Plagiarism Checker X - Report

Originality Assessment

37%
Overall Similarity

Date: Oct 8, 2024 (08:38 PM) Remarks: High similarity Verify Report:
Matches: 1690 / 4532 words detected, please make the Scan this QR Code
Sources: 15 necessary changes to improve
the writing.

v 9.0.4 - WML 3
FILE - CHECK_MANUSCRIPT.DOCX
Supercontinuum generation in bromotrichloromethane-filled core photonic crystal fibers

Abstract: Liquids have the advantages of a wide transparency window and high

nonlinearity, which makes them a good medium for super-continuum (SC) generation. In

this work, we proposed for the first time two photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with CBrCl3 as

the core and fused silica as the cladding material using numerical modeling for broadband

SC generation. The propagation of the ultrashort pulse in the proposed fibers is modeled

using the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation (GNLSE). The first fiber #F1 with a

lattice constant (Λ) of 1.5 μm and filling factor (f) of 0.35 operates with a completely normal

dispersion region. By pumping a pulse source with a wavelength of 1560 nm, an input

energy of 2.5 nJ, and a pulse duration of 90 fs in a 10 cm long fiber, an ultra-broadband,

and highly coherent SC is generated, covering the wavelength range from 885.3 nm to

1953.8 nm (bandwidth of 1068.5 nm) with less than 10 dB spectral dynamic range. The

second proposed fiber #F2 with a lattice constant of 2.0 μm and a filling factor of 0.3

exhibits an anomalous dispersion for wavelengths longer than 1350 nm. We obtained high

coherence of the SC pulses in the range of anomalous dispersion over wavelengths from

912.2 nm to 3714.8 nm (bandwidth of 2802.6 nm) within a level of 45 dB with the same

pump pulse as the first fiber and with an input energy of 1.0 nJ. Our proposed fibers open

up new avenues 4 for the development of high-brightness SC sources from the near- to

mid-IR regions.

Keywords: Nonlinear optics, photonic crystal fiber, liquids, super-continuum generation

1. Introduction

Super-continuum 1 (SC) sources have attracted considerable attention in the last two

decades due to their unique properties such as broadband spectrum, high coherence, and

high output power [1]. 12 These properties make super-continuum valuable for practical

applications in optical frequency metrology, spectroscopy, and optical communications

[2-3]. 5 The generation of super-continuum in optical fibers depends on the interaction of

various processes including nonlinear and dispersive effects, such as self-phase

modulation (SPM), four-wave mixing (FWM), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and
dispersive wave (DW) [4]. These processes transform the initial ultrashort pulse of laser

light into an ultra-broadband spectrum 4 with a high degree of spatial coherence [4].

The development of optical fibers, especially 1 photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), can not

only flexibly control dispersion properties such as dispersion slope and zero dispersion

wavelength (ZDW) but also effectively enhance nonlinear effects [5, 6]. Therefore, the

required pump power for super-continuum generation (SCG) is lower and the beam quality

is improved, making PCFs an ideal medium for SC generation. Most SC sources currently

in use 6 are based on PCFs with solid glass cores, such as fused silica [7], lead-bismuth-

gallate glass [8], tellurite [9], fluoride [10], and chalcogenide [11]. Although these systems

are widely used in communication systems, 4 the presence of a solid glass core and/or

cladding can have limitations, such as low transmission bandwidth, especially at long

wavelengths, lack of dispersion stability, or manufacturing deficiencies [12].

A new type of fiber particularly suitable for nonlinear applications is liquid-core PCFs, which

have recently gained considerable attention 13 due to their unique properties [13-17].

Some liquids, including tetrachloride (CCl4), tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4), 1 carbon

disulfide (CS2), and 1, 2-dibromoethane (C2H4Br2) exhibit high nonlinearity and high

transparency from the visible to the mid-IR region [14-17]. All these properties make liquids

a promising nonlinear material for nonlinear applications in this wavelength range, and

materials that offer the possibility to develop compact nonlinear devices for practical

applications [18]. 1 Due to the higher nonlinear refractive index of selected liquids, we

can obtain broadband and high coherence of the output SC spectrum in liquid-core fiber

samples with a distance of a few centimeters or with low peak powers [16-17]. In other

work, PCFs with a solid core and cladding air holes filled with liquids were investigated to

modify the dispersion properties of the fibers for SCG purposes [19]. 2 The obtained

results show that liquid infiltration significantly changed the dispersion properties of the

fibers. This contributes to flattening the dispersion curve in the visible and near-IR regions.

An additional expectation when using liquid PCFs 1 is that the SC spectrum produced

can be tuned by varying the pressure or temperature, as it is possible to change the

dispersion characteristics of PCFs by these factors [20].

In this work, for the first time, we numerically investigate SCG in photonic crystal fibers

filled with bromotrichloromethane (CBrCl3). The fiber cladding 2 is made of fused silica

glass consisting of six rings of air holes arranged in a regular hexagonal lattice. Compared

to soft glasses, fused silica is characterized by excellent chemical and physical properties,

resulting in fibers with complex microstructures that can be easily developed with high

quality. Therefore, fused 10 silica fibers are always considered the most suitable candidate

for SC spectra generation in visible to near-IR regions [21]. Meanwhile, CBrCl3 1 was

selected because this liquid has a low toxicity and a wide liquid phase range with a high

boiling temperature [22]. In addition, due to its asymmetric molecular structure, this

halocarbon combines high-IR transmission resulting from 7 the absence of CH bonds

with a permanent dipole moment [23]. 1 In our work, we first designed the PCF with

optimized geometrical parameters including the lattice pitch (Λ) and the air hole diameter

(d) in the cladding region in order to obtain a flat, low dispersion characteristic and the

difference between ZDW and 2 the pump wavelength. Next, for optimized structures, the

GNLSE, which determines the optical pulse propagation, is solved by theoretical

calculations and numerical simulations. 1 The effects of input energy and propagation

distance on the generated SC spectra are also numerically investigated and discussed in

detail. Finally, the advantages of the proposed fibers are also discussed.

2. Physical model

To study the propagation of pulse 2 in the proposed fibers, the generalized nonlinear

Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) is going to be solved with the split-step Fourier algorithm,

which is described below [24]:

where is the central frequency 3 of the pulse, A is the complex amplitude of the optical

field, z is the propagation distance, α is the propagation loss constant of the fiber, βn is the

dispersion coefficients related to the Taylor series expansion of the propagation constant

around the carrier frequency, 11 is the nonlinear coefficient, and t is the retarded time,
respectively.

In the right-hand side of Eq (1), the nonlinearity 2 coefficient γ is expressed as [24]:

(2)

where n2 = 4.3x10-20 m2/W is the nonlinear refractive index of CBrCl3 [23], is the

wavelength, and Aeff is the effective mode area, which can be expressed as [24]:

(3)

where E (x, y) is the electric field amplitude.

In Eq. (1), the pulse Raman scattering R(t) plays an important role in the super-continuum

generation process. 1 The Raman response function is expressed below [24]:

(4)

where fR is the fractional contribution of the Raman response, δ(t) is the Dirac delta

function. The delayed Raman response function hR(t), which is calculated using [24]:

(5)

where fR = 0.12, and τ1 = 1.9 ps, τ2 = 15.69 ps for CBrCl3 [25, 26] correspond respectively

to the inverse of the phonon oscillation frequency and the bandwidth of the Raman gain

spectrum. denotes the Heaviside step function.

8 At last, the coherence of the super-continuum spectra is also investigated by calculating

the first-order coherence degree of the generated SC spectra using the definition [24]:

(6)

where E (λ, t) is the amplitude of the super-continuum generated 2 with the random

noise. The has a value ranging from 0 to 1, with close to 1 denotes high coherence,

and close to 0 means incoherence.

3. The PCF design and dispersion engineering

In this section, we present the design of PCFs with CBrCl3 as the core and fused silica as

the cladding materials. The cross-sectional structure of the PCF is depicted in Fig.1. The

cross-sectional view 1 of the PCF, shown in Fig. 1, is assumed to have six air hole rings

arranged in a regular hexagonal lattice determined by the lattice constant (Λ), and the

diameter of the air hole (d). The liquid-filled-core diameter is determined by the formula:
Dc = 2Λ–1.2d. The number of rings with air holes in this PCF is large enough so that the

change in dispersion characteristics of the fiber would be negligible if another ring is added

to the outer side of the cladding.

The refractive index values of the fused silica as a wavelength function are described by

the Sellmeier equation, which is given [20]:

(7)

where B1 = 0.6694226, C1 = 4.4801 x10-3 μm2, B2 = 0.434584, C2 = 1.3285 x10-2 μm2,

B3 = 0.8716947, C3 = 95.341482 μm2 are the Sellmeier coefficients. Meanwhile, the

refractive index values of the CBrCl3 were obtained from work [23].

The dispersion of the PCF, also known as group velocity dispersion, plays a crucial role in

broadening the SC spectrum as it determines the extent to which different spectral

components of the ultra-short pulse propagate through the fiber at different phase

velocities. The dispersion 6 can be calculated from the effective refractive index neff, is

determined by [24]:

(8)

where c is the speed of light in the vacuum.

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional 1 of the proposed fibers, where Λ is the lattice constant, d is the

air hole diameters and Dc is the diameter of the liquid-filled core.

We aim to design and investigate the SCG in fibers at the chosen pump wavelength of

1.56 µm with high coherence and flat spectrum in the broad wavelength range from the

visible to the near-IR regions, and also to the mid-IR region. We selected this pump

wavelength because around this wavelength, the absorption of the liquid is the smallest

[23]. 2 For this purpose, we consider a fiber structure where Λ varies from 1.0 to 3.0 with

a step of 0.5 and f varies from 0.25 to 0.8 with a step of 0.05. In our simulations, the

dispersion properties of the fibers are calculated in terms of the wavelength in the range of

0.5–2.5 μm. A series of simulations were investigated in order to obtain the flat, low

dispersion characteristics and the difference between ZDW and pump wavelength.
Figure 2 shows the fundamental mode's dispersion characteristics in terms of wavelength

for different Λ and f. From Fig. 2 (a)-(e), 1 it can be observed that for a given Λ value, a

change in the filling factor (f) leads to a change in the dispersion characteristics. This is

because a change in f, which affects the diameter of the air holes, changes the parameters

of the photonic lattice, i.e. the size and 7 position of the photonic lattice, resulting in the

photonic lattice becoming wider, which significantly increases the dispersion effect.

Specifically, if increasing f, 1 the dispersion curve shifts very from the normal to the

anomalous dispersion region, the ZDWs shift to the shorter wavelength region and the

dispersion curve becomes less flattened. In addition, a change in f 2 results in the fiber

having no ZDW, a single ZDW, or two ZDWs. In the remaining 1 case, for a given f value,

increasing Λ, the dispersion curve also shifts from the normal to the anomalous-dispersion

region, but ZDW is shifted toward longer wavelengths.

Based on calculations, we have proposed two PCFs, namely #F1, and #F2. The dispersion

properties of these PCFs are depicted in Fig. 3 (a). Fiber #F1 with parameters Λ = 1.5 μm,

f = 0.35 is modeled to work in the normal dispersion region with a pumping wavelength of

1.56 μm. The fiber with all-normal dispersions has no ZDW, the dispersion maximum value

is closest to the horizontal axis. In this fiber, the dispersion value at the pump wavelength

is equal to -23.72 ps/nm/km. 2 It is clear that fibers with Λ = 1.0 μm have all normal

dispersion, with f varying from 0.25 to 0.55, but their dispersion curves are less flat than

those of fibers with Λ = 1.5 μm. Another reason is that this fiber can deliver a single mode

at a pump wavelength of 1.56 μm. This is an interesting advantage because single-mode

fiber can allow for avoiding the interaction between modes existing in the fiber that would

transfer light energy from the fundamental mode to higher-order modes, leading to a

reduction in the 1 spectral broadening of the super-continuum spectrum [27].

Fig. 2. Simulated dispersion characteristics of the fundamental mode as a function of

wavelengths

for different Λ and f.

Fiber #F2 2 with parameters Λ = 2.0 μm, f = 0.30, is designed to produce highly coherent

super-continuum pulses in the anomalous region with a pumped wavelength of 1.56 μm.

1 This fiber was chosen because it has a ZDW at 1.35 μm, which is closest to the

wavelength used for pumping. Besides, this fiber also has the fattest dispersion curve for

all dispersion characteristics with Λ varying from 2.0 μm to 3.0 μm. The dispersion value at

the pump wavelength of 1.56 µm is 8.45 ps/nm/km.

Fig. 3. (a) Chromatic dispersion of the fundamental mode for fiber #F1 and #F2, (b) Aeff

and γ of the proposed fibers at different wavelengths.

Fig. 3(b) shows 2 the effective mode area Aeff , and the nonlinear coefficient γ of the

proposed PCFs in terms of wavelength. As the wavelength increases, the effective mode

area increases and the non-linear coefficient decreases according to Eq (2). 1 The

effective mode areas are 4.9 µm2 and 7.3 µm2 at a pump wavelength of 1.56 µm for the

fundamental mode of fiber #F1, and fiber #F2, while the values of the nonlinear coefficient

are 36.86 W−1·km−1, and 24.8 W−1·km−1, respectively.

4. Super-continuum generation in the proposed fibers

This section studies the spectral, temporal evolution, and coherence of super-continuum

generation in the proposed fibers. For pumping, we used the Gaussian pulse as input

pulses with a pump wavelength of 1.56 µm, pulse duration of 90 fs, and various input

energies, which are available from different robust femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser

devices (e.g., C-fiber, MENLO).

First, we aim to understand the dynamics behind the super-continuum broadening process

in fiber #F1. This fiber having 2 an all-normal dispersion (AND) region can provide a

single-mode at the pump wavelength of 1.56 µm. Fig. 4 depicts the simulated spectral,

temporal evolution, and 1 coherence of the super-continuum generated in fiber #F1 for

different input energies at a propagation length of 10 cm. Since we used 2 a pump

wavelength in the normal dispersion range, the spectrum-broadening phenomena are

mainly determined by SPM and OWB effects [24, 28, 29]. As 1 obtained results, the
higher the input energy of the pulse, the wider the bandwidth of the output super-

continuum spectrum. By increasing the input energy of 0.2 nJ, 1.0 nJ, 2.0 nJ, 2.5 nJ, and

3.5 nJ the bandwidth of SC spectra in the normal dispersion region could be achieved from

1374.8 nm to 1702.8 nm, 1083.1 nm to 1828.7 nm, 928.4 nm to 1907.2 nm, 885.3 nm to

1953.8 nm and 826.4 nm to 1994.5 nm. Fig. 4 (c) shows the effect of input energies on the

coherence properties of the generated SC spectrum. 2 It is clear that the SC output with

highly coherent properties increased in longer wavelength ranges when the input energy of

the pulse was increased. Moreover, in these cases where 1 the PCF with AND is pumped

with laser pulses, the nonlinear coupling between the nonlinear effects contributes to the

suppression of the incoherent dynamics so that a highly coherent SC spectrum is obtained

[29], as shown in Fig. 4(c).

Fig. 4. The spectral, temporal evolution, and coherence of the SC generated in fiber #F1

with pump wavelengths of 1.56 µm, and 90 fs pulse width for different input energies at a

propagation length of 10 cm.

The broadening of the SC spectrum at the output of the 10 cm long fiber is shown in Fig. 5

(a). The spectral broadening of 885.3 nm to 1953.8 nm (bandwidth of 1068.5 nm) was

achieved at a level of 10 dB with an input energy of 2.5 nJ. To better illustrate the process

of SCG along the fiber length, the spectrograms at different propagation lengths of the

proposed fiber #F1 are shown in Fig. 5(b).

Fig. 5. (a) Spectral and temporal evolution of the SCG process in fiber #F1 by pumping in

the normal dispersion region at a pumped wavelength and an input energy of 2.5 nJ. (b)

Spectrogram with projected axes showing the output spectrum of the pulse at 0.5 cm, 1.2

cm, 2.0 cm, and 10 cm.

At the beginning of a propagation length, the influence of SPM leads to a uniform

broadening of the spectrum around the input wavelength, accompanied by small

oscillations. These phenomena occur within 7 the propagation distance range of 0 cm to

1.2 cm, as seen in the spectrogram (I). Subsequently, intensity oscillations appear in the

spectrum, signaling the onset of optical wave breaking (OWB). 1 The effect of OWB

begins generating new wavelength components around 885 nm, similar to a degenerate

FWM process, at the pulse trailing edge of 1.2 cm propagation length, as seen in the

spectrogram (II). On the leading edge, OWB occurs at the distance length of 2.05 cm, and

creates a new band of wavelength around 1978.5 nm, as seen in the spectrogram (III). It is

noteworthy that the SPM induced broadening ceases during the process of center

broadening, which is due to the influence of the dispersion profile [24, 29]. Further

propagation distance, a complete spectral broadening is achieved on both the short and

long wavelength sides. No additional spectral broadening was observed on further

propagation, as seen in the spectrogram (IV).

2 In the case of fiber #F2, the proposed fiber supports three guided modes at the

wavelengths below 2.0 μm. The modal profiles of the three guided modes for different

wavelengths are presented in Table 1. 4 The light was initially fully coupled in the inner

core for the short wavelengths, but by increasing the wavelength, the light energy

transferred to the outer core also increased.

Table 1. Modal profiles of the three guided modes in fiber #F2.

Fig. 6 1 shows the simulated spectral of the SCG in the fundamental mode of fiber #F2 by

a pumped wavelength of 1560 nm in the anomalous dispersion region with various input

energies at a distance length of 10 cm. As obtained results, increasing input energy leads

to a substantial increase in the bandwidth of SC spectra output and enhances its flatness

3 due to the increased involvement of nonlinear effects in the evolution of the pulse. For

instance, at a level of 35 dB, 1 with input energy of 0.2 nJ, we achieved an octave-

spanning of the super-continuum spectrum in the wavelength range of 1031.4 to 2413.9

nm (bandwidth of 1382.5 nm). At an input energy of 0.5 nJ, we obtained a broad SC

spectrum spanning from 947.5 nm to 3647.04 nm (bandwidth of 2699.54 nm). However,

when the input energy increases above 0.5 nJ, the spectral width no longer increases
significantly but increases its flatness. This can be explained by the low material

transmission of the liquid for wavelengths longer than 4.0 µm.

For this fiber, the pump wavelength is in the region of anomalous dispersion. Therefore,

higher-order 14 soliton fission and dispersive wave (DW) effects have been identified as

the main causes of SCG. The 1 characteristic length scales of the pulse broadening

dynamics in this fiber are calculated using the following equation [17, 24]:

, , ,span class='highlighted color-1'>> (9)

where LD is the dispersive characteristic length scale, LNL is the nonlinear characteristic

length scale, and Lfiss is 2 the soliton fission characteristic length scale, respectively. t0

is the time duration 1 of the input pump pulse, β2 is the group velocity dispersion

coefficient at the pump wavelength, P0 is the pump pulse peak power, and N is the soliton

number.

Fig. 6. Simulated SC spectra at the output of 10-cm-long fiber at a pumped wavelength of

1.56 µm, pulse duration of 90 fs with various input energies.

9 To analyze the dynamics behind the SC broadening, we studied the spectral and

temporal evolution and coherence of the SC generated by input energy of 1.0 nJ originally

launched into fiber #F2 (see Fig. 7). 1 For the case of input energy E = 1.0 nJ with the

corresponding peak power P0 = 11.111 kW, the dispersion length LD is 74.3 cm, and the

nonlinear length LNL is 0.263 cm. The soliton number N is therefore 16.8, the soliton

fission length Lfiss is 4.42 cm which agrees well with the data in Fig. 7(b).

Fig. 7. (a-d) Spectral, temporal evolution, and coherence of the SCG process in the

proposed fiber #F2 by pumping in the anomalous dispersion region at a pumped

wavelength 𝜆𝑃 = 1.56 μm and an input energy of 1.0 nJ. (e) Spectrogram with projected

axes showing the output spectrum of the pulse at 1.0 cm, 4.42 cm, and 6.0 cm.

In this case, the spectral band extends from 912.2 nm to 3714.8 nm (bandwidth of 2802.6

nm) within a level of 45 dB as shown in Fig. 7(a). The evolution of the SC and the temporal
profile at different propagation lengths are shown in Fig. 7(c-e). In the initial stage of pulse

propagation, the spectrum exhibits an approximately symmetrical spectral broadening due

to SPM. These phenomena occur within 7 the propagation distance range of 0 cm to 2.63

cm, as seen in the spectrogram (I). Since 1 the pump wavelength ( ) is close to the ZDW

(1.35 μm), the pulse significantly experiences higher-order dispersion effects, such as

soliton radiation induced by third-order dispersion. The soliton fission appears at a

propagation length of 4.42 cm as presented in Fig. 7(b-c), and in the spectrogram (II). After

soliton fission, the spectral broadening is affected by the dispersive wave (DW) at the

trailing edge, as depicted in Fig. 7(b), and in the spectrogram (III). With further soliton

fission length, no significant bandwidth of the broadening is observed. Further propagation

along the fiber leads to an increasing flattening of the super-continuum spectrum. The first-

order coherence of the generated spectra is calculated from 30 shots of different random

noise. Its value is approximately 1 in the wavelength range from 912.2 nm to 4000 nm, as

depicted in Fig. 7(d). This 2 indicates that the super-continuum spectrum is highly

coherent. This is because 1 the pump wavelength is close to the ZDW, close to the

normal and near-zero anomalous dispersion regimes, thus reducing the amplification of the

input noise caused by the modulation instability effect, resulting in an improvement of the

coherent properties [30].

Finally, different 3 propagation distances are chosen to investigate the dynamics of

spectrum broadening. Fig. 8 presented the spectrum evolutions within the propagation

length from 0 to 10 cm. 1 At the beginning of propagation length, SPM causes a clear

spectral broadening. As the propagation distance increases, the spectrum-broadening

processes are dominated by soliton fission and dispersive waves (DW). We found that 2

the soliton fission begins to appear 4.0 cm of the propagation length (the blue curve), and

leads to the generation of new wavelengths from 1100 nm to 2600 nm. After soliton fission

length, 1 the spectrum is affected by the DW at the trailing edge at the propagation of

4.42 cm (the green curve). Further propagation length will only cause the SC spectrum to

become increasingly flatter and no significant bandwidth broadening is observed.

Fig. 8. Spectrum evolution of the pulse with a pulse width of 90fs and input energy of 1.0

nJ for various propagation distances in fiber #F2.

To highlight results, a 4 comparison of the achieved SC performance with other liquid-

filled-core PCFs with a pumped wavelength of approximately 1560 nm is summarized in

Table 2.

Table 2. Over-review 1 SC generation in liquid-core PCFs with a pumped wavelength of

about 1.56 μm.

Liquid-core PCFs

Pump wavelength (μm)

Regime

Single-mode/multi-mode

Pulse duration (fs)

Pulse energy (nJ)

SC range

(nm)

Refs.

# F1 (CBrCl3)

1.56

Normal

Single-mode

90

2.5

885.3-1953.8

This work

CCl4

1.55

Normal
Multi-mode

300

0.8

1000–2100

[14]

C2Cl4

1.56

Normal

Single-mode

90

1.5

800–2000

[15]

C6H5NO2

1.56

Normal

Single-mode

90

0.5

800–2100

[31]

CS2

1.55

Normal

Multi-mode

500

1355–2110
[32]

CS2

1.55

Normal

Multi-mode

500

0.4

700–2500

[33]

C7H8

1.55

Normal

Multi-mode

350

2.5

1100-1750

[34]

#F2 (CBrCl3)

1.56

Anomalous

Multi-mode

90

1.0

912.2-3714.8

This work

C2Cl4

1.56

Anomalous
Multi-mode

90

1.5

1000–2000

[15]

C6H5NO2

1.56

Anomalous

Single-mode

90

0.06

1300–2300

[31]

C7H8

1.55

Anomalous

Multi-mode

450

1000-1750

[34]

CCl4

1.55

Anomalous

Multi-mode

200

1300–2022
[35]

CCl4

1.56

Anomalous

Multi-mode

90

0.5

1000–1900

[36]

With fiber #F1, the same bandwidth can be achieved as with previous work. 2 However,

unlike most other liquid-filled PCFs (with the exception of C2Cl4 and C6H5NO2-filled

fibers) [15, 31], fiber #F1 has the additional advantage that this fiber can deliver a single

mode at a pump wavelength of 1.56 μm. Therefore, this fiber allows for avoiding the

interaction between modes existing in the fiber which would transfer light energy from the

fundamental mode to higher order modes, leading to a reduction in the spectral broadening

of the super-continuum spectrum [27]. Meanwhile, 15 as far as we know, the results

obtained with fiber #F2 show the widest bandwidth in the near and mid-IR regions among

all other reported works using the same input energy [15, 31, 35, 36].

5. 1 Conclusion

In this work, we proposed for the first time two PCFs with CBrCl3 as the core and fused

silica as the cladding materials using numerical modeling for a new source of SC spectrum.

The propagation of the ultrashort pulse in the proposed fibers is modeled using the

generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation (GNLSE). Here, we showed that highly

coherent and ultra-broadband SC can be obtained in fiber #F1 in a wavelength range from

885.3 nm to 1953.8 nm (bandwidth of 1068.5 nm) with less than 10 dB spectral dynamics

when a pulse source with a pumped wavelength of 1560 nm 2 at normal dispersion

regime, an input energy of 2.5 nJ, and a duration of 90 fs is used in a 10 cm long fiber.

Compared to other liquid-filled core PCFs in previous work, fiber #F1 can achieve the
same bandwidth of output spectra. However, this fiber also has the added advantage of

being able to support a single mode at a pump wavelength of 1560 nm, which is not the

case for other liquid-filled fibers mentioned above, with the exception of C2Cl4 and

C6H5NO2 [15, 31]. Therefore, this fiber makes it possible to avoid the interactions between

modes existing in the fiber which would transfer light energy from the fundamental mode to

higher-order modes [27]. With fiber #F2, we obtained 1 a highly coherent SC pulse

generation pumped in the range of anomalous dispersion over wavelengths from 912.2 nm

to 3714.8 nm (bandwidth of 2802.6 nm) within a level of 45 dB with the same pump pulse

as the first fiber and an input energy of 1.0 nJ. So far, to the best of our knowledge, the

results obtained with fiber #F2 show the widest bandwidth in the near to mid-IR regions

among all other reported works using the same input energy [15, 31, 35, 36]. Our proposed

fibers open up new possibilities for generating high-power SC sources from the near to

mid-IR regions, which have 3 potential applications in optical coherence tomography,

spectroscopy, and optical communications.

Disclosures. 2 The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Sources
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353385496_Silica-
based_photonic_crystal_fiber_infiltrated_with1_2-
1 dibromoethane_for_supercontinuumgeneration
INTERNET
24%
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11082-021-02820-3
2 INTERNET
9%
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16691-w
3 INTERNET
1%
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31711#:~:text=In this work, we experimentally
4 INTERNET
1%
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044952400392X#:~:text=The
5 generation of SC in optical fibers
INTERNET
<1%
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber#:~:text=An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a
6 flexible glass
INTERNET
<1%
https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1135
7 INTERNET
<1%
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401818306655#:~:text=At last, the
8 coherent of the SC is also
INTERNET
<1%
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307909229_Rigorous_study_of_supercontinuum_g
9 eneration_by_high-order_optical_modes
INTERNET
<1%
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211379722000420
10 INTERNET
<1%
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0136-1
11 INTERNET
<1%
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044952400392X#:~:text=These
12 properties make SCs valuable for
INTERNET
<1%
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372771629_Liquid-Core_Optical_Fibers-
13 A_Dynamic_Platform_for_Nonlinear_Photonics#:~:text=Due to their unique properties such as
transparency,
INTERNET
 <1%

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84397-1#:~:text=By measuring the energy-

14 spectral
INTERNET
<1%
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350449523003031
15 INTERNET
<1%

EXCLUDE CUSTOM MATCHES OFF

EXCLUDE QUOTES OFF

EXCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY OFF