Scribd
Upload
14 views

Generality 2. Protection Functions 3. Protection of Distribution Equipment

Uploaded by

Châu Lâm Tuần
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Generality 2. Protection Functions 3. Protection of Distribution Equipment

Uploaded by

Châu Lâm Tuần
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Le Viet Tien, Ph.

D
EPSD, SEE, HUST

CONTENTS

1. Generality
2. Protection Functions
3. Protection of distribution equipment

1
1. Generality
1.1. Conceptions

• Faults and abnormal operations in power system


– Faults in power systems
 Thermal effects
 Mechanical effects
– Abnormal operating conditions
 Overloading
 Overvoltage
 Power swing

1. Generality
1.1. Conceptions

• Protection missions:
+ Fast enough to clear the fault at minimum operating
time

+ Operating correctly (reliable);

+ Disconnecting the minimum section of the network


necessary to isolate the fault (selectivity)

+ Ensuring coordination at cost as low as possible.

2
1. Generality
1.1. Conceptions

• Protection has its limits. Therefore, it cannot prevent disturbances; it


can only limit their effects and their duration.

• Separate zones for protection to distribution systems (e.g., motors,


cables, lines, bus bars, transformers, generators).

• Primary protection isolates the rest of the system when a fault occurs
within it and keeping the other zones in service. The zones may overlap
at some points.

• Backup protection is used as a second line of defense in order to


operate when the primary protection does not work.

1. Generality
1.1. Protection Components

• Protection Measurement sensors


(CT and VT) supplying the data
required for fault detection at low
levels.

• Protection relays for continuous


monitoring and processing the data
received from sensors to formulate
and deliver the order to the trip
circuit to clear the faulty parts.

• CBs or combination of switches or


contactors and fuses to isolate the
faulty parts.

3
1. Generality
1.1. Protection requirement

• Speed: The relay system should disconnect the fault


section as soon as possible.
• Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to
select correctly that part of the system in trouble and
disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of
the system.
• Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system
to operate with low value of actuating quantity.
• Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate
under the pre-determined conditions.
• Economy: Economically suitable for its application.

1. Generality
1.2. Classification

• General functions: Auxiliary, Protection, Monitoring and


control.
• Construction: Electromagnetic, Solid state, Numerical,
Nonelectric (thermal, pressure ......etc.)
• Incoming signal: Current, Voltage, Frequency,
Temperature, Pressure, Velocity, others.
• Type of protections: Over-current (O/C), Directional
O/C, Distance, Overvoltage, Differential, Reverse Power,
others.

4
1. Generality
1.3. Basic scheme

• Fast clearing the faults


• Selectivity
• Sensitivity
• Reliability

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

• Over/Under – Input signal (Current, voltage, frequency)

10

5
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

• Over/Under – Input signal


(Current, voltage,
frequency)
• Types of operating
characteristics of overcurrent
relays
Definite-Current Protection (a)
Definite-Time Protection (b)
Inverse-time Protection (c)

11

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

•Coordination of Overcurrent Relays is based on isolating


the fault part of the distribution system and only that part
as quickly as possible, leaving all the fault-tree parts in
service.

+ Time-based coordination
+ Current-based coordination
+ Logic coordination

12

6
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

• Time-based Coordination
+ Applying to radial distribution systems.
+ Activated when the current exceeds the relay settings

13

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

14

7
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

•Current-Based Coordination
+ As the fault is far from the source, the fault current is less.
Installed at the starting power of each section.

+ The threshold is set at a value lower that the minimum short-circuit


current caused by a fault downstream (outside the monitored area)

15

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

16

8
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Maximum/minimum protection

•Logic Coordination
+ Solve the drawbacks of both time-based and current-
based coordination

+ The tripping time delay of the CB closest to the source


is considerably reduced.

17

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Recloser and Fuse

Reclosers: Faults on overhead distribution lines have show


that most are transient and can be cleared without
interrupting customer supply.

18

9
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Recloser and Fuse

• Fuses is an overcurrent protection device that includes both


sensing and interrupting elements.

• The mechanism of interruption is performed by two


processes: thermal process and interrupting process.

19

2. Protection Principles
2.1. Recloser and Fuse
Fuses is an overcurrent protection device that includes both sensing and
interrupting elements.
The mechanism of interruption is performed by two processes: thermal process
and interrupting process.

20

10
2. Protection Principles
2.1. Recloser and Fuse

Fuse-Fuse Coordination:

The maximum clearing time for a main fuse does not exceed
75% of the minimum melting time of the backup fuse.

21

2. Protection Principles
2.2. Differential protection

• Principle:
• Differential protection is based on comparing phase
current entering the protected distribution element Iin
with current leaving this element Iout on the same
phase.

22

11
2. Protection Principles
2.2. Differential protection

23

Reference

• T. A. Short, Electric power distribution handbook,


CRC Press, 2006.
• www.openelectrical.org

24

12
25

13

You might also like