DEO 1603

Signals
i l and
d Systems (訊號與系統)

Lecture 5
Application
pp to Communication
Systems 0

5.1 Introduction
 Modulation is basic to the operation of a communication system.
1. Modulation provides (1) shifting the range of frequencies into another ones
suitable for transmission over the channel and ((2)) p
performingg a
corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after reception of
the signal.
2. Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristic of a
carrier wave is varied in accordance with the message signal.
obey
Coriginal) Message signal  modulating wave
lafter the action ( The result of modulation process  modulated wave
= +ed

5.2 Types of Modulation

1. The form of carrier wave determine the specific type of modulation
employed in a communication system.
2. Two most commonly used forms of carrier: sinusoidal wave and periodic
pulse train.
3. Types of modulation: continuous
continuous‐‐wave (CW) modulation and pulse modulation.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

u
 5.1 Introduction
◆ Continuous
Continuous‐‐wave (CW
CW)) modulation
1. Sinusoidal carrier wave: c(t )  Ac cos( (t )) (5.1)
Ac  carrier amplitude; (t)  angle
Nonlinear modulation process
2. Subclasses of CW modulation:
a. Amplitude modulation,
modulation, in which the carrier amplitude is varied with the message
signal
signal.
b. Angle modulation,
modulation, in which the angle of the carrier is varied with the message signal.

3 Instantaneous
3. I di ffrequency i(t):
radian ()
d (t )
i (t )  (5.2)
dt
t
 (t )   i ( )d (5.3)
0

where it is assumed that the initial value is zero, i.e.

0
 (0)   i ( )d  0

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 2 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.1 Introduction
5. The ordinary form of a sinusoidal wave
c(t )  Ac cos(ct   ) Ac  amplitude, c  radian frequency,  
initial
i i i l phase
h
 (t )  ct  
i (t )  c , for all t
6. When the instantaneous radian frequency i(t) is varied in accordance with
a message signal m(t), we may write
i (t )  c  k f m(t ) (5.4) kf is the frequency sensitivity
f
factor off the modulator
t
 (t )  c t  k f  m( )d
0

Frequency modulation (FM):

 
t Carrier amplitude =
sFM (t )  Ac cos c t  k f  m( )d (5.5) constant
0

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 3 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.1 Introduction
7. When the angle (t) is varied in accordance with the message signal m(t), we
may write
kp is the phase sensitivity factor
 (t )  c t  k p m (t ) of the modulator
Phase modulation
Carrier amplitude =
sPM (t )  Ac cos(c t  k p m(t )) (5.6) constant

PM AM

FM

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 4 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

1. Sinusoidal carrier wave:
Angle (t) is assumed to be zero
c(t )  Ac cos(c t ) (5.7)
2. Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as a process in which the amplitude of
the carrier is varied in proportion to a message signal m(t), according to the
formula k is the amplitude sensitivity
s (t )  Ac 1  ka m(t )  cos(c t )
a
(5.8) factor of the modulator
s(t) = modulated signal; m(t) = message signal;

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 5 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation
5.4.1 Performance of Modulation

p of the AM wave s(t):

1. The envelope ()
a (t )  Ac 1  ka m(t ) (5.9)
2. Two cases arise, depending on the magnitude of kam(t), compare with unity:
1) Undermodulation,
U d d l ti which
hi h is
i governed
d by
b the
th condition
diti
k a m(t )  1 for all t 1 + kam(t) > 0
The envelope
p of the AM wave is then simplified
p as
a (t )  Ac 1  ka m(t )  for all t (5.10)
2) Overmodulation, which is governed by the weaker condition
ka m(t )  1 for some t
3. Percentage modulation  kam(t) 100%

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 6 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

5.4.2 Generation of AM Wave
1. Another form of the modulated AM wave s(t):
s (t )  ka  m(t )  B  Ac cos(c t ) (5 11)
(5.11)
1/ka  a bias that is added to the message signal m(t) before modulation.
B = 1/k

2. Block diagram for generating an AM wave: Fig. 5.3.

5.3
Basically, it consists of two functional blocks:
1) An adder, which adds the bias B to the incoming message signal m(t).
2) A multiplier, which multiplies the adder output (m(t) + B) by the carrier wave
Accos((ct), producing the AM wave s(t).

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 7 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

Figure 5.4 (p. 432)

Amplitude modulation for a
varying percentage of
modulation.
modulation (a) Message
signal m(t). (b) AM wave for
|kam(t)| < 1 for all t, where ka
is the amplitude sensitivity of
the modulator. This case
represents undermodulation.
(c) AM wave for |kam(t)| > 1
some of the time. This case
represents overmodulation.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 8 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

5.4.4 Does Full‐
Full‐Amplitude Modulation Satisfy the Linearity Property ?
1. Amplitude modulation, as defined in Eq. (5.8), fails the linearity test in a
strict sense.
2. Demonstration:
1) Suppose that m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t). Let s1(t) and s2(t) denote the AM waves
produced by these two components acting separately.
s1 (t )  Ac 1  ka m1 (t ) cos(c t ) and s2 (t )  Ac 1  ka m2 (t ) cos(c t )
2) Let the operator H denote the amplitude modulation process, therefore we
have
H m1 (t )  m2 (t )  Ac 1  ka  m1 (t )  m2 (t )   cos(c t )
 s1 (t )  s2 (t )

The superposition principle is violated!

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 9 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation
5.4.5 Frequency
Frequency‐‐Domain Description of Amplitude Modulation
1. Fourier transform pairs: Message
FT FT spectrum
t
s(t )   S ( j ) and m(t )   M ( j )
2. Fourier transform of Accos(ct):
 Ac  (  c )   (  c )
Fourier transform of m(t)cos(ct):
1
 M ( j  jc )  M ( j  jc )
2
3. Fourier transform of the AM wave of Eq. (5.8):
S ( j )   Ac  (  c )   (  c ) 
1 (5.12)
+ ka Ac  M ( j (  c ))  M ( j (  c )) 
2

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 10 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

1) The message signal is band limited to the interval  m    m.

2) m  the message bandwidth of m(t), ) in rad/s.
rad/s
3) The spectrum of S(j) consists of two impulse functions weighted by the factor Ac
and occurring at  c, and two versions of the message spectrum shifted in frequency
by  c and scaled in amplitude by (1/2)k
(1/2)kaAc.
The condition c > m is a necessary condition for the sidebands not to
overlap.
4) The difference between these two frequencies defines the transmission
bandwidth T for an AM wave,
T  2m (5.13)
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 11 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
Example 5.1 Full Amplitude Modulation for Sinusoidal Modulating Signal

Consider a modulating wave m(t) that consists of a single tone or frequency component;
that is, m(t )  A cos( t )
0 0 c(t )  A cos( t );   
c c c 0

Sketch the time and frequency domain signal of the m(t), c(t) and m(t) x c(t)

Figure 5.6 (p. 435)

Time‐domain (on
the left) and
frequency‐domain
(on the right)
characteristics of
AM produced by a
sinusoidal
modulating wave. (a)
Modulating wave. (b)
C i wave. (c)
Carrier ( ) AM
wave.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 12 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation

1. The AM wave is described by
s(t )  Ac 1   cos(0t ) cos(ct ) (5.14) where   ka A0
 The dimensionless constant  for a sinusoidal modulating wave is called the
modulation factor and equals the percentage modulation when it is expressed
numerically as a percentage.
 TTo avoid
id envelope
l di
distortion
t ti d due tto overmodulation,
d l ti th
the modulation t  mustt
d l ti ffactor
be kept below unity.
 Figure 5.6(c) is a sketch of s(t) for  less than unity.
2 Let Amax and Amin
2. i denote the maximum and minimum values, values respectively,
respectively of
the envelope of the modulated wave. Then, form Eq.(5.14), we get
Amax Ac (1   ) Amax  Amin
 
Amin Ac (1   ) Amax  Amin

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 13 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
5.4 Full Amplitude Modulation
3. Expressing the product of the two cosines in Eq. (5.14) as the sum of two
sinusoidal waves, one having frequency c + 0 and the other having
frequency c－0, we get

s(t )  Ac cos(ct )  12  Ac cos[(c  0 )t ]

 12  Ac cos[(c  0 )t ]
4. Fourier transform of s(t):
S ( j )   Ac [ (  c )   (  c )]
 12  Ac [ (  c  0 )   (  c  0 )]
 12  Ac [ (  c  0 )   (  c  0 )]
Thus, in ideal terms, the spectrum of a full AM wave, for the special case of sinusoidal
modulation, consists of impulse functions at ± c, c ± 0, and－
and－c ±  0, as depicted in
Fig.
g 5.6(c).
5.6(c)
( )

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 14 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Example 5.2 Average Power of Sinusoidally Modulated Signal

Continuing with Example 5.1, investigate the effect of varying the modulation factor  on
the power content of the AM wave. s(t )  Ac cos(ct )  12  Ac cos[(c  0 )t ]
<Sol.>  12  Ac cos[(c  0 )t ]

1. In practice, the AM wave s(t) is a voltage or current signal.

2. In either case, the average power delivered to a 1‐ohm load resistor by s(t) is
composed of three components, whose values are derived from Eq. (1.15) as
follows:
Carrier power  12 Ac2
Upper side- frequency power  18  2 Ac2
Lower side- frequency power  18  2 Ac2
3. The ratio of the total sideband power to the total power in the modulated
wave is therefore equal to ?  2/(2 +  2)
which depends only on the modulation factor . If  = 1 (i.e., if 100% modulation is
used), the total power in the two side frequencies of the resulting AM wave is only
one‐third of the total power in the modulated wave.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 15 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.4.6 Spectral Overlap
1. When c < m, the modulated signal
s(t) undergoes frequency distortion
due to spectral overlap.
Fig. 5.8.
 Assume that S(j) is real valued.
2. The spectral overlap is produced by two movements:
1) Movement of the lower sideband into the negative frequency range.
2) Movement of the image of the lower sideband into the positive frequency range.
3. For avoidingg the spectral
p overlap
p problem,
p , the necessaryy condition is
c  m

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 16 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.4.7 Demodulation of AM Wave

1. The envelope detector provides a simple, yet effective, device for the
demodulation of a narrowband AM signal for which the percentage
modulation is less than 100%.
 Narrowband means that the carrier is large compared with the
message bandwidth.
2. Circuit diagram of an envelope detector: Fig. 5.9.
5.9
1) The diode is ideal
ideal, presenting zero
impedance to current flow in the forward‐
forward‐
biased region and infinite impedance in the
reverse‐‐biased region.
reverse

Figure 5.9 (p. 438)

Envelope detector,
illustrated by (a) circuit
diagram, (b) AM wave
input, and (c) envelope
detector output,
assuming ideal
conditions.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 17 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.5 Double Sideband‐Suppressed Modulation
1. In full AM, carrier wave c(t) is completely independent of the message signal
m(t).
T
Transmission
i i off carrier
i wave A waste off power
2. To overcome this shortcoming, we may suppress the carrier component
from the modulated wave, resulting in double sideband‐suppressed carrier
(DSB SC) modulation.
(DSB‐SC) d l ti
3. DSB‐SC modulated signal:
s(t )  c(t )m(t )  Ac cos(ct )m(t ) (5.17)
 This modulated signal undergoes a phase reversal whenever the message
signal m(t) crosses zero, as illustrated in Fig. 5.10.
5.10
(a) Message signal.
(b) DSB
DSB‐‐SC modulated wave, resulting
from multiplication of the
message signal by the sinusoidal
carrier
i wave.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 18 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.5 Double Sideband‐Suppressed Modulation

5.5.1 Frequency
Frequency‐‐Domain Description
1. Fourier transform of modulated signal s(t):
1
S ( j )  Ac [ M ( j (  c ))  M ( j (  c ))] (5.18)
2
where M(j)  Fourier transform of m(t),  m    m.

 The modulation process simply translates the spectrum of the message signal by  c.
 Transmission bandwidth = 2 m.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 19 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.5 Double Sideband‐Suppressed Modulation
2. A device for achieving DSB‐SC is called a product modulator or simply multiplier.

Fig. 5.12 (a) shows the block diagram of a product modulator.

Figure 5.12 (p. 441)

( ) Product
(a) d modulator
d l ffor generating the
h DSB‐SC modulated
d l d wave.
(b) Coherent detector for demodulation of the DSB‐SC modulated wave.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 20 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.5 Double Sideband‐Suppressed Modulation

5.5.2 Coherent Detection
1. The message signal m(t) may be recovered from DSB‐SC:
Fig.
Fig 5.12
5 12 (b) Local oscillator
s(t)  locally generated sinusoidal wave = v(t)
v(t) filtered by a Low‐
Low‐pass filter
2 The local oscillator should be exactly coherent or synchronized,
2. synchronized in both frequency and
phase, with the carrier wave c(t).
Coherent detection or synchronization demodulation
3. Derivation for coherent detection:
1) Local oscillator: cos(ct +  )
2) Product modulator output:
v(t )  cos(c t   ) s (t ) 1
Ac cos( )m(t ) A scaled version of the original message signal m(t)
 Ac cos(c t ) cos(c t   )m(t ) 2
1 DSB‐‐SC modulated signal with
DSB
1 1 Ac cos(2c t   )m(t )
 Ac cos( )m(t )  Ac cos(2c t   )m(t ) 2 carrier frequency 2 c
2 2
(5.19)
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 21 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.5 Double Sideband‐Suppressed Modulation

2c  m  m c  m (5.20)
4. Specification of low‐pass filter: m  message bandwidth
1). The cutoff frequency must be m .
) The transition band must be m ≦  ≦ c  m .
2).
Thus, the overall output in Fig. 5.12(b) is given by
1
vo (t )  Ac cos( )m(t ) (5.21) cos  attenuation factor
2
5. (1) Demodulated signal vo(t) is proportional to m(t) when the error phase  is a
constant.
g is maximum when  = 0 and has a minimum zero when  = 
((2)) Demodulated signal
/2.
  =  /2 represents the quadrature null effect of the coherent detector.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 22 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Example 5.3 Sinusoidal DSB‐SC Modulation

Consider again the sinusoidal modulating signal
m(t )  A0 cos(0t )
with amplitude A0 and frequency 0 ; see Fig.
Fig 5.14(a).
5 14(a) The carrier wave is
c(t )  Ac cos(c t )
with amplitude Ac and frequency c; see Fig. 5.14(b). Investigate the time‐domain and
f
frequency‐domain
d characteristics
h off the
h corresponding
d DSB‐SC modulated
d l d wave.

<Sol.> s (t )  Ac A0 cos(c t ) cos(0t )

1 The modulated DSB
1. DSB‐SC
SC 1 1
signal is defined by  Ac A0 cos[(c  0 )t ]  Ac A0 cos[(c  0 )t ]
2 2
2. The Fourier transform of s(t) is given by
1
S ( j )   Ac A0 cos[ (  c  0 )   (  c  0 )]
2
 (  c  0 )   (  c  0 )
which consists of four weighted impulse functions at the frequencies c+ 0,
－c－ 0, c－ 0, and－ c+ 0, as illustrated in the right‐hand side of Fig. 5.14(c).
5.14(c).
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 23 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 Example 5.3 Sinusoidal DSB‐SC Modulation
3. This Fourier transform differs from that depicted in the right‐hand side of Fig. 5.6(c) for
the corresponding example of full AM in one important respect: The impulse functions
at ± c due to the
t e carrier
ca e area e removed.
e o ed
4. Application of the sinusoidally modulated DSB‐SC signal to the product modulator of Fig.
5.12(b) yields the output (assuming  = 0)
1
v(t )  Ac A0 cos(c t ) cos[(c  0 )t ]  cos[(c  0 )t ]
2
1
 Ac A0 cos[(2c  0 )t ]  cos(0t )  cos[(2c  0 )t ]  cos(0t )
4

Figure 5.14 (p. 443)

Time‐domain (on the left) and frequency‐
domain (on the right) characteristics of
DSB‐SC modulation produced by a
sinusoidal modulating wave. (a)
Modulating wave
wave. (b) Carrier wave.
wave (c)
DSB‐SC modulated wave. Note that  =
2.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 24 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.5.3 Costas Receiver

1. Costas receiver: Fig. 5.15.
5.15
2. This receiver consists of two coherent detector supplied with the same input, i.e. the
incoming DSB‐Sc wave:

Ac cos(2 f ct )m(t ) but with individual local oscillator signals that are in phase
quadrature with respect to each other.
In‐phase coherent detector (I‐Channel) and quadrature‐phase coherent
detector (Q‐Channel).
( )

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 25 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.6 Quadrature‐Carrier Multiplexing

1. A quadrature
quadrature‐‐carrier multiplexing, or quadrature
quadrature‐‐amplitude modulation (QAM), system enables two DSB‐
DSB‐SC modulated
waves to occupy the same transmission bandwidth, and yet it allows for their separation at the receiver output.
2. Fig. 5‐16(a): Block diagram of the quadrature‐carrier multiplexing system.
Fi 5‐16(a):
Fig. 5 16( ) transmitter,
i Fi 5‐16(b):
Fig. 5 16(b) receiver.
i
3. Multiplexed signal s(t):
s (t )  Ac m1 (t ) cos(c t )  Ac m2 (t ) sin(c t ) (5.22)

where m1(t) and m2(t) denotes the two different message signals applied to the product modulations.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 26 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.6 Quadrature‐Carrier Multiplexing

Transmission bandwidth = 2 m, centered at c, where m is the common
message bandwidth of m1(t) and m2(t).
4 The output of the top detector at receiver is
4.
1
2
Ac m1 (t )
The output of the bottom detector at receiver is
1
2
Ac m2 (t )

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 27 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.7 Other Variants of Amplitude Modulation
 Basic concept: Full AM and DSB‐SC  Wasteful of bandwidth
 Given the amplitude and phase spectra of either lower or upper sideband, we can
uniquely determine the other.
other
 Single‐sideband (SSB) modulation: only one sideband is transmitted!
5.7.1 Frequency
Frequency‐‐Domain Description of SSB Modulation
1. Consider a message signal m(t) with a spectrum M(j) limited to the band
a    b: Fig. 5‐17 (a).
2. DSB‐SC modulated signal:
m(t )  Ac cos(c t ) Fig. 5‐17 (b).
3. (1) Upper sideband: the frequencies above c
(2) Lower sideband: the frequencies below c
Fig. 5‐17 (c).
4. When only the lower sideband is transmitted, the spectrum of the
corresponding SSB modulated wave is as shown in Fig.
Fig 5‐17
5 17 (d)
(d).

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 28 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.7 Other Variants of Amplitude Modulation

5. Advantages of SSB:
(1) Reduced bandwidth requirement
(2) Elimination of the high‐power carrier wave
Disadvantage of SSB:
(1) Cost and complexity of implementing both the transmitter and receiver.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 29 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.7 Other Variants of Amplitude Modulation
6. Frequency‐discrimination scheme for producing SSB modulation: Fig. 5.18.
 Bandpass filter is designed to pass the sideband selected for transmission and suppress
the remaining sideband.
sideband
 Requirement in SSB signal: the message signal applied to the product modulator must
have a energy gap in its spectrum: Refer to Fig. 5.17 (a).

Figure 5.18 (p. 448)

System consisting of product modulator and
bandpass filter, for generating SSB modulated
wave
wave.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 30 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.7.3 Vestigial Sideband Modulation

1. When the message signal contains significant components at extremely low
frequencies, the upper and lower sidebands meet at the carrier frequency.
Ex. TV signals
i l or wideband
id b d
Using SSB is inappropriate! data
Using VSB (Vestigial sideband) modulation is appropriate!
2. VSB is a compromise between SSB and DSB‐SC forms of modulation.
In VSB modulation, one sideband is passes almost completely, whereas just a trace, or
vestige, of the other sideband is retained.

 The lower sideband is modified into the vestigial sideband.

4. Transmission bandwidth of VSB modulated wave: T  m  v (5.23)
where m is the message bandwidth and u is the width of the vestigial sideband.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 31 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 5.7.3 Vestigial Sideband Modulation

5. Generation of VSB modulated wave: Fig. 5.20.

Passingg a DSB‐
DSB‐SC modulated wave through
g a sideband‐
sideband‐shaping
p g filter
6. The sideband‐shaping filter is designed so that the original message spectrum M(j) is
reproduced on the demodulation as a result of the superposition of two spectra:

1) The positive‐frequency part of S(j) (i.e., the Fourier transform of the transmitted signal
s(t)), shifted downward in frequency by c .
2) The negative‐frequency part of S(j), shifted upward in frequency by c .
A reflection of the vestige of the lower sideband makes
Fig. 5.21
up for the missing parts of the upper sideband.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 32 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.7.3 Vestigial Sideband Modulation

Figure 5.21 (p. 450)

Superposition of the two spectra shown in parts (a) and (b) of the figure results in the
original message spectrum (shown dashed) upon demodulation.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 33 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 Comparison of FM and PM
Phase modulation
c(t )  Ac cos( (t ))
In which the θ(t) is varied linearly with the message m(t)
d (t )  (t )  c t  k p m (t )
i (t ) 
dt
t
sPM (t )  Ac cos(c t  k p m(t )) (5.6)
 (t )   i ( )d
0
Frequency modulation (FM):
In which the instantaneous frequency ωi(t) is varied linearly
with the message m(t)
i (t )  c  k f m(t ) (5.4)
t
 (t )  c t  k f  m( )d
0


sFM (t )  Ac cos c t  k f  m( )d
0
t
 (5.5)

FM and PM are very similar. This means FM can be generated by integrating m(t) and then using the a phase modulator.
Conversely, PM can be generated by differentiating m(t) and then using a frequency modulator.
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 34 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Frequency Modulation (FM)

m(t )  Am sin(mt )
s (t )  Ac cos[c t   sin(mt )]

s (t )  Ac J
n  
n ( ) cos[(c  nm )t ]

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 35 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics
 Frequency Modulation (FM)

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Digital Modulation

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Orthogonal Basis Functions

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Representation of BPSK and QPSK in the Constellation Diagrams

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16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Eye diagram

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 Noise

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Bit Error Rate (BER)

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 Conditional Probability
P(A|B)=probability of A given that B occurred
P(A|B)=P(A∩B)/P(B)
P(A|B) P(A B)/P(B)
P(A∩B)=P(B)● P(A|B)= P(A)● P(B|A)

BER  p (1) P (0 / 1)  p (0) P (1 / 0)

 p(1) : probability of receiving 1
 p (0) : pprobability off receivingg 0

 p(1)
 P (0 / 1) : probability of deciding 1 when 0 received 1 1
 P (1 / 0) : probability of deciding 0 when 1 received p(1)

1
equal 1( Mark ) and 0( Space)  Mark  Ratio
2 p(0)
0
1 0
 BER  P(0 / 1)  P (1 / 0) p(0)
2

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 44 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Bit Error Rate (BER)

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 Bit Error Rate (BER)

Find p1(y) and p0(y) in erfc(x)

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 46 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Optimum Threshold and “Q”

0
BER verse Q
10
Erfc
Exp

-5
10

-10
10
Bit Error Rate

-15
10
B

-20
10

Class work: Find BER in terms of Q

-25
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Q

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 4‐Mry Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

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Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

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 Symbol Error Rate (SER) vs Signal‐to‐noise (SNR) vs EVM
1
EVM RMS 
SNR

1  3 log 2 M 
SER  2(1  )Q  SNR ;
M  M 1 
1  x 
Q( x)  erfc 
2  2

M is QAM‐level, if 16‐QAM, M = 16

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 50 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

Line Coding

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 5.9 Multiplexing
 Three basic types of multiplexing:
1. Frequency‐division multiplexing, in which the signals are separated by allocating them to different frequency bands. This
i ill
is illustrated
t t d iin Fi
Fig. 5
5.27(a)
27( ) for
f ththe case off six
i diff
differentt message signals.
i l FFrequency‐division
di i i multiplexing
lti l i ffavors th
the use off
CW modulation, where each message signal is able to use the channel on a continuous‐time basis.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 52 Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Photonics

5.9 Multiplexing
2. Time‐division multiplexing, wherein the signals are separated by allocating them to
different time slots within a sampling interval.
This second type
yp of multiplexing
p g is illustrated in Fig.
g 5.27(b)
( ) for the case of six different
message signals. Code‐division multiplexing, which relies on the assignment of
different codes to the individual users of the channel.
3. Code‐division multiplexing, which relies on the assignment of different codes to the
individual
d d l users off theh channel.
h l

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 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals

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Sampling

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 Quantization

How many values can be represented by 4 bits?

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Pulse Code Modulation

In practice, the channel capacity is 8bits x 8k/s = 64 kbits/s

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 North American PSTN
• Rationale: There are more low‐amplitude than high‐amplitude sounds in speech
• Quantization noise is an unavoidable side effect of digitization

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T‐1 Channel

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 TDM Signal Hierarchy (NORTH AMERICA, JAPAN, KOREA)

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TDM Signal Hierarchy (EUROPE ‐ ITU)

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 SONET/SDH SIGNAL HIERARCHY

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