GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

LESSON 1:
Hydrocarbons and Functional
Group

In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
Amen.
God, help me love the life I live right now. Show me the good
things I often overlook and help me be content with what I have.
Forgive me when I compare myself to others and longing for
things outside of you and your kingdom. Thank you for loving
me right where I am, right as I am. Help me keep my eyes on
you.
We ask this through Jesus Christ, Your Son and the prayers of

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the period, it is expected that I can:
 Describe the different functional groups (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-87);
 Differentiate the different hydrocarbons.

INTRODUCTION:

Currently, there are 118 elements confirmed to be in existence. Some of

them are naturally occurring such as oxygen and nitrogen, while some were
synthesized in the laboratory such as Einsteinium and Fermium. Each of these
different elements have different subatomic particle composition which and
display different properties. Furthermore, they are represented by unique
symbols and notation for easier identification and distinction.

ACTIVITY 1: START UP!

INSTRUCTION: Label the parts of an atom.

1.
2.
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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

ACTIVITY 2: DEFINE ME!

INSTRUCTION: Provide a simple definition of the following terms.

 ATOM- ___________________________________________________

 ELECTRONS- ________________________________________

 NEUTRONS- _________________________________________

 PROTONS- ______________________________________________

 NUCLEUS- _____________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3: PRESENTATION OF CONCEPTS!

ATOMIC

In the previous lesson, you have learned facts about the atom and its
structure. At this point, the next lesson will help you learn more about atoms by
discussing its different kinds and distinguishing them from each other.

As mentioned in Chapter 1, an element is made up of only one kind of

atom. To easily account for different elements, a standard chemical notation is
used to symbolize them, as seen in Figure 8. Each part of this notation gives an
insight into the identity and internal properties of the atom it symbolizes.

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
A
Z XC
First, this kind of notation uses the one to two letters that symbolizes each
element. For example, C is for carbon, or N is for nitrogen, or O is for oxygen. These
letter symbols are often related to any of the element's given names.

But how is an atom recognized to be that of carbon or nitrogen or oxygen?

To answer that, each atom of a unique element is identified by its number of
protons. All carbon atoms, for example, are identified by each having 6 protons.
Nitrogen atoms, on the other hand, each have 7 protons. Oxygen atoms have 8
protons. The proton count of each element is also referred to as the atomic number
and is denoted by the symbol Z. which can be seen in the lower left of chemical
notation. Simply put, the atomic number gives the atom its identity.

Another part of the notation is the atom's mass number, denoted by the symbol
A and is located in the upper left of the chemical notation. Considering that among
the three subparticles, the proton and the neutron each have roughly equal and
significantly greater mass than the electron, the mass number is determined by the
sum of the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus as shown in the
equation.

A = # of protons + # of neutrons

For example, a carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and thus, has a mass
number of 12. The same goes for oxygen which has 8 protons and 8 neutrons and
with a mass number of 16.

Some atomic symbols may contain another part in the notation indicating the
atom's charge. This is denoted by the symbol C and located in the upper right
corner. The charge gives information on the number of protons and electrons relative
to each other. The charge of any given atom can be computed using the equation:

C= # of protons - # of electrons

For an atom containing the same number of protons and electrons, the charge is
zero and is considered neutral. In such a case, the charge is no longer indicated in
the chemical notation.

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
12
6C

However, when the number of protons and electrons are not equal, it is
considered a charged atom. Any charged atom - or even a charged molecule is
called an ion. When there are more protons than electrons, an atom gains a positive
charge and is then called a cation. In contrast, when there are more electrons than
protons, an atom gains a negative charge and is then called an anion.

23
Na+ and
11
35
Cl-
17

The sodium ion in the figure, for example, has 11 protons and 10 elec- trons. It is,
therefore, a cation with a charge of 1+. In another example, a chlorine atom with 17
protons and 18 electrons has a charge of 1- and is considered an anion called the
chloride ion.

ISOTOPES

While all atoms of a particular element will always have the same number of
protons, it is possible for them to have varying numbers of neutrons. These atoms of
the same number of protons but with different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes.

Hydrogen, for example, has three isotopic forms: hydrogen, deuterium, and,
tritium. All three has 1 proton, but hydrogen has 0 neutrons, while deuterium has 1
and tritium has 2. Because of the difference in the number of neutrons, isotopes of a
given element will also differ in their mass numbers while still having the same
atomic number.

With the exception of hydrogen, which has a different name for each of its
isotope, isotopic forms of other elements are denoted by their mass number such as
carbon-12 and carbon-14 or copper-63 and copper-65.

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Isotopes share similar chemical properties because of the same number of protons
and electrons but they can differ in stabilities. Unstable isotopes can undergo a
process of decay or release of subatomic particles and/or energy spontaneously.
These isotopes are considered radioactive.

Some common isotopes include carbon-14 which is used in determining the age of
carbon-based materials including fossils and uranium-235 which is used for nuclear
reactors and atomic bombs.

Aside from difference in mass, stability, and possible applications, isotopes can
also vary in abundance on Earth. Hydrogen, for example, is more abundant than
deuterium and tritium while carbon-12 is the most abundant among all other carbon
isotopes. This difference in abundance and mass is taken into account when
determining an atom's average atomic mass, which is the average mass of all the
isotopes of a given element. Furthermore, this average atomic mass is also the one
listed on the Periodic Table as the atomic mass of the element.

But how do you compute for the average atomic mass?

Computing for the average atomic mass does not simply involve addition of the
masses of the isotopes and dividing it by the number of isotopes.

Remember, not all these isotopes occur in equal amounts and so their
contribution to the average atomic mass must also vary. You may find the following
equation useful:

average atomic mass = mass1 x% abundance1 + mass2 x % abundance2 +...

The equation shows that the average atomic mass is simply the sum of the
products of the mass and abundance (usually in percentage form) of all the
contributing isotopes. Also note that the sum of all the percent abundances of all the
isotopes must always equal to 100%.
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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Sample Problem
Problem:
Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes: boron-10 with an atomic mass of
10.0129 amu and 0.198 abundance: and boron-11 with an atomic mass of 11.0093
amu and 0.802 abundance. What is boron's average atomic mass?

Required: Boron's average atomic mass

Given:
Isotope Mass(amu) %Abundance
Boron-10 10.0129 19.8
Boron-11 11.0093 80.2

Strategy
Use the equation for average atomic mass:
average atomic mass = [10.0129 x 0.198 + 11.0093 x 80.2]
average atomic mass = 10.81 amu

Solve the Problem:

Average atomic mass = 10.0129 x 0.198 + 11.0093 x 0.802
Average atomic mass = 10.8120 amu

ACTIVITY 4: GET THE MASS!

INSTRUCTION: Solve the following.

.
1. Carbon has three isotopes, namely Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14. C-12
has a mass of 12.000 amu and is 98.89% abundance, while C-13 has a mass of
13.003 amu and is 1.11% abundance. Only trace amounts of C-14 can be
detected. Calculate for the atomic mass of Carbon.

2. Oxygen has three isotopes, namely Oxygen-16, Oxygen-17, and Oxygen-18. O-

16 has a mass of 15.995 amu and is 99.759% in abundance; O-17 has a mass of

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
16.995 amu and is 0.037% in abundance; and O-18 has a mass of 17.999 and is
0.204% in abundance. Calculate for the atomic mass of Oxygen.

3. What is the atomic mass of Nitrogen given the following information regarding its
naturally occurring isotopes:
Nitrogen-14 (99.632%, 14.003 amu)
Nitrogen-15 (0.368%, 15.000 amu)

4. A hypothetical element is found to have the following isotopes:

Element-36 (0.34%, 36.00 amu)
Element-38 (0.06%, 38.00 amu)
Element-40 (99.6%, 40.00 amu)
Using the given information, calculate for its atomic mass.

5. Given the following data regarding the isotopes of Iron, calculate for its atomic
mass.
Fe-54 (5.845%, 53.93 amu)
Fe-56 (91.754%, 55.93 amu)
Fe-57 (2.119%, 56.93 amu)
Fe-58 (0.282%, 57.93 amu)

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

ACTIVITY 5: DEEPEN YOUR KNOWLEDGE!

INSTRUCTION: Complete the following. Assume all atoms are neutral.

4 56 27
1. He
2 2. 26 Fe 3. Al
13

Element: Element: Element:

# Protons: # Protons: # Protons:
# Neutrons: # Neutrons: # Neutrons:

4. 4020Ca 5. 20
Ne
10

Element: Element:
# Protons: # Protons:
# Neutrons: # Neutrons:

ACTIVITY 5: INTEGRATION!

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following questions.

 Content- 3
 Organization- 2
5 points

 (SO: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION) When can we say that the elements can
cause environmental pollution?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

 (LAD: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) How the study of atoms and elements

becomes helpful in protecting the environment?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 (ICV/RV: EXCELLENCE/COMPETENCE) What can you say about the elements
use in food manufacturing?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How do the properties of elements and their

compounds impact their use in technology and industry?
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

(BT) Galatians 4:3

“So also we, while we were children, were held in bondage under the
elemental things of the world.”

ACTIVITY 5: “ASSESSMENT”

INSTRUCTION: Compare and contrast isotopes and elements.

(15 pts.)

EXIT SLIP!

INSTRUCTION: Cite three things you have learned from this module.




REFERENCES:
 Holy Bible

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 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 by: Quiming and Sacramento
 https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-are-isotopes
 https://www.uky.edu/~garose/atoms.htm

(HAVE YOUR PERSONAL PRAYER AFTER ANSWERING THIS

MODULE.)

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