UNIT-1B

Orthographic Projections
Introduction, quadrant system, Planes of projection, reference line and conventions
employed, Projections of points in I and III quadrants. Projections of straight lines
(located in first quadrant and without reference to traces), True and apparent
lengths, True and apparent inclinations to reference planes, simple application
problems. [2L + 0T+ 6P Hrs.]

Projections of Plane Surfaces (First Angle Projection Only)

Introduction, Projections of plane surfaces: triangle, square, rectangle, rhombus,
circle regular pentagon and regular hexagon in different positions by change of
position method. [2L + 0T+ 4P Hrs.]

Dr.S.SRINIVAS
Professor
Dept of Mechanical Engg
 What is Multiview drawing?
A standard, systematic approach of representing the detailed description of the object
using several views such as front (elevation), top (plan) and side views in the form of a
drawing
Parallel or Orthographic Projection
Parallel projection is obtained by assuming
the observer at infinite distance from the
object. Hence, the visual rays are
considered as parallel to one another.
These rays or lines of sight are used to
project the object on a standard plane.
The object is projected to a plane by
drawing straight lines from each and every
point on the object. These lines used for
projecting the object are ‘projectors’. The
plane to which the object is projected is
the ‘plane of projection’. All projectors are
parallel to one another and perpendicular In orthographic projection, an object is
to the plane of projection. The image or represented by projecting its views on imaginary
view obtained on the plane is the orthogonal planes. Any object, irrespective to
‘projection’. the dimensions, (1D, 2D or 3D objects) is
converted to 2D drawings or projections.
 Types of objects
Dimensionless 1D 2D 3D

Ex- intersection of lines, a Hair, Very thin All zero thickness planes Three dimensional
dot, CG of a plane, corner of wire like triangular lamina, objects like cylinder,
a 3D object, a dust particle square lamina etc cone, prism, cube
pyramid, etc
 In orthographic projection, an object is represented by projecting its views on
Reference planes imaginary orthogonal planes called reference planes. Any object, irrespective to the
dimensions, (1D, 2D or 3D objects) is converted to 2D drawings or projections.

Principal Planes
Direction of
viewing 1. Horizontal Plane (HP)
A plane of reference which is assumed to be parallel to the
ground. Projection on this plane is known as top view/plan.

2. Vertical Plane (VP)

A plane of reference which is assumed to be perpendicular to
the ground/horizontal plane. Projection on this plane is known
QUADRANT
as front view/elevation.
QUADRANT
3. Profile planes (PP)/Side planes
Planes perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical planes are
QUADRANT profile planes. Projection on this plane is known as side view.
There are two side planes namely left and right profile planes.

Direction of Main Reference Line, x-y and x1-y1

QUADRANT viewing The line of intersection of Horizontal plane (HP) and Vertical
plane (VP) is the main reference line, x-y. Intersection of side
plane with HP and VP & PP is x1-y1
Quadrants
Above HP
Above HP In front of VP
Behind VP

Direction of
viewing

Below HP Below HP
Behind VP In front of VP

IQ II Q III Q IV Q
QUADRANT

QUADRANT FV VP FV TV
VP HP TV HP
HP VP HP FV
QUADRANT FV
TV VP TV
Direction of
QUADRANT viewing
ABOVE HP ABOVE HP BELOW HP BELOW HP
IN FRONT OF VP BEHIND VP BEHIND VP IN FRONT OF VP
 I angle projection X1 X1
Direction of viewing to get LPP VP RPP
top view

Front Left
Right
view view
Direction of viewing view
to get right view
X Y
Top
view
QUADRANT
Object
QUADRANT HP
y1 y1
QUADRANT
PLANE OBJECT OBSERVER
(IMAGE)
Direction of
viewing to get
left view Direction of
QUADRANT Viewing to get
front view

FV LV RV FV
REPRSENTATION I ANGLE PROJECTION
 X1 X1
Direction of III angle projection HP
viewing to get
Direction of
top view X1 viewing to get
right view Top
RPP view
X1 X Y
Y RPP
LPP HP Left
view
VP Front Right
X view view
LPP
Object VP
Y1 y1
Y1
Direction of viewing Object Plane OBSERVER
to get left view Direction of
Viewing to get (Image)
front view
Y1

X LV FV FV RV
REPRSENTATION III ANGLE PROJECTION
 Difference between I and III angle projection

LV FV
FV LV
X

III angle projection

I angle projection
PLANE OBJECT OBSERVER Object Plane OBSERVER
(IMAGE) (Image)

1.Left view is on RPP

2. Right view is on LPP
3. TV is below the object
4. FV is behind the object
?
1. A point ‘A’ is 25 mm in front of VP, 30 Projection of point in I quadrant X1
mm above HP and 20 mm in front of right PP.
Draw the three principal views of the point.
PLANE OBJECT OBSERVER X1
IMAGE RPP
VP Y
x1 HP
a’ a’’ RPP X LPP A
p p X1
20 Y1
VP y a’
x HP n a’’ Y1
a n
30

30
y1
VP RPP
X Y
n HP

25
25 20

a
Y1

Assignment 1: A point ‘A’ is 25 mm in front of VP, 30 mm above HP and

20 mm in front of left PP. Draw the three principal views of the point.
2. A point P is 25mm in front of VP, 20mm above HP and 30mm from LPP.
Draw the three views of the point

a
Three ways of getting
TV RSV
the side view
a
20

a V
a a

a
a
Projection of point in III quadrant X1
Top
X1

view
3. A point ‘A’ is 20 mm behind VP, 40 mm
below HP and 25 mm in front of right PP. Draw X HP Y
VP RPP
the three principal views of the point. LPP
Left Front Right
view view view
X1 y1

Object Plane OBSERVER

Image
X1
a
Assignment 2:
A point ‘A’ is 20 mm

20
HP RPP behind VP, 40 mm
X VP Y
25 below HP and 25 mm
in front of left PP.
40 Draw the three
principal views of the
a’ a’’ point.
Y1
4. A point is touching both HP and VP. Obtain the projections

Solution:
Point can be in any quadrant

VP P’
X Y IQ
HP p

HP p
X Y III Q
VP p’

ASSIGNMENT 3:
A point is touches all the three
Principal planes. Obtain the
projections
5. A point Q, is 15mm above HP and in VP and 20 mm from RPP. Draw its Projections

Solution: Point can be in I or II quadrant

X1
q’
q’’

15
20
VP Y
X
HP q
Y1

ASSIGNMENT 4:
A point Q, is 15mm above HP and in
VP and 20 mm from LPP. Draw its
Projections
6. A point Q is 35mm below HP, in VP and 20mm from RPP. Draw the projections and
state the quadrant in which the point is situated

Point can be in III or IV quadrant X1

X1

HP q
X Y
VP 20

35
q’’
q’
Y1

Assignment 5. A point Q is 35mm below

HP, in VP and 20mm from LPP. Draw the
Y1 projections and state the quadrant in
which the point is situated
7. A point Q is 30mm in front of VP, 20mm from LPP and in HP. Draw the projections
and state the quadrant in which the point is situated
X1
Point can be in I or IV quadrant

q’’ VP
X q’ HP Y

30
20

Y1
q’’
Assignment 6. A point Q is 30mm in
front of VP, 20mm from RPP and in HP.
Draw the projections and state the
quadrant in which the point is situated
8. A point Q, is 40mm behind VP and in HP and 20 mm from LPP. Draw its Projections

Solution: Point can be in II or III quadrant

X1
q

20

40
X HP
Y
q’’ q’’ q’ VP
Y1

q’’
Assignment 7:
A point Q, is 40mm behind VP
and in the HP and 20 mm from
RPP. Draw its Projections
9. A point ‘A’ is 20mm above HP and in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
reference line XY is 40mm. Draw the projections of the point and determine its distance from
VP. LPP is at a distance of 25mm from the point
10. A point G is 25 mm below HP and is in III quadrant. Its shortest distance from the line of
intersection of HP and VP is 45 mm. Draw the top, front and right side views. Measure the
distance from VP

Any
distance

HP
VP
11
12. A point A is situated in the I quadrant. Its shortest distance from the intersection point
of HP and VP is 60 mm and it is equidistant from HP & VP. Draw the projections of the point
and determine its distance from HP & VP.

Any
distance
13. A point P is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is 25 mm behind
VP and 40 mm below HP. Draw the projections of the points P & Q keeping the distance
between their projectors parallel to XY line as equal to 90 mm. Measure the distance
between their Top views and front views respectively

VP HP
HP VP
 Assignment 8: Frame the problems for the solutions given
X1

h’’

X
Y
15

Y1
Assignment 9: Identify in which quadrant the following points lie.
Reproduce them in the sketch book.

d
b’
a’ g
b

d’ f’ Y
X
a

e e’
g’
Total problems solved = 13 f

Assignments = 9

Total number of problems to be solved In the sketch book = 22

How not to draw the sketches
How to draw the sketches
SL. Title of the Date to be Date of No. of No. of
NO chapter submitted submission problems to problems
be solved solved
1 Introduction
2 Projection
of points