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Bonding A-Level Only

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

152 views56 pages

Bonding A-Level Only

Uploaded by

amberjit.grewal777

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 56

This question is about rates of reaction.

1.
Figure 1 shows apparatus used to measure the rate of reaction when an acid reacts with an
excess of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3

When different monoprotic organic acids are used, the rates at which gas escapes can be used
to compare the strengths of the acids.

A timer is started when the NaHCO3 is added to the acid and the mass of CO2 gas lost is
recorded at regular intervals.
(It is assumed that any change in mass is due to the loss of CO2)

Figure 1

(a) Suggest a reason why using a conical flask instead of a beaker would give more accurate
results in this experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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Figure 2 shows the results of this experiment when 25.0 cm3 of a
2.23 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid reacts with an excess of NaHCO3

Figure 2

(b) Use Figure 2 to calculate the rate of reaction at 2 minutes.

Deduce the units of your calculated rate.

Rate _ Units _

(3)

(c) Chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

Sketch, on Figure 2, the curve you would expect when 25.0 cm3 of a 2.23 mol dm–3
solution of chloroethanoic acid reacts with an excess of NaHCO3

Suggest why chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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The molar enthalpy of vaporisation (∆Hvap) of a liquid is the enthalpy change when one mole of
2. liquid is converted to vapour at the boiling point of the liquid.

A student does an experiment to determine ∆Hvap for water.

The student:

• places a large beaker on a balance

• pours 500 cm3 of water into the beaker
• uses a 2.4 kW heater to raise the temperature of the water to 100 °C
• records the mass of the beaker and hot water
• uses the 2.4 kW heater to boil the water for 100 s
• records the mass of the beaker and remaining water.

The loss in mass is 103 g

(a) Calculate ∆Hvap for water.

[1 kW = 1 kJ s–1]

∆Hvap ____________________ kJ mol–1

(3)

The table below shows some data about three compounds that all contain the same number of
electrons.

Compound CH3CH2OH CH3CH2NH2 CH3OCH3

Boiling point / K 352 290 248

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(b) All three compounds in the table above are polar.
Ethanol is the most polar and ethylamine is the least polar.

Explain why all three molecules are polar and why ethylamine is the least polar.
In your answer refer to the shapes around, and relative electronegativities of, the most
electronegative atoms.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Explain the trend in the boiling points of the three compounds.
Refer to the intermolecular forces in all three compounds in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

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What is the relative molecular mass (Mr) of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid?
3.
A 164.0

B 166.0

C 168.0

D 170.0

(Total 1 mark)

Which substance has significant electron delocalisation?

4.
A graphite

B iodine

C sodium chloride

D tetrachloromethane

(Total 1 mark)

What happens when water is vaporised?

5.
A Covalent bonds break within molecules.

B Intermolecular forces are overcome.

C The enthalpy of the molecules decreases.

D The disorder of the molecules decreases.

(Total 1 mark)

Which statement about the shapes of ions is not correct?

6.
A [CoCl4]2– is square planar.

B NH4+ is tetrahedral.

C [Co(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]2+ is octahedral.

D [Co(H2O)6]2+ is octahedral.

(Total 1 mark)

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This question is about Period 3 elements and their compounds.
7.
(a) Which is not a correct statement about magnesium hydroxide?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

It is used to neutralise stomach acid

It forms a solution with pH = 14 at 25 °C

It has the empirical formula H2MgO2

(1)

(b) Give an equation for the reaction of aluminium oxide with sulfuric acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Identify a reagent or test that could be used to distinguish between aqueous solutions of
sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide with the same concentrations.

State the observation in each case.

Reagent or test _____________________________________________________

Observation with sulfur dioxide solution __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Observation with sulfur trioxide solution __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The mass spectrum of the element phosphorus has a peak at = 124

Give the formula of the species responsible for this peak.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Give an equation for the reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide with sodium hydroxide solution.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(f) Draw the displayed formula of the molecule formed when phosphorus(V) oxide reacts with
water.

(1)

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(g) The table below shows the melting points of three substances.

Substance Melting point / K

sodium chloride 1074

chlorine 172

hydrogen chloride 158

Explain why the melting points of these substances are different.

You should refer to the structure of and bonding in each substance.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Which substance has no delocalised electrons?

8.
A graphite

B methylbenzene

C poly(propene)

D sodium

(Total 1 mark)

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Which pair of reagents reacts to form a tetrahedral complex?
9.
A CoCl2(aq) and concentrated NH3(aq)

B CuSO4(aq) and concentrated NH3(aq)

C CuSO4(aq) and sodium ethanedioate(aq)

D FeCl3(aq) and concentrated HCl(aq)

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about elements in Period 3 and their compounds.

10.
(a) When a piece of sodium is added to 200 cm3 of water in a large beaker a vigorous reaction
occurs. The temperature of the water increases by 25 oC

Give an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with water.

Suggest why it is dangerous to react a similar piece of sodium with 10 cm3 of water in a
boiling tube.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

Why it is dangerous __________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Give an equation for the reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide with water.

Suggest a pH for the solution formed.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

pH _______________________________________________________________
(2)

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(c) Explain, in terms of crystal structure and bonding, why silicon(IV) oxide has a higher
melting point than phosphorus(V) oxide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) An element in Period 3 forms an oxide that is insoluble in water.

This oxide reacts with sulfuric acid and with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

Give the formula for this oxide.

Give an equation for the reaction of this oxide with sulfuric acid.

Formula ___________________________________________________________

Equation

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Give the formula of a hydroxide of an element in Period 3 used in medicine.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Identify the element in Period 3, from sodium to chlorine, that has the largest atomic radius.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

This question is about fuels.

11.
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(a) The petrol fraction obtained from crude oil can be used as fuel in cars.

State the meaning of fraction, as used in the term petrol fraction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Hexadecane (C16H34) can be cracked at high temperature to form petrol.

Complete the equation to show the cracking of one molecule of hexadecane to form
hexane and cyclopentane only.

Give the name of a catalyst used in this cracking reaction.

C16H34 → _ + _

Catalyst ____________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Carbon dioxide is formed when petrol is burned.

Carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas when it absorbs infrared radiation.

Give a reason why carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Compound Z (HOCH2CH2NH2) can be used to remove carbon dioxide from the mixture of
waste gases produced in some power stations.

The figure below shows part of a suggested mechanism for the reaction of Z with carbon
dioxide.

Draw two curly arrows to complete the mechanism in the figure above.

Name compound Z (HOCH2CH2NH2)

Deduce the role of Z in step 2 of the mechanism.

Name _____________________________________________________________

Role ______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(e) HOCH2CH2NH2 can be represented as XNH2
[HOCH2CH2NH3]+ can be represented as [XNH3]+

Draw the shape of XNH2 and of [XNH3]+

State whether the H–N–H bond angle in XNH2 is greater than, the same as, or smaller than
that in [XNH3]+

Explain your answer.

Shape of XNH2 Shape of [XNH3]+

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(f) Bioethanol is used as an alternative to fossil fuels.

This statement appeared on a website.

“The fact that bioethanol is a carbon-neutral fuel outweighs the environmental

disadvantages of producing bioethanol.”

Evaluate this statement.

In your answer you should include:

• an outline of how bioethanol is produced
• relevant equations
• analysis of the environmental impacts.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 19 marks)

Which statement about inorganic ionic compounds is always correct?

12.

A They dissolve in water to give neutral solutions.

B They release energy when they melt.

C They contain metal cations.

D They form giant structures.

(Total 1 mark)

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Which species has a lone pair of electrons on the central atom?
13.

A CO2

B SO2

C PCl6‒

D SO42–

(Total 1 mark)

In which substance do covalent bonds break when it melts?

14.

A hexane

B ice

C iodine

D silicon dioxide

(Total 1 mark)

In which molecule are all the atoms in the same plane?

15.

A CH3CHO

B CH3NH2

C C6H5Cl

D C6H5CH3

(Total 1 mark)

Which molecule has a permanent dipole?

16.

A BF3

B NH3

C SiCl4

D SO3

(Total 1 mark)

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Which substance contains delocalised electrons?
17.

A cyclohexane

B graphite

C iodine

D sodium chloride

(Total 1 mark)

Which polymer has hydrogen bonding between the polymer chains?

18.

A Kevlar

B PVC

C poly(phenylethene)

D Terylene

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about Period 3 elements.

19.
The graph shows the second ionisation energies of some elements in Period 3.

(a) Draw a cross (x) on the graph above to show the second ionisation energy of silicon.
(1)

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(b) Identify the element in Period 3, from sodium to argon, that has the highest second
ionisation energy.

Give an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when the
second ionisation energy of this element is measured.

If you were unable to identify the element you may use the symbol Q in your equation.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Equation

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Identify the element in Period 3, from sodium to chlorine, that has the highest
electronegativity.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Phosphorus burns in air to form phosphorus(V) oxide.

Give an equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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This question is about 2-bromopropane.
20.
(a) Define the term electronegativity.

Explain the polarity of the C–Br bond in 2-bromopropane.

Electronegativity _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Outline the mechanism for the reaction of 2-bromopropane with an excess of ammonia.

(4)

(c) Draw the skeletal formula of the main organic species formed in the reaction between a
large excess of 2-bromopropane and ammonia.

Give a use for the organic product.

Skeletal formula

Use _______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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Which statement is not correct?
21.
A CuCl42– is square planar.

B NH4+ is tetrahedral.

C [Co(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]2+ is octahedral.

D [Fe(H2O)6]2+ is octahedral.

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about periodicity, the Period 4 elements and their compounds.
22.
(a) State the meaning of the term periodicity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Identify the element in Period 4 with the highest electronegativity value.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Explain your answer.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The equations for two reactions of arsenic(III) oxide are shown.

As2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O

As2O3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Na3AsO3 + 3 H2O

Name the property of arsenic(III) oxide that describes its ability to react in these two ways.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) Complete the equation for the formation of arsenic hydride.

As2O3 + Zn + HNO3 → AsH3 + Zn(NO3)2 + H 2O

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.
23.
The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the copper
in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm3 with distilled
water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of potassium
iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to react
with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are

2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2

2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–

(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

% copper _____________________________
(6)

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(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same apparatus as
this experiment.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.

Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(f) Iodine vaporises easily.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and 100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Volume _______________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

This question is about structure and bonding.

24.
(a) Draw a diagram to show the strongest type of interaction between two molecules of ethanol
(C2H5OH) in the liquid phase.

Include all lone pairs and partial charges in your diagram.

(3)

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The table shows the boiling points of ethanol and methoxymethane.

Compound Boiling point / °C

ethanol 78

methoxymethane −24

In terms of the intermolecular forces involved, explain the difference in boiling points.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(c) Draw the shape of the POCl3 molecule and the shape of the ClF4⁻ ion.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shapes.

In a POCl3 molecule the oxygen atom is attached to the phosphorus atom by a double
bond that uses two electrons from phosphorus.

Name each shape.

Suggest a value for the bond angle in ClF4⁻

Shape of POCl3 Shape of ClF4⁻

Name of shape of POCl3 ______________________________________________

Name of shape of ClF4⁻ _______________________________________________

Bond angle in ClF4⁻ __________________________________________________

(5)
(Total 11 marks)

Isomers X and Y have the molecular formula C5H8O

25.

(a) Give the IUPAC name for isomer X.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) Explain how and why isomers X and Y can be distinguished by comparing each of their

• boiling points

• 13C NMR spectra

• infrared spectra.

Use data from Tables A and C in the Data Booklet in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 7 marks)

Sodium thiosulfate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown.

26.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2O(l)

(a) Give the simplest ionic equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The gas SO2 is a pollutant.

State the property of SO2 that causes pollution when it enters rivers.

Give an equation to show the reaction of SO2 with water.

Property ___________________________________________________________

Equation __________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 26 of 56

State the H-O-H bond angle.

Explain this shape and bond angle.

Diagram

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(d) The initial rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid can be
monitored by measuring the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be produced.

Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the initial rate of this
reaction.

Include

• a brief outline of your method

• how you will measure the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be formed
• how you will present your results in graphical form
• a sketch of the graph that you would expect.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

An aqueous solution of a salt gives a white precipitate when mixed with aqueous silver nitrate
27. and when mixed with dilute sulfuric acid.

Which could be the formula of the salt?

A BaCl2

B (NH4)2SO4

C KCl

D Sr(NO3)2

(Total 1 mark)

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Which is not responsible for conduction of electricity?
28.
A The sodium ions in molten sodium chloride

B The electrons between layers of carbon atoms in graphite

C The bonding electrons in a metal

D The lone pair electrons on water molecules

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about sodium and some of its compounds.

29.
(a) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why sodium bromide has a melting
point that is higher than that of sodium, and higher than that of sodium iodide.
(6)

(b) When 250 mg of sodium were added to 500 cm3 of water at 25 °C a gas was produced.

Give an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the gas formed at 101 kPa

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Volume ____________________ cm3

(6)

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

(1)

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(d) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 that contains the NH2– ion.

Draw the shape of the NH2– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

Predict the bond angle.

Justify your prediction.

Shape

Bond angle ____________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

Halogenoalkanes are useful compounds in synthesis. A reaction pathway is shown.

30.

(a) Give the IUPAC name for CH2(OH)CH(CH3)CH2Br

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) Reaction 1 occurs via a nucleophilic substitution mechanism.

Explain why the halogenoalkane is attacked by the nucleophile in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Draw the displayed formula of Compound Y.

(1)

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(d) Compound Z has the empirical formula C3H4NO

Give the structure of Compound Z.

Suggest the reagent for Reaction 3.

Structure

Reagent for Reaction 3 _________________________________________

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

The oxidation of propan-1-ol can form propanal and propanoic acid.

31. The boiling points of these compounds are shown in the table.

Compound Boiling point / °C

propan-1-ol 97

propanal 49

propanoic acid 141

In a preparation of propanal, propan-1-ol is added dropwise to the oxidising agent and the
aldehyde is separated from the reaction mixture by distillation.

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(a) Explain, with reference to intermolecular forces, why distillation allows propanal to be
separated from the other organic compounds in this reaction mixture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(b) Give two ways of maximising the yield of propanal obtained by distillation of the reaction
mixture.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Describe how you would carry out a simple test-tube reaction to confirm that the sample of
propanal obtained by distillation does not contain any propanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
Combustion of 457 mg of ethanol increased the temperature of 150 g of water from 25.1 °C
to 40.2 °C

Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol in this experiment.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

Enthalpy of combustion ____________________ kJ mol–1

(3)

(e) A mixture of isomeric alkenes is produced when pentan-2-ol is dehydrated in the presence
of hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Pent-1-ene is one of the isomers produced.

Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction producing pent-1-ene.

Name of mechanism _________________________________________________

Mechanism

(4)

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(f) A pair of stereoisomers is also formed in the reaction in part (e).

Name the less polar stereoisomer formed.

Explain how this type of stereoisomerism arises.

Name _____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

Use the Data Booklet to help you answer this question about amino acids.
32. The diagram shows parts of two polypeptide chains in a beta-pleated sheet of a protein.

(a) The polypeptide chains are held together by hydrogen bonding as shown in the diagram.

Explain how these hydrogen bonds form.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) A different type of bond can form between two polypeptide chains when the chains each
contain the amino acid cysteine.

Complete the structure to show the bond that forms between the side chains of two
cysteine molecules.

(1)

(c) The type of bond in part (b) between two polypeptide chains influences the three-
dimensional structure of the protein.

Name this type of protein structure.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Draw the structure of the zwitterion of a dipeptide formed by alanine and serine.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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Which diagram shows the correct bonding and correct bond polarity in a molecule of oxygen
33. difluoride?

(Total 1 mark)

Which species has a shape that is influenced by the presence of one or more lone pairs of
34. electrons around the central atom?

A AlCl3

B ClF3

C IF6+

D PCl6–

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about some Period 3 elements and their oxides.

35.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of phosphorus with an excess of oxygen.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) Describe a test you could carry out in a test tube to distinguish between sodium oxide and
the product of the reaction in part (a)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Silicon dioxide _______________________________________________________

Sulfur trioxide _______________________________________________________

(2)

(d) Explain why silicon dioxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e) Write an equation for the reaction of sulfur trioxide with potassium hydroxide solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Write an equation for the reaction of an excess of magnesium oxide with phosphoric acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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(g) Draw the displayed formula of the undissociated acid formed when sulfur dioxide reacts
with water.

(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Solution A contains the compound [Cu(H2O)6]Cl2

36.
(a) State the type of bonding between the oxygen and hydrogen in this compound.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) State why the chloride ions in this compound are not considered to be ligands.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) An excess of ammonia was added to a sample of solution A to form solution B.

Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when solution A is converted into
solution B and state the colour of solution B.

Equation ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Colour ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Aqueous sodium carbonate was added to another sample of solution A to form a
blue-green solid C.

Identify the blue-green solid C.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) Reagent D was added to another sample of solution A to form a yellow-green
solution.

Identify reagent D and write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the
yellow-green solution is formed from solution A.

Identity of reagent D ___________________________________________________

Equation ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Explain why colorimetry cannot be used to determine the concentration of solutions
containing [CuCl2]−

In your answer refer to the electron configuration of the metal ion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Which compound has the highest boiling point?

37.

A CH3CH2CH2OH

B CH3CH2CHO

C CH3COCH3

D CH3COOCH3

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about the chemistry of some Group 2 elements.

38.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium with water at 25 °C and predict a possible
value for the pH of the solution formed.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

pH ________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) State the trend in solubility, in water, of the Group 2 sulfates from magnesium to barium.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Reagent ___________________________________________________________

Equation

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Explain why the melting point of calcium sulfate is high.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

This question is about the element iodine and its compounds.

39.
(a) Iodine is in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

Complete the electron configuration of an iodine atom.

[Kr] ________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) Part of the structure of an iodine crystal is shown in the diagram.

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why the melting point of iodine is
low (113.5 °C) and why that of hydrogen iodide is very low (–50.8 °C).
(6)

(c) State why iodine does not conduct electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Deduce an equation for the formation of hydrogen iodide from its elements.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) The triiodide ion is formed when an iodine molecule is bonded to an iodide ion.

What is the formula of ammonium triiodide?

Tick (✔) one box.

NH3I3

NH3I4

NH4I

NH4I3

(1)

Heath Park Page 43 of 56

(f) Draw the shape of the IF3 molecule and the shape of the IF4− ion.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence each shape.

(2)

(g) Deduce the oxidation state of iodine in the following species.

Ba(IO3)2 _____________________________________________________________

[H4IO6]− _____________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

(a) Explain how the electron pair repulsion theory can be used to deduce the shape of, and the
40. bond angle in, PF3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) State the full electron configuration of a cobalt(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 44 of 56

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Predict the shape of, and the bond angle in, the complex rhodium ion [RhCl4]2−.

Shape _____________________________________________________________

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

The table below contains some entropy data relevant to the reaction used to synthesise
41. methanol from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The reaction is carried out at a temperature of
250 °C.

Substance CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) H2O(g)

Entropy (SƟ) / J K−1 mol−1 214 131 238 189

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = −49 kJ mol−1

(a) Use this enthalpy change and data from the table to calculate a value for the free-energy
change of the reaction at 250 °C.
Give units with your answer.

Free-energy change = _ Units = _

(4)

Heath Park Page 45 of 56

(b) Calculate a value for the temperature when the reaction becomes feasible.

Temperature = _______________ K
(2)

Draw a diagram showing the interaction between two molecules of methanol. Explain why
methanol is easy to liquefy.

Diagram

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Heath Park Page 46 of 56

Ethanol can be oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to ethanoic acid in a two-step
42. process.

ethanol ethanal ethanoic acid

(a) In order to ensure that the oxidation to ethanoic acid is complete, the reaction is carried out
under reflux.

Describe what happens when a reaction mixture is refluxed and why it is necessary, in this
case, for complete oxidation to ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Write a half-equation for the overall oxidation of ethanol into ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 47 of 56

Compound ethanol ethanal ethanoic acid

Boiling point / °C 78 21 118

Use these data to describe how you would obtain a sample of ethanal from a mixture of
these three compounds. Include in your answer a description of the apparatus you would
use and how you would minimise the loss of ethanal. Your description of the apparatus can
be either a description in words or a labelled sketch.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why it is possible to separate
ethanal in this way.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 48 of 56

(e) A student obtained a sample of a liquid using the apparatus in part (c).

Describe how the student could use chemical tests to confirm that the liquid contained
ethanal and did not contain ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 16 marks)

Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.

43. Ethanedioic acid acts, initially, as a monoprotic acid.

(a) Use the concept of electronegativity to justify why the acid strengths of ethanedioic acid
and ethanoic acid are different.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Heath Park Page 49 of 56

(b) A buffer solution is made by adding 6.00 × 10–2 mol of sodium hydroxide to a solution
containing 1.00 × 10–1 mol of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4).
Assume that the sodium hydroxide reacts as shown in the following equation and that in
this buffer solution, the ethanedioic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid.

H2C2O4(aq) + OH–(aq) HC2O4−(aq) + H2O(l)

The dissociation constant Ka for ethanedioic acid is 5.89 × 10–2 mol dm–3.

Calculate a value for the pH of the buffer solution.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

pH = ____________________
(5)

Heath Park Page 50 of 56

(c) In a titration, the end point was reached when 25.0 cm3 of an acidified solution containing
ethanedioic acid reacted with 20.20 cm3 of 2.00 ×10–2 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII)
solution.

Deduce an equation for the reaction that occurs and use it to calculate the original
concentration of the ethanedioic acid solution.

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation

Original concentration = ____________________ mol dm-3

(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Kevlar is a polymer used in protective clothing.

44. The repeating unit within the polymer chains of Kevlar is shown.

(a) Name the strongest type of interaction between polymer chains of Kevlar.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 51 of 56

(b) One of the monomers used in the synthesis of Kevlar is

H 2N NH2

An industrial synthesis of this monomer uses the following two-stage process starting from
compound X.

Stage 1

Cl NO2 + 2NH3 H2N NO2 + NH4Cl

Stage 2

H 2N NO2 H2N NH2

(i) Suggest why the reaction of ammonia with X in Stage 1 might be considered
unexpected.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Suggest a combination of reagents for the reaction in Stage 2.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Compound X can be produced by nitration of chlorobenzene.

Give the combination of reagents for this nitration of chlorobenzene.

Write an equation or equations to show the formation of a reactive intermediate from
these reagents.

Reagents _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Equation(s) ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
Heath Park Page 52 of 56
(iv) Name and outline a mechanism for the formation of X from chlorobenzene and the
reactive intermediate in part (iii).

Name of mechanism _____________________________________________

Mechanism

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

This question is about some Period 3 elements and their oxides.

45.
(a) Describe what you would observe when, in the absence of air, magnesium is heated
strongly with water vapour at temperatures above 373 K.
Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Observations ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Equation ___________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Explain why magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 53 of 56

(c) State the structure of, and bonding in, silicon dioxide.
Other than a high melting point, give two physical properties of silicon dioxide that are
characteristic of its structure and bonding.

Structure ___________________________________________________________

Bonding ____________________________________________________________

Physical property 1 ___________________________________________________

Physical property 2 ___________________________________________________

(4)

(d) Give the formula of the species in a sample of solid phosphorus(V) oxide.
State the structure of, and describe fully the bonding in, this oxide.

Formula ____________________________________________________________

Structure ___________________________________________________________

Bonding ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e) Sulfur(IV) oxide reacts with water to form a solution containing ions.

Write an equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Write an equation for the reaction between the acidic oxide, phosphorus(V) oxide, and the
basic oxide, magnesium oxide.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

Heath Park Page 54 of 56

(a) The structure below shows the repeating unit of a polymer.
46.

By considering the functional group formed during polymerisation, name this type of
polymer and the type of polymerisation involved in its formation.

Type of polymer ____________________________________________________

Type of polymerisation _______________________________________________

(2)

(b) Draw the structure of the species present in solid aminoethanoic acid, H2NCH2COOH

(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Which one of the following reactions does not involve donation of an electron pair?
47.
A H+ + CH3NH2 → CH3NH

B AlCl3 + Cl− → AlCl

C CH3Cl + CN− → CH3CN + Cl−

D Cl2 + I− → Cl− + I2
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 55 of 56

Which one of the following statements is not correct?
48.
A The first ionisation energy of iron is greater than its second ionisation energy.

B The magnitude of the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is greater than that of barium
oxide.

C The oxidation state of iron in [Fe(CN)6]3− is greater than the oxidation state of copper in
[CuCl2]−

D The boiling point of C3H8 is lower than that of CH3CH2OH

(Total 1 mark)

Which one of the following does not contain any delocalised electrons?
49.
A poly(propene)

B benzene

C graphite

D sodium
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 56 of 56

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Bonding A-Level Only

Uploaded by

Bonding A-Level Only

Uploaded by

This question is about rates of reaction.

Heath Park Page 1 of 56

(b) Use Figure 2 to calculate the rate of reaction at 2 minutes.

Deduce the units of your calculated rate.

Rate _______________ Units _______________

(c) Chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

Suggest why chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

Heath Park Page 2 of 56

A student does an experiment to determine ∆Hvap for water.

• places a large beaker on a balance

The loss in mass is 103 g

(a) Calculate ∆Hvap for water.

∆Hvap ____________________ kJ mol–1

Compound CH3CH2OH CH3CH2NH2 CH3OCH3

Boiling point / K 352 290 248

Heath Park Page 3 of 56

Heath Park Page 4 of 56

Which substance has significant electron delocalisation?

What happens when water is vaporised?

B Intermolecular forces are overcome.

C The enthalpy of the molecules decreases.

D The disorder of the molecules decreases.

Which statement about the shapes of ions is not correct?

Heath Park Page 5 of 56

It is used to neutralise stomach acid

It forms a solution with pH = 14 at 25 °C

It has the empirical formula H2MgO2

State the observation in each case.

Reagent or test _____________________________________________________

Observation with sulfur dioxide solution __________________________________

Observation with sulfur trioxide solution __________________________________

Give the formula of the species responsible for this peak.

Heath Park Page 6 of 56

Heath Park Page 7 of 56

Substance Melting point / K

sodium chloride 1074

hydrogen chloride 158

Explain why the melting points of these substances are different.

You should refer to the structure of and bonding in each substance.

Which substance has no delocalised electrons?

Heath Park Page 8 of 56

B CuSO4(aq) and concentrated NH3(aq)

C CuSO4(aq) and sodium ethanedioate(aq)

D FeCl3(aq) and concentrated HCl(aq)

This question is about elements in Period 3 and their compounds.

Why it is dangerous __________________________________________________

Suggest a pH for the solution formed.

Heath Park Page 9 of 56

(d) An element in Period 3 forms an oxide that is insoluble in water.

Give the formula for this oxide.

(e) Give the formula of a hydroxide of an element in Period 3 used in medicine.

This question is about fuels.

State the meaning of fraction, as used in the term petrol fraction.

(b) Hexadecane (C16H34) can be cracked at high temperature to form petrol.

Give the name of a catalyst used in this cracking reaction.

C16H34 → _______________ + _______________

(c) Carbon dioxide is formed when petrol is burned.

Give a reason why carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation.

Heath Park Page 11 of 56

Name compound Z (HOCH2CH2NH2)

Deduce the role of Z in step 2 of the mechanism.

Heath Park Page 12 of 56

Draw the shape of XNH2 and of [XNH3]+

Explain your answer.

Shape of XNH2 Shape of [XNH3]+

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Heath Park Page 13 of 56

This statement appeared on a website.

“The fact that bioethanol is a carbon-neutral fuel outweighs the environmental

Evaluate this statement.

In your answer you should include:

Which statement about inorganic ionic compounds is always correct?

A They dissolve in water to give neutral solutions.

B They release energy when they melt.

C They contain metal cations.

D They form giant structures.

Rate _ Units _

C16H34 → _ + _