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Lesson 1 After Class

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Lesson 1 After Class

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genenaomar
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Lesson 1: atoms,

molecules and history


The first science fight?

VS

Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 BC) Aristotle (384-322 BC)


Image source: H. V. R. Rembrandt, Christie’s, Image source: Philocours, La philosophie d’Aristote, La-Philo,
https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/christies-south- https://la-philosophie.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/
kensington/ aristote-philosophe-768x391.jpg,
catalogue-id-srchristi10282/lot-13fecddf-8fa6-4d0b-8ac0-a53100eb7e31, accessed 2018/1/10.
accessed 2018/1/10.
2000 years later

 Law of conservation of mass (Atoine-Laurent de Lavoisier)


 In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed (it is transformed).
 Example: Water always consists of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, and it is always 89% oxygen and
11% hydrogen by mass.
 Law of definite proportions (Joseph Proust)
 All samples of a given compound regardless of their source or how they were prepared,
have the same proportion
 Example: 2 g of H2 +16 g of O2 = 18 g of H2O
 Law of multiple proportions (Dalton)
 Atoms of an element have the same mass and are indivisible. Since a different number of
B atoms combine with each atom A in different compounds, the masses of element B
that combined with a fixed mass of elements A will give a small, whole ratio.
 Water has an oxygen-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 8:1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has an oxygen-to-
hydrogen mass ratio of 16:1. The ratio of these two ratios gives a small whole number.
Dalton’s atomic theory (1808)

 1.Matter consists of tiny indivisible particles (atoms)

 2. Atoms of a given element have the same mass and properties (which differ
from those of other elements)

 3. Atoms combine in simple ratios to form compounds

 4. In chemical reactions, atoms are not created or destroyed, merely re-


combined
Discovery of Atomic Structure

 It was discovered that atoms are made up of even smaller subatomic


particles, which in part are electrically charged particles.

 There are two kinds of electrical charges: positive (+) and negative (-).

 Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
Thomson and the discovery of the
electron
 He created a cathode ray tube.
 Tube with very little air (most of it
is evacuated).
 Rays of light originate from the
negative electrode (cathode) to the
positive electrode (anode).
 They have no colour, but can make
material (few remaining gas
molecules) fluoresce.
 Cathode rays travel in straight
lines, have a mass, are deflected by
magnetic or electric fields and are
identical, no matter the metal used
as the cathode.
 They carried a negative electrical
charge.
Thomson and the discovery of the electron

𝑒
= −1.76 × 108 C g −1
𝑚

Figure 2.4, Tro et al., Canadian ed.


Millikan’s Oil drop experiment

 Used for measuring the charge of the electron.


 Observed the movement of tiny droplets of oil
in an apparatus containing electrically charged
plates and an X-ray source.

Millikan’s oil drop experiment. e = -1.60 x 10-19 C, me = 9.10 x 10-28 g


Plum-Pudding Model of the atom
Radioactivity

 Spontaneous emission of radiation


 3 types of radiation which differ by their response to the electric field
 Alpha (α) particles: bent by the electric field, fast moving, positive charge and are
equivalent to He2+
 Beta (β) particles bent by the electric field, fast moving, considered high-speed electrons,
radioactive equivalent to cathode rays, attracted to the positive plate and have a charge
of -1
 Gamma (γ): not affected by the electric field. Fast moving, high energy (similar to X-
rays), does not consist of particles and carries no charge.
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

 Fire a beam of α-particles on at a


thin gold foil
 Use a ZnS detector to see light
(flashes)
 Very few deflections (Thomson
predicted)
 Some deflections are more than 90◦
(does not work with Thomson’s
model). Need a positive and dense
charge to happen.
 Atom is mostly space occupied by
electrons but at the center of this
atom, there is a tiny region called
the nucleus.
 Protons are in the nucleus. They
have a mass about 2000 heavier than
the electron.
Rutherford’s nuclear atom

 Figure 2.7, Tro et al., Canadian ed.


The neutron

 All neutral atoms have electrons = protons.


 The mass of electrons + protons ≠ mass of most elements
 James Chadwick (1932) detected the neutral particles called neutrons
 Neutrons have no charge and a mass nearly the same as a proton.
Subatomic particles

Particle Location Charge and mass Discovery


Isotopes, Atomic Numbers and Mass
Numbers
 In an element: all atoms have the same number of protons.
 A neutral atom has the same number of electrons and protons.

 Isotopes: Atoms with different mass numbers (caused by different number of


neutrons)
 All isotopes of an element have nearly identical chemical behaviour (even if
they do not share the same mass)
 Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
 Mass number (A) = Protons + neutrons
 We use: 𝐴𝑍𝑋 with X = to atomic symbol.

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