MATH REVIEWER

1st Quarter
Factoring Polynomials Factor:
2 2
Factoring completely different types of polynomials x −4 y
= ¿ Difference of two squares
Factoring = ( x−2 y ) ( x +2 y)
- a mathematical process of finding the expressions
which when multiplied will result to the given result. Examples:
- complete factorization is having all factors prime.
2
- a polynomial is prime when its factors are only itself r 4 4
and one. −25−c + d
16
=¿
Common Monomial Factors r r
= ( −5)( +5)
4 4
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
- largest quantity that is a factor of all the integers or
Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
polynomials involved.
Perfect Cubes
Finding the GCF of the list of integers or terms
• something times something times something.
1. Prime factor the numbers
• Where the something is a factor 3 times.
2. Identify the common prime factors
• 8 is (2) (2) (2), so 8 is a perfect cube.
3. Take the product of all the common prime factors.
• x6 is (x2) (x2) (x2), so x6 is a perfect cube.
• If there are no common prime factors, the GCF is 1
• Is it easy to see if a variable is a perfect cube.
• See if the exponent is divisible by 3.
Factoring Polynomials
• The first step in factoring a polynomial is to find the
Perfect Cube and Cube Roots:
GCF of all its terms.
13 = 1 63 = 216
• Then we write the polynomials as a product by 3
2 =8 73 = 343
factoring out the GCF from all the terms. 3
3 = 27 83 = 512
• The remaining factors in each term will form a 3
4 = 64 93 = 729
polynomial. 3
5 = 125 103 = 1000
Example:
• The sum or difference of two cubes will factor into a
4 2 3 2 binomial x trinomial.
9 x y −15 x y+ 3 x y Procedures:
2
GCF = 3 x y • Get the cube roots of the given and make them into a
4 2 3 2
9 x y −15 x y 3 x y binomial with the sign the same as for the given cubes.
= 2
− 2
+ 2 • Square the cube roots and make them the first and
3x y 3x y 3x y
third terms of the trinomial.
= 3 x 2 y−5 x +1
• Multiply the cube roots and make the product as the
= 3 x 2 y (3 x 2 y−5 x+1) second term of the trinomial with the sign opposite to
the given cubes.
Note: To check if correct; use distribution method
Difference of Two Squares Always Opposite Sign
• a binomial is the difference of two square if: ↓↓
1. both terms are squares. 3 3 2 2
a + b =(a+ b)(a −ab+b )
2. the sign of items are different
↑ ↑ ↑
Same Sign Always Positive
Formula: a 2−b2=(a+ b)(a−b)
• Factoring the difference of two squares, means
obtaining the sum and difference of their square roots. Square these terms
 ↓ ↓↓ ↓
3 3 2 2
a + b =(a+ b)(a −ab+b ) Step 3: Fill the numbers into the blanks in the binomial.
↑ ↑↑
Cube root of 1st term Product of cube root Example:
Cube root of 2nd term of 1st and 2nd term 2
x + 7 x+12
Example:
Step 1: 12 = 1 ● 12
2
27 x −125=(3 x−5)¿ =2●6
=3●4
Note: Always check for the GCF first no matter what
Step 2: 3 + 4 = 7
Expression with Parenthesis:
Step 3: ( x +3 ) (x +4 )
¿
= ( ( 2 x−3 )−1)¿ Note: If the terms are negative, list down the negative
pairs.
= (2 x−4 )(4 x 2−12 x+ 9+2 x−3+1)
= ( 2 x−4 ) ( 4 x 2−10 x +7 ) Case 2
= 2( x−2)( 4 x 2−10 x+7)
Step 1: Multiply the leading coefficient and constant.
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
Step 2: List all the pairs of numbers that multiply to
Twice the product of first and last term Last term equal that product
↓↓
2 Step 3: Which adds up to the middle coefficient?
a +2 a b +b=( a+b )( a−b )=¿
↑ ↑↑ Step 4: Write temporary factors with two numbers.
Square of Square of 1st term
1st term Last term Step 5: Put the original leading coefficient under both
numbers.
Factor:
2
Step 6: Reduce fractions if possible.
m +12 m+36=¿
Step 7: Move denominators in front of variable.
Note: 1st sign is the factor sign

Square of Binomials Example:

Procedure: 2
3 x +14 x+ 8
• Square 1st term
• Twice the product of 1st and last term Step 1: 3 ● 8 = 24
• Square last term
Step 2: 24 = 1 ● 24
Example: = 2 ● 12
=3●8
¿ =4●6
Factoring General Trinomials Step 3: 2 + 12 = 14
Case 1
Step 4: ( x +2 ) ( x +12 )
Step 1: List all pairs of numbers that when multiplied it
will result to the last term.
( 23 )( x + 123 )
Step 5: x +
Step 2: Choose the pair that adds up to the middle
coefficient.
 ( ) 2 Zero-Product Property - states that if the product of
Step 6: x + ( x+ 4 ) two real numbers a and b is zero, then a = 0 or b = 0 or
3
both a and b equal 0.
Quadratic equation - an equation in the second degree
Step 7: ( 3 x+ 2 ) (x+ 4)
and in type ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a is nonzero
number.
Factoring by Group
Examples:
• When polynomials contain four terms, it is sometimes
Solve x 2+ 7 x+6=0
easier to group like terms in order to factor.
• Your goal is to create a common factor. • Quadratic equation factor the left-hand side (LHS)
• You can also move terms around in the polynomial to
2
create a common factor. x + 7 x+6=(x+ 6)(x+1)
• Practice makes you better in recognizing common 2
x + 7 x+6=( x +6 )( x +1 )=0
factors. • Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
Example: • Set each factor equal to 0 and solve
x +6=0
Factor: 3 xy−21 y +5 x−25
x=−6
Factor the first two terms: 3 xy−21 y=3 y ( x−7 )
Solve ( 4 t+1 ) ( 3 t−5 )=0
• Notice the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
Factor the last two terms: +5 x−25=5(x−7) • Set each factor equal to 0 and solve
4 t+1=0 Subtract 1 3 t−5=0 Add 5
• The parenthesis are the same so it’s the common factor 4 t=−1 Divide by 4 3 t=5 Divide by 3
−1 5
Common Factor: ( x−7 ) (3 y+ 5) t= t=
4 3
Solution:
If Opposite Signs:
−1
∧5
Factor: 15 x−3 xy +4 y−20 4
t=
3
Factor the first two terms: 15 x−3 xy=3 x (5− y ) 1 5
t={− ,
4 3
Factor the last two terms: + 4 y−20=4 ( y−5 ) Methods for Problem Solving

• The parenthesis are opposites so change the sign on Understanding the problem
the 4: -4 (-y+5) or -4 (5-y) • Read the problem very Understanding carefully.
• It may be necessary to read it several times.
Common Factor: ( 5− y ) (3 x−4) • A sketch may help.
Types of Factoring
1. Look for GCF first. Devising a plan
2. Count the number of terms: • Determine what to find, and then let a variable
• 4 terms represent the unknown.
- factor by grouping • It will be necessary to write an equation based upon
• 3 terms the words of the problem.
- look for perfect square trinomial
- if not, quadratic trinomials Carrying out the plan
• 2 terms • Solve the Equation
- look for difference of squares
- or sum or difference of cubes Looking Back
• If any ( ) still has an exponent of 2 or more, see if you • Check your answers.
can factor again.
Example 1
The product of one more than a number and 4 less than
Word Problems Solved by a number is 36. Find the number.
Factoring ( x +1 ) ( x−4 )=36
2
x −3 x−4=36
 2
x −3 x−4−36=36−36 5 −3 7 14
Examples: -98, 6, 325, -4.1, 0, and , ,− ,
2
x −3 x−40=0 6 5 8 −3
( x−8 )( x +5 )=0
x−8+ 8=0+ 8 x+5−5=0−5 Algebraic Expression – a number, a variable, a sum,
x=8∨x=−5 difference, or product that contains one or more
To Check: variable.
( x +1 ) ( x−4 )=36 ( x +1 )( x−4 )=36 Examples: y 2−2 y +6 , 2 c 2 d , x ,−3
(8 + 1) (8 - 4) = 36 (-5 + 1) (-5 - 4) = 36
(9) (4) = 36 (-4)(-9) = 36 Rational Algebraic Expression – Is a ratio of two
polynomials provided that the denominators is not equal
Example 2 P
to zero. In symbols; where P and Q are polynomials
The length of a rectangle is two feet less than 3 times Q
the width. If the area is 65 ft2, find the dimensions. andQ ≠ 0
Let x = width = 5 An algebraic Expression is not a Polynomial if:
3x-2 = length = 13
x (3 x−2)=65 1. The exponent of the variable is not a whole number
A = l•w (0, 1, 2, 3…).
65=(3 x−2)x
2 2. The variable is inside the radical sign.
65=3 x −2 x
2
65−65=3 x −2 x−65 3. The variable is in the denominator.
2
0=3 x −2 x−65
0=(3 x +13)(x−5) Undefined Rational Expression
x +13=0−13 x−5=0+5 - a rational expression is undefined when the
x=−13 x=5 denominator is equal to zero.
To Check: - the numerator being equal to zero is okay (the rational
x (3 x−2)=65 expression simply equals to zero).
5[3 ( 5 )−2]=65
Example:
5(15−2)=65 3
9 x +4 x
5(13)=65
15 x + 45
Example 3
The product of two consecutive integers is 90. Find the 15 x+ 45=0
integers. 15 x=−45
Let x = 1st integer = -10 or 9 15 x −45
=
x+1 = 2nd integer = -9 o 10 15 15
x ( x +1 )=90 x ≠−3
2
x + x=90
2 Simplifying Rational Algebraic Expression
x + x−90=90−90 - means writing the lowest terms or simplest form.
2
x + x−90=0
( x +10 ) ( x−9 )=0 To simplify rational algebraic expressions:
x +10−10=−10 x−9+ 9=0+ 9 1) Factor the numerator completely.
x=−10∨x=9 2) Factor the denominator completely.
To Check: 3) Simplify (reduce) any like factors (not terms)
x ( x +1 )=90 x ( x +1 )=90
-10(-10+1) = 90 9(9+1) = 90 Examples:
-10(-9) = 90 9(10) = 90
3 2
2x 2∙ x ∙ x ∙ x x
1¿ = = ; x≠0
Rational Algebraic Expressions 14 x 2∙ 7 ∙ x 7

Rational Number – is any number that can be written 7 x+35 7 (x+ 5) 7

2) = = ; x ≠ 0 ,−5
a x 2+ 5 x x (x +5) x
as a ratio: , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
b
 x +3 x−4 ( x+ 4 )( x−1 ) x−1
2 1. Add/Subtract the numerators and copy the
3) = = ; x≠5 denominator.
x −x−20 ( x+ 4 )( x−5 ) x−5
2
2. Combine the like terms in the numerator.
2 2 3. Factor the numerator and denominator if possible.
x −25 x −25 4. Divide out common factors between the numerator
4) 2
= 2
=−1
25−x −1 (−25+ x ) and the denominator.
5. Simplify the remaining expressions in the numerator
and denominator.
Operations on Rational Algebraic
Expressions Examples:
5 3
Multiplying Rational Algebraic Expressions
+
2b 2 b
5+3
To Multiply: ¿
2b
1. Factor the numerator and denominator of each
8
fraction. ¿
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator of each 2b
fraction. 2∙ 2∙ 2
¿
3. Divide it the common factors. 2 ∙b
4. Write the answer in the simplest form. 4
¿
Example: b
2 2
x +3 X x −x−2
2
∙ 2 2 2
x −2 x−3 x + 2 x−3 9m m +16 m
−
m−2 m−2
x ( x+3 ) ∙ ( x+ 1 )( x−2 ) 9 m − m2+ 16 m )
2
(
¿ ¿
( x+1 ) ( x−3 ) ∙ ( x +3 )( x−1 ) m−2
2 2 2
x −2 x 9 m −m −16 m
¿ 2 ¿
x −4 x +3 m−2
2
8 m −16 m
Dividing Rational Algebraic Expressions ¿
m−2
8 m(m−2)
To Divide: ¿
1. Multiply the divided by the reciprocal of the divisor. m−2
2. Multiply the numerators. Then multiply the ¿8m
denominators. Adding and Subtracting Dissimilar Rational
3. Divide by the common factors. Algebraic Expressions
4. Write the answer in simplest from.
To add/subtract dissimilar rational expressions:
Example: 1. Find the LCD.
2. Use the LCD to make the rational algebraic
2 2 expressions similar.
x−x y 2 x−2 x y
÷ 2
3. Perform the steps in adding and subtracting similar
z z rational algebraic expressions.
2 2
x−x y z
¿ ∙
z 2 x−2 x y
2 Examples:
x ( 1−xy ) ∙ z ∙ z 3x 4
¿ +
x −2 x +1 2 x−2
2
z ∙2 x ( 1−xy )
z
¿ 2
x −2 x+1=( x−1 ) ( x−1 )
2
2 x−2=2 ( x−1 )
Adding & Subtracting Similar Rational Algebraic LCD: 2 ( x−1 ) ( x −1 )
Expression
2 (3 x ) 4 ( x−1 )
To add/subtract similar rational expressions: ¿ +
2 ( x−1 )( x−1 ) 2 ( x−1 ) ( x−1 )
 6 x+ 4 x−4
¿ Step 1: Let x be John’s age
2 ( x−1 )( x−1 )
10 x−4
¿ Step 2: x-5 is John’s age five years ago
2 ( x−1 )( x−1 ) 1
2(5 x−2) ¿ is half of the age he will be in 8 years
¿ 2
2(x−1)(x−1)
5 x−2 1
¿ 2 Step 3: x−5= (x +8)
x −2 x +1 2

Solving Problems Involving Rational Algebraic 1

Expressions Step 4: x−5= (x−8) Equation
2
2 ( x−5 )=x +8 Cross Multiply
Steps: 2 x−10=x +8 Distributive Property
1. Read and understanding the problem. Identify what is
2 x+ (−x ) −10+10=x + (−x ) +8+10
given and what is being unknown. Choose a variable to
represent the unknown number. Addition Property of Equality
2. Express the other unknowns, if there are any, in terms x=18 Combine Like terms
of the variable chosen in step 1.
3. Whate an equation to represent the relationship C. Work Problem
among the given and the unknowns. - the formula for work problem that has two persons is:
4. Solve the equation for the unknown and use the 1 1 1
+ =
solution to find the quantities being asked being asked. t1 t 2 t 3
5. Check.
t1 – is the time spent by the first person
Examples: t2 – is the time spent by the second person
t3 – is the time spent by both
A. Number Problem
Joey can mow the lawn in 40 minutes and Pete can mow
If the same number is added to both numerator and the lawn in 60 minutes. How long will it take them to
1 3 mow the lawn together?
denominator of the fraction , the result is .Find the
2 4
number. Step 1: Let x be time to mow the lawn together

Step 1: Let x = the number 1

Step 2: time taken by Joey to mow the lawn alone
40
Step 2: 1+x = numerator 1
2+x = denominator time taken by Pete to mow the lawn alone
60
1
1+ x 3 time taken by Joey and Pete to mow the lawn
Step 3: = x
2+ x 4 together

1+ x 3 1 1 1
Step 4: = Equation Step 3: + =
2+ x 4 40 60 x
4 ( 1+ x )=3(2+ x ) Cross Multiply
4 + 4 x=6+3 x Distributive Property 1 1 1
Step 4: + = Equation
4 + (−4 ) + 4 x (−3 )=6+ (−4 )+ 3 x +(−3 x) Addition 40 60 x

( )
Property of equality 1 1 1
x=2 Combine like terms 120 x + =120 x ( ) Multiply Bothe sides
40 60 x
by 120x, the LCD of 40, 60, and x.
B. Age Problem
120 x 120 x 120 x
- are algebraic problems that deal with the ages of + = Distributive Property
people currently, in the past, or in the future. 40 60 x
3 x+ 2 x=120 x Simplify
Five years ago, John’s age was half of the age will be in 5 x=120 Combine like terms
8 years. How old is he now?
5 x 120
= Divide both sides by 5 - the distance from the y-axis is called the abscissa or
5 5
x=24 Simplify the x- coordinate and that is the first number in an
ordered pair, while the distance from the x-axis is called
D. Speed/Travel Problem the ordinate or the y- coordinate and the second number
- an object is said to be in uniform motion when it in an ordered pair.
moves without changing its speed or rate.
Formula: d = rt
r = d/t
t = d/r

Macky won a two-day bicycle race. He travelled 60km

each day and his average speed on the second day was
doubled that of the first day. If Macky rode for a total of
6 hours, what was his average speed each day?

Step 1: Let x be the speed of the first day.

Step 2:
Distance Speed(rate) time
Day 1 60 x 60
x
Day 2 60 2x 60 Plotting of points:
2x To plot a point is to locate the position of coordinates in
Total 6 hours the Cartesian plane.
Follow these steps in plotting points:
60 60 a. Locate the x-coordinate along the x-axis. Draw an
Step 3: + =6 imaginary line parallel to the y-axis.
x 2x
b. Locate the y-coordinate along the y-axis. Draw an
imaginary line parallel to the x-axis.
Step 4: ( 60x + 260x =6)2 x Multiply both sides by the c. Mark the intersection of the two imaginary lines with
a dot.
LCD of x and 2x. d. Label the dot or point using a capital letter
120+60=12 x Combine like terms
180 12 x
= Divide by 12
12 12
15=x Simplify

Rectangular Coordinate System

Rectangular coordinate system
- it is defined by two perpendicular number lines that
meet at the point of origin (0,0) and divide the plane
into four regions called quadrants.
- the horizontal number line is called the x-axis and the
vertical number line is called the y-axis.
- the Cartesian plane extends infinitely.
- each point in the coordinate system is defined by an
ordered pair of the form (x,y) where x and y are real
numbers.
- this pair of numbers is called coordinates of a point.
- the coordinates of a point determine the location of a
point in the Cartesian coordinate plane by indicating its
distances from the axes.