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12 views

Lec 1 PDF

Uploaded by

shamasrecipes0206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signals and their spectrums

Brief History

Francis Bacon: Developed Samuel Morse : Developed


Binary code in 1605 Telegraphy in 1837
Brief History

J. C. Maxwell: Developed radio Alexander Graham Bell:


in 1864 Developed Telephony in 1875
Brief History

Ronald Fisher : Developed Harry Nyquist: Pulse shaping


Maximum Likelihood contribution in 1928
estimator in 1920
Brief History

Alec Reeve: Developed Pulse Claude Shannon: Developed


Coding Multiplexing in 1937 mathematical theory of
communication in 1948
Brief History

Charles Kao: Reduction of losses in Robert Gray Gallager : Pioneer work


Optical Fiber Communication in 1966 in Information Theory in 1963
Why Digital?
Typical Digital Communication System
Signal Processing Functions
Signals
Classification of signals

1) Deterministic and Random Signal : eg.


2) Periodic and Non-periodic Signals: eg.
2) Analog and Discrete Signals: eg. x(t) and x(kt)
3) Energy and Power Signals: and , but they are
generally normalized to 1 Ω resistor , thus regardless of
energy or power.
Energy and power in the duration of (-T/2, T/2)
Spectral Density
• For energy signal x(t) over the interval (-∞, ∞),
Energy Spectral Density:

• For a periodic signal with period T ,


0

Power Spectral Density:

**Parseval Theorem: if are complex Fourier coefficients of


periodic signal
Power Spectral Density

• Power Spectral Density gives distribution of power of x(t) in


frequency domain. It is real, even , non-negative and discrete
function of frequency.

• The average normalized power can be defined as


Example 1
Find the average normalized power in waveform,𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 using
time averaging.
Using we can write,
Autocorrelation of energy signals
• It refers to matching of the signal with its delayed version of itself
by ͳ.

• ͳ is not a function of time but it is difference between waveform


and its shifted copy.
• Properties:
Autocorrelation of power signals
• For a signal with periodicity of T the autocorrelation function can
0,

be expressed as-

• The properties of real value periodic signal can be


Power Spectral density and Autocorrelation
Spectral characteristics of input signal
Baseband and double sideband spectra
Strictly limited signals in time and frequency
Self study topics
• Random Variables
• Random Processes

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