BIOLOGY REVIEWER - For growth, repair of tissues, and protection

Biomolecules - molecules that make up living things.

Fibrous Proteins
Major Biomolecules - Collagen - Bone, Cartilage, Skin
Complex Building Blocks Polymer - Keratin - Hair, Nail
Biomolecules - Fibrinogen - Blood plasma for blood clotting
- Muscle Proteins - Actin, Myosin for contraction
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharide - Silk - Spider webs

Proteins Amino Acids Polypeptide Globular Proteins

Lipids Fatty Acids Diglyceride, Triglyceride - Albumin and Globulin - Blood Serum, Milk, Egg
- Hemoglobin - Red Blood Cells
Nucleoti DNA Deoxynucleotides Nucleic Acids - Enzymes, Antibodies, and Hormones
des
3.) Lipids
RNA Ribonucleotides - Composing Elements: C, H, O
- Used to store energy
1.) Carbohydrates - Acts as a shock absorber, insulation (insulator) and
- Composing elements: C, H, O waterproofing
- Main source of energy in the body
Saturated Fats
- Monosaccharides C6H12O6 - Unhealthy fats usually from animal sources
Fructose - Fruit Sugar - Solid at room temperature (20 degrees celsius)
Galactose - Milk Sugar
Glucose - Blood Sugar (Dextrose) Unsaturated Fats
- From plant sources
- Disaccharides - Liquid at room temperature (20 degrees celsius)
Lactose - Milk Sugar (Glucose + Galactose)
Maltose - Malt Sugar (Glucose + Glucose) 4.) Nucleic Acids
Sucrose - Table Sugar (Glucose + Fructose) - Composing elements: C, H, O, N, P
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Encodes info used to assemble
- Polysaccharides proteins.
Starch - Energy storage in plants - Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - Reads DNA-encoded information to
Glycogen - Energy storage in animals direct protein synthesis.
Cellulose - Structural materials in plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2.) Protein
- Composing elements: C, H, O, N - Process by which plants convert ENERGY from the SUN into FUEL.
 - This process provides food for living organisms and is directly or 1.) Roots and Root System
indirectly responsible for the energy on earth.
General Functions of Roots
How do plants get materials for Photosynthesis? ● Anchors the plant
- Leaves are nature’s food factories. ● Absorbs and transports nutrients and water
- The cells in the leaves have CHLOROPLASTS that contain ● Stores food
CHLOROPHYLL. ● Serves in asexual reproduction
- Chlorophyll and other pigments take in energy from the sun and convert
the light energy into chemical energy. Four Regions of Roots
- Plants take water from the ground through their roots and also take ● Root cap
carbon dioxide from the air. ● Zone of Division
- The guard cells in the leaves help regulate the flow of gases in and out of ● Zone of Elongation
the leaves. ● Zone of Maturation

How does Photosynthesis work? Root Systems

- Plants use SUNLIGHT to turn WATER and CARBON DIOXIDE into ● Taproot system - Dicots and Conifers
GLUCOSE. ● Fibrous or Diffuse - Monocots
● GLUCOSE ● Adventitious root system - arise from stem or leaf tissue
- A kind of sugar.
- Plants use this as a food energy and as a building block for growing. Specialised or Modified Roots:
- The way plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar is called ● Brace roots - roots that form rings from stem tissue around a node
photosynthesis. Function: Support
● CHLOROPHYLL - helps make photosynthesis happen. Example: Sugar Cane
- what gives plants their green color. ● Aerial roots - roots that exposed to air
Function: Support
General Equation for Photosynthesis Example: Orchid
● Stilt or Prop roots - roots that develop on a lower stem or branch
How is photosynthesis related to Cellular Respiration? Function: Support
Example: Corn
● Pneumatophores - spongy, aerial roots of marsh or swamps
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Function: Gas exchange
1. Requires CO2 1. Requires O2 Example: Mangrove
2. Produces glucose 2. Breaks down glucose ● Storage roots - fleshy roots
3. Produces O2 3. Produces CO2 Function: Storage
4. Produces and uses ATP 4. Produce ATP Example: Carrot
5. Occurs only in cells with 5. Occurs in all living cells ● Tuberous roots - portion of a root that swells
Chlorophyll
Function: Storage
PLANT ORGANS Example: Sweet Potato
 ● Climbing roots - roots in stem that adhere to the bark of trees or to rough Example: Onion
concrete ● Pseudobulb - thickened bulb-like stem based resembling a bulb
Function: Support Function: Storage
Example: Ivy Example: Orchids
● Corm - short, thickened, underground stems with few nodes and short
2.) Stem - where shoots and buds arise internodes, usually enclosed by dry, scale-like leaves
Function: Storage and Asexual reproduction
Functions of the Stem Example: Taro
1. Production and support of leaves and reproductive structures ● Tuber - formed by thickening or swelling of the sub-apical portion of an
2. Conduction of water and nutrients underground stem
3. Translocation of food substances to other plant parts Function: Storage
4. Food and water storage Example: Potato
5. Propagation ● Rhizome - horizontal stems, usually thick, that grow partially or entirely
underground
Types: Function: Storage and Asexua; reproduction
● Herbaceous Stem Example: Ginger
- Contain soft, green, juicy tissues ● Stolon or Runner - horizontal stems, usually thin, that grow above
- Found in plants that live for one year ground, and which usually form roots and plantlets at nodes that contact
Example: Grass and Legumes the ground
● Woody Stem Function: Asexual reproduction
- Contain thick, tough tissue (wood) Example: Strawberry
- Found in plants that live for more than one year
Example: Trees and Shrubs 3.) Leaves - a leaf is a lateral outgrowth of the stem

Specialized or Modified Stem General Functions of Leaves:

● Thorn - a stem into a short, sharp point ● Photosynthesis
Function: Protection ● Transpiration and Guttation
Example: Rose ● Respiration
● Spur - a compressed stem with short internodes, usually bearing leaves,
flowers or fruit External Structure of a Leaf
Function: Support ● Blade or Lamina - expanded portion of a leaf
Example: Pear ● Veins - vascu;ar bundles coming from the stem
● Cladophyll - stems, usually flattened ● Midrib - The central vein
Function: Photosynthesis ● Margin - rim of the blade
Example: Cactus ● Petiole - the leaf stalk connecting the blade to the stem
● Bulb - composed of a compressed stem enclosed by fleshy or papery ● Stipule - appendage at the base of the petiole
leaves or leaf bases.
Function: Storage Leaf Morphology - deals with the study of the appearance of the leaves of plants
1.) Leaf Structure ● Ovate - Egg-shaped
● Simple leaves - have a single blade ● Lanceolate - Lance-shaped
● Compound leaves - have more than one blade on a single ● Cordate - Heart-shaped
petiole. The multple blades of a compound leaf are called ● Obovate - Inversely ovate
leaflets. ● Oblanceolate - inversely lanceolate
- Palmately Compound Leaves ● Obcordate - Inversely cordate
● Deltoid - Equilateral triangle
Unifoliate 1 Leaflet Pomelo or Suha
● Elliptic - Ellipse
Bifoliate 2 Leaflets Garlic Vine ● Oblong - Oblong
● Obdeltoid - Inversely deltoid
Trifoliate 3 Leaflets Sandor or ● Oval - Broadly elliptical
Santol ● Orbicular - Circular outline
● Reniform - Kidney-shaped
Quadrifoliate 4 Leaflets Camachile
● Spatulate - Spatula-shaped
Pentafoliate 5 leaflets Rose ● Linear - Resembling a line

5.) Leaf Margins

- Pinnately Compound Leaves
● Entire - Smooth margin
Unnipate (Even) Tamarind ● Serrate - Teeth pointing forward
● Double Serrate
Unnipate (Odd) Kamias ● Crenate - Teeth rounded
Bipinnate (Even) - Rachis & Acacia ● Lobed - Rounded indentation
Leaflets ● Dentate - Sharp teeth pointing outward

Tripinnate (Odd) - Rachis & Malunggay 6.) Leaf Venation

Leaflets ● Parallel - major veins arise at the base and converge at the tip of
the leaf
2.) Leaf Attachment ● Pinnate - major veins diverge from one large mid-vein, with
● Petiolate - blade is attached to the stem by a petiole smaller network connections between
● Sessile - blade is attached directly to the stem without a petiole ● Palmate - several large veins arise from the base of the leaf like
the fingers of a hand.
3.) Leaf Arrangement (Phyllotaxy)
● Opposite - two leaves grow opposite each other at each node 7.) Specialized or Modified Leaves
● Alternate - one lead grows at each node, alternate sides along ● Scale-like - Protection - Junifer
the stem ● Needle - Protection - Pine
● Whorled - several leaves grow around a single node ● Bract - Attraction - Poinsettia
● Cataphyll - Protection - Pear
4.) Leaf Shapes ● Storage - Food Storage - Onion
 ● Succulent - Water Storage - Aloe Vera 1. Caryopsis - pericarp fused to the seed coat
● Tendril - Support - Squash Example: corn, wheat, rice
● Spine - Protection - Cactus 2. Legume - come from just a single carpel
● Trichome - Protection - Tomato Example: makahiya, beans
B. Fleshy Fruits
4.) Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds - The Reproductive Structure of Plants 1. Hesperidium - citrus family
Example: orange
Functions: 2. Pepo - gourd family
● Flower - serves as sexual reproduction Example: squash, white gourd, cucumber
● Fruits - aids in the dispersal of the seeds C. Aggregate - fruits from several separate carpels, not fused
● Seeds - contains the embryo 1. Aggregate of follicles
* Ovary becomes the fruit Example: magnolia
* Ovule becomes the seed 2. Aggregate of druplets
Example raspberry
Types of Fruit Based on Morphology 3. Aggregate of achenes
A. Dry Dehiscent - ovary wall splits open and releases seeds at maturity Example: strawberry
1. Follicle - single carpel that opens at maturity D. Multiple Fruits - derived from two or more flowers whose parts are often
Example: magnolia fused together at maturity
2. Capsule - multiple fused carpels that opens at maturity Example: pineapple
Example: okra E. Pome - fleshy part of the fruit derived from the receptacle
B. Dry Indehiscent - does not open at maturity Example: apple
1. Achene - one-seeded, pericarp closely fitting
Example: Sunflower
2. Nut - syncarpous, with hard, thick wall
Example: walnut
3. Schizocarp - syncarpous, splits at maturity into 2 or more
mericarps
Example: maple
4. Samara - an achene modified for flight (has wings)
Example: narra
C. Fleshy Fruits - have a soft and juicy pericarp
1. Berry - from multiple
Example: tomato, blueberry
2. Drupe - from one carpel with stony endocarps
Example: peach, cherry, mango

Types of Fruit based on Taxonomy

A. Dry Fruits