : It is verified graphically that 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = or sum of first n natural
2
n  n  1
numbers is .
2
 Activity- 4
Objective : To verify the Basic Proportionality Theorem by activity method.
Materials Required : Ruled paper, white sheets of paper, colour pencils, a pair of scissors, geometry box, etc.
Procedure :
1. On a white sheet of paper, draw an acute angled triangle ABC and an obtuse angled triangle PQR. Using a
pair of scissors, cut them out.

Figure-1
2. Take a ruled paper. Place ∆ABC over the ruled paper such that any one side of the triangle is placed on one
of the lines of the ruled paper. Place the ∆PQR over the ruled paper in the same manner as discussed above.
Mark points X1, X2, X3, X4 on ∆ABC and Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 on ∆PQR. Join X1X2, X3X4, Y1Y2, and Y3Y4.

Figure-2

3. Using a ruler, measure A X1, X1B, A X2, X2C, A X3, X3B, A X4, X4C and record the 1engths in the
following table.

AX1 AX 2 AX3 AX 4
A X1 X1B A X2 X2C A X3 X3B A X4 X4C
X1B X2C X3 B X4C

4. Similarly, measure RY1, Y1P, RY2, Y2Q, RY3, Y3P, RY4 and Y4Q.

RY1 RY2 RY3 RY4

R1Y Y1P RY2 Y 2Q RY3 Y3P RY4 Y4Q
Y1P Y2 Q Y3 P Y4 Q

Observations :
1. In figure 2(a), we see that X1X2  BC and X3X4  BC
Similarly, in figure 2(b), we see that Y1Y2  PQ and Y3Y4  PQ.

AX1 AX 2 AX3 AX 4
2. From the tables, we see that = , =
X1B X 2 C X3 B X4C

RY1 RY2 RY3 RY4

And = , =
Y1P Y2 Q Y3 P Y4 Q
Thus, we have :
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the
other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
 Activity: Chap 7 Coordinate Geometry

Objective
To verify the distance formula by graphical method.

Material Required
Cardboard, chart paper, graph paper, glue, pen/pencil and ruler.

Method OF CONSTRUCTION

1 Paste a chart paper on a cardboard of a convenient size.

2 Paste the graph paper on the chart paper.
3 Draw the axes 𝑋 ′ 𝑂𝑋 and 𝑌 ′ 𝑂𝑌 on the graph paper [see Fig. 1].
4 Take two points A(𝑎, 𝑏) and B(𝑐, 𝑑) on the graph paper and join them to get a line
segment AB [see Fig. 2].

Demonstration
1 Calculate the distance 𝐴𝐵 using distance formula.
2 Measure the distance between the two points A and B using a ruler.
3 The distance calculated by distance formula and distance measured by the ruler
are the same.

OBSERVATION
1 Coordinates of the point 𝐴 are Coordinates of the point B are ___________.
2 Distance 𝐴𝐵, using distance formula is ___________.
3 Actual distance AB measured by ruler is ___________.
4 The distance calculated in (2) and actual distance measured in (3) are
___________.

Application:
The distance formula is used in proving a number of results in geometry.
 ACTIVITY N0. 6

TOPIC:

LENGTHS OF TANGENTS DRAWN FROM AN EXTERNAL POINT TO A CIRCLE ARE

EQUAL

OBJECTIVE: To verify that the length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are
equal by paper cutting and folding method

PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

1 Meaning of tangent to a circle

2 Exterior of a circle

PROCEDURE:

1. Cut a circle of any radius and paste it on a rectangular sheet of coloured paper.
2. Take a point 𝑃 outside -the circle on the rectangular sheet
3. Fold the paper in such a way that it passes through 𝑃 and just touches the circle at a
point 𝐴.
4. Press the 2 parts together so that a straight crease is formed.
5. Unfold the paper and draw the line 𝑃𝐴. PA is a tangent to the circle at 𝐴.
6. Repeat the step 3. to get another tangent 𝑃𝐵 to the circle at 𝐵.
7. Join 𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐵 and 𝑂𝑃,△ 𝑂𝐴𝑃 and △ 𝑂𝐵𝑃 are formed.

OBSERVATION:

1 It is observed that length of tangent 𝑃𝐴 is equal to the length of tangent 𝑃𝐵.

2 It is also observed that △ 𝑂𝐴𝑃 is completely covered by △ 𝑂𝐵𝑃.
RESULT
1. Tangents drawn to a circle from the same external point are equal.
2. The 2 triangles formed with the help of tangents, Radii and the line segment joining
the centre to the external pint are congruent.
 ACTIVITY

TOPIC: COMMON TANGENTS TO 2 CIRCLES

OBJECTIVE: To find number of common tangents that can be drawn when 2 circles are
intersecting

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
1. Concept of tangents
2. common tangents to a circle

PROCEDURE

1 Cut 3 congruent circles of any radius from the same coloured paper.
2 Cut 3 move congruent circles of different size and different colon from the
previous one.
3 Place these circles in different positions to get number of common tangents and
paste them.
4 Draw the common tangents.

Observation Table:

POSITION OF CIRCLES NO. OF TANGENTS

i) Circles touch externally 3

 ii) Circles touch internally 1

2
iii) Circles are intersecting

RESULT:

When 2 circles are intersecting, the minimum no. Of common tangents is 1 and
maximum no. of common tangents is 3.