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SQL PL SQL Answers

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12 views

SQL PL SQL Answers

Answer

Uploaded by

khaparderahil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL and PL/SQL Questions with Answers

1. Use of Four SET Operators

- UNION: Combines results from two or more queries, returning only unique rows.

- UNION ALL: Combines results from multiple queries, including duplicate rows.

- INTERSECT: Returns only rows that are common to both queries.

- MINUS: Returns rows from the first query that aren't in the second.

2. Four Aggregate Functions

- SUM(): Calculates the total sum of a numeric column.

- AVG(): Calculates the average of a numeric column.

- MAX(): Returns the highest value in a column.

- MIN(): Returns the lowest value in a column.

3. Two Advantages of PL/SQL

- Improved Performance: Allows for batch processing, reducing network traffic.

- Enhanced Security: PL/SQL code is stored and executed on the database, hiding internal logic

from users.

4. Use of Four Aggregate Functions

- SUM: Adds up all the values in a numeric column.

- AVG: Finds the average of values in a numeric column.

- COUNT: Counts the number of rows.

- MAX: Retrieves the maximum value in a column.

5. Syntax for Creating a Trigger


CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name

BEFORE|AFTER INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE ON table_name

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

-- Trigger logic here

END;

6. PL/SQL Block Structure

- DECLARE: For declaring variables (optional).

- BEGIN: For executable statements (mandatory).

- EXCEPTION: For handling exceptions (optional).

- END: Terminates the block (mandatory).

7. Syntax for Creating and Updating a View

Creating a View:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

Updating a View:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;
8. Syntax for Creating Synonyms with Example

Syntax:

CREATE SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object_name;

Example:

CREATE SYNONYM emp_syn FOR employee;

(a) SQL Queries for stud Table

1. Display names of students with minimum marks in sub1:

SELECT name

FROM stud

WHERE sub1 = (SELECT MIN(sub1) FROM stud);

2. Display names of students with above 40 marks in sub2:

SELECT name

FROM stud

WHERE sub2 > 40;

3. Display count of students failed in sub2 (assuming passing marks are 40):

SELECT COUNT(*)

FROM stud

WHERE sub2 < 40;

4. Display names of students whose names start with 'A' in ascending order of sub1 marks:

SELECT name
FROM stud

WHERE name LIKE 'A%'

ORDER BY sub1 ASC;

(b) Four DML Commands with Examples

1. INSERT: Adds a new record.

INSERT INTO stud (roll_no, name, sub1, sub2, sub3)

VALUES (1, 'John', 80, 75, 85);

2. UPDATE: Modifies data.

UPDATE stud

SET sub1 = 90

WHERE roll_no = 1;

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