Unit I

First law of thermodynamics & Its

Applications(Non Flow & Flow processes)
Statement:
When a closed system executes a
1
complete cycle the sum of heat B

interactions is equal to the sum of work Y A 2

interactions.
Mathematically
X
 ΣQ = ΣW
The summations being over the entire
cycle
Alternate statement:
When a closed system undergoes a cycle the cyclic
integral of heat is equal to the cyclic integral of work.

Mathematically δQ = δW

In other words for a two process cycle

QA1-2+QB2-1=WA1-2+WB 2-1
From the I Law of TD for cycle,

ΣQ = ΣW

+14.7-25.2-3.56+31.5 = ΣW

Wnet = +17.44 kJ
Given:

W = -1kWh = -1kJ/s *h = -1*3600 kJ

= - 3600kJ(-ve sign for work consuming)
ΔU = - 5000kJ (-ve sign for Int. Energy drop)
Find:
Net heat transfer of the system, Qnet
From the I Law of TD for process,

Q = W + ΔU

Q = - 3600 - 5000

Qnet = - 8600kJ = - 8.6MJ

Given:
p = a + bV, U = 34 + 3.15 pV

Initial states p1 = 170kPa, V1 = 0.03 m3

Final states p2 = 400kPa, V2 = 0.06 m3

ΔU = U2 – U1 = (34+3.15 p2V2 )-(34+3.15 p1V1)

Find:
Magnitude and direction of Net heat &
Work transfer of the system,
 1.

 2.
 3.

 4.
 1.

 2.
 3.

 4.
 1.

 2.
 3.

 4.
 Vrut-2 Sumd law SopP 4
ut-3
Availaleilty dppicións 1 la
bnergy Keervors:
. Thermal Excmy Resevew (TER)
9 Mhniel Enegy Rsovein CMER).
t u aw bedy n .te Rek CapacityM
quanliby of
Caya ble f absoroing ejecting a n unlited
k bhent feetin its terperatu.
A thennnl eneray vesenvoir Whic
Heat seure 45iok Sun
the Syaten o Calud Source
supplies tuat t
Aaservoi widh d k e s hont Jrurm the
>
tvrmal ergy Sea

Systen i callud Sink River

Heat gne HE):
Tt a devia whidh pndutus
fom >WA
by absorbiry kesk
Mchan a erk

thend
WokdmeW) & l-
eJfideny,
Kfrigerato (R): souraT
whih i
Tt i a Teversed
Hent Crgene
R) Wa= Q-
maintain te tempoutine
ed to ccol (on
lowex thau Be
atmospharuc
of a bory CT)
Temypearuu Dexecdefaten heatabsopbd
Coefiuentof rfrmne Clop=

&-
Htat punp
gnte T
a dwia hich eling in Wa.
Tt
cur pao, main ain tu tempaatou Wp- r)
s

Ta hot body hgkun Bwn Bv uelinys

topeau Gink,Ta
CoP) H

law o enmodunamicd
Kewih unk ntenent
2. clusina Staimunt
Kelvio -Panck 5 batemeat wosk to
t woak
net
n
In aa

a huak ergun t pedute

t impossilble
Ran only ilk bodies a a
Compuli cy tl it exdhwqgs
Smee frixel temperatre which
(DR) whitch ml
Centuct a
uat *nginn
Tta op-ibu t wwk m
taual aunl owk m
Convel all heak aegy mto
Cyc'e prus. tonvealkd int weak.
Some Kunt
tan
AAuat b
e.
Swnaudeigs CSmk),
ill e ryjectad to B

PerprtualMotin Machine kind CPMM-

T

o lie. W-, =too1), Be keat engin? vill »t

Podu hverk to a
lormplui Ccle nchanginn Aual wib only
Kelvi-Plandk slatemnt. Smch
On vosexvon, tus violatirg t

inqun alled PMM- Tt iopebl

Sowca
Claurius Saliment which wl a
anafo
e
devia which w
Constuct a
l a n a l work.
Tt posible to aliaa! Wo7K
hot body wi b u
Ce hent from old bodyto

A demeti mainans a tmperrtue of-15C

spod ragr hask lrks inobo
Th ambent ain temperaluru 3 0 c whal e
J-75 kJls,
reay at Con binou gat of Cnbirnu7?
nuau?
bis kat loni
to pup
eant pouwer mteSa

T302K
hugee empealine T=-5tv
258K
Wioput
Amb a tmperaa, T: 30°ct273
= 303K.

heat remavd = 1-75KH Ta28

d lees rwe pub CWinp

veibe
2s8 5:73
S03-258
oT-
-79
573 W
EbpWop
Wi0.2s k
 An Inventor chim
to kave
wioh
which wwwldd
aue
developedzltiuent Aeat int
an
hat a
Swne
Sik at
*lo'c
klooo'c 44 zeject
zeject, Aaat to a
kuat
5o'c ies an

chin i
fienof qo Justi fg whatkw kis
be notob
Cven
TH ldooc t273 =h73 K
TL= 50'ct 273= 323k

legicl
whfw ttu Tnentns tams à Lsmect or nol

teereig ttk Conhot Huor t t Twersí bu e

es a efeiney Ban a l oa ergres

veves TH 127-323Xt08
273
74.b
rwersih Tact Hs claim Umpoi bde-
2. Investor cuins Bak kio pvopse enjine as Bu folw
power developed = 5o kW
Ful bur nt sh
Cv. ful
Tenpereki liits =
7soohgh
27 + 627c

find at whethr it is
pible ov
heb
N-5okW 3klhr 3
3bo0 laec
CV- Tsooo kJ|k T-3ook T. - 100k .

Heat Sppiiee , - x CV= x7s00

3tX7sDo

50
gv7,
 THTL qoo-300- 66.6/.
TH
ae8o,> 7.
Ttuot poidle

3. Dotermin whe ther ke pllamg Cases represent rversible

Lneversible a impessible hest enghes
go H heat r_jetd
C560 kW f hest 7jectad
c logkW of heat rjectd
heat -The Soura
120 kJs af
I each Case u ngine is pplied wi
at 56oK 4 280k
4 ik teperatunes a u Matind
T-28ok T btok h20 kT/s
C , - 90okW ( 5tokW cid bs kW

Solutn
bo

Care 4- I 20-O0 19.b7

&s l20

Canot
I b u poible 4îmerers ble
Meab enur
Caseu l20-5bo

lamot Tt á eversble hat enqene.

Oaneciy
Qs 0log907.
I20

I t It u possable .
 hnt ngine of 30 efficieng oruvs a ant pump of
A op=
hakr i ramfied o t oan en a d haol pump t
n Winter Fnd
Ca
Caaking walov o Aaating b buldug
wado pom th
th ratio o hsat trannfer to tta ailetig
tta aitakin waliu fon
ahaa
a pump tt hant bramfer t
ump
aat ergint
Cnautatiy
Zu 30 Wata
Co
W

Y&
Cireti
to Cd Walav
Whene, haot bansfe
fon H.P
hal bronsfe to Cw fwm H-E

- 6Qs- 03= I- gs
W-sy -s-0.7As
W , 2 Ya0-43 - W-0.3 s W -D.3-
s

5- -
- 5xD.43 2-15

2.1
 (
5. A Tevrsible hea ergine operatig beweun Rasrwrins a qooK omd
e ab
30oK drives a lveval ahgeton operstirg botiwen
300knd 250k The ngie he ceiwes l8ookT fom 00 K ese>vov.
Find a
Tha Me euput fon he Cambiad engins Tehtgeaton is 3tokT. Bu
heat aerrd tot higpnator and t net hat eetud
a 3ook

D
fuY HE Reßmgralir
T-30ok ; T29DK,
H-OK; T 20ok

1SpokT 30k

u.E 4-36okT
Wne
HE
Soulen
2sDK

-
3o
K

= b-6 HE

180o =1200 T
W Gb-6/, x
120on
3bD = W36o
EHE
840
WkuLsbo kT

Wkb,
bao kT|
-5 Cop
We
TT
420o kJ
 Wkt &- S40 -&-4200
-504o kJ

at 2oOK)
hu vekcrei
somfervd to
T Find 4 t8 (Heat
&
5b4o kJ
bo0+5o40
&+ =

Sna. Tk
The hie
hieny
e i ve Reas rm boo
6. A Canot Aaal engine and
e anaunt af kuak supied
Frd
Ba ngne a 59/.
kW g noxk Oukpub.
at rjeted pa

THGoo'ct2-73 873 K
W- IkW
5
(Caxmet

0.59

s--615 kW
4b15 W
1 -161S-
We As-
0.61skW

at Haxururo 4 Minimm temedrsurro

heaks
7 Aannot ye hut ergine, naak donu
loo0c40'c nurpedively. aluh Bumel effiiency
a d01o kT.
1- 1010
s
75.4), 761.54 kJ
8Th bermpodura a domastic Pahaagoratsa u to be maintamad
at -10c. a ambient an tenpnatue b w heat la
Bha 7ehstaa a 3kh, deteomine bu lanst powe hacesay To
Puanp out s t i s huak Cantinuant.
Ty 303 K

Co -2 -t
W 4R
2-akW

- T-263K

2 3 2kN
A
W=,--26kN-3kW
W W+-Q, 9

W--.4kW

)Two- Grnot engenes operodd in Senies f a s t ona CA)

A 4B ae

h a t att 870k &ejects

t a kusovdn ak teperatn T
eaives

zeaives h heaF *jected ey ta ivst engine

Te Secand ergineB)
bum THjects t heat vesnvoa 300K. Calaul tta intermeiak
a
in
bebwe o hank engnes fBke olewiy ues
tyeraou Tin c 4
he two engihs a n eual
egual
La Te work ouhput f
the bwmi an quad
e icienos of
 T870
WA-Ws
- Q-

fT,1) -2
30D

TT2TT T870+30
2
58s k

T 31
C i
70X30

51o k -
237
T
alangad i» Senies
T TeveAni h a l Angires A B Aejecs
e ot sourca
t B, A anceives 2ook) ak 42te fem
al dinetly A
While B jests at t told ink at 5c, Wesk oukput o
A&
timperatur ebween B,
r E h t q B. Fnd ue ioatermeliali siek.
huat rejected bo
efdency of a gin
-5t27s
c ok
PookT
T42ct7) = 64K) = 278K.

W-2Ns

univ
2
 .

T=A4K
Sauae
WK.t

>Wa
Y
-
Telhen e , n e Cant Snarca 2

mpTump emlisu T
Toal oakdone, W=W tNs (B)F
t
srik
g-278k
blb T4T
EHtiümy

278
278
W -A 2-X200

Wk
a--0,)& &-W =lo0-8
12»kT
Q,-12o kJ -

3-120-4o 8o kT|
401
290

0.4=1-
614 T41b 4 K
- =

12D
3937
=
 belwan
T r a n t engns A,B RC in seues operats
aleulet
Eemperatuusini 1000K 4 BoOK 3opectively.
tha imcenMediata Eermportwu onk pAcducad by Bu
thir
engines is pupurtien " 5 4 3 . k o debexmine
ecienctes.
T-pooK
Nouk adio g W 584:3
TloookT-*pK A>W
fiod T
nbamiaz temps T4
y en cuu each en, Ya,b4
olution TY

W-8%Wg - g
64
W -3k
WA W
We
WA - Taen

5-5 4o0-4T
a-514uoo -0

3-300
WA TT loo-T2

Bo0
+3T 5 3-50
3T+5= 4 50

sTvelin e 3(o+5 ts
 As0o-8xb8)

475K]
To8
eoo
-29-2 %

32

=-o
475
36-84%

Ttehers t dupta e zandomns eo dundeaur

twdecuwes a ysve

W. om Lo. T, Jur revom prours

RT
sm TSL.0T
Wt AU
da dwt du

)dedu +pdv
Tan du+ d -0

H=UtpV
AH- dU+ pd +Vcp
olH Tds+Vdp
dr
Tds-dH-vdr t)
hepy ts tons Preognve Voum
WtAv
AR dw+ du
dR = Pdv+ mc,dT
Y-ORT

As mRdv +mCy d
ntegneli lh akrre e

do wltms Penperatre

WkT

mlK T m
(Rt) %

tima brewe kuae.

 -O
A As - mR An )+ancy n ( / )

As. mRln ( %)tmcpn( -

As- mCpC)tmy nC)

C Rovevilke Cormlant Prem rem

CP-c) R=P b in
4s0t m n ( ) -m Gn C )

As-m
Cmtan o m roun
Cyac)- VV Sub' e

n )
4 s - mydn(TalT) my

Cs.tmperali oum
TC)- T-T in eq nO
AS mR AniCo mrka

Revevnlde Jnlp roun (Å-)

S,-S
S,-S
6-0
 16)
lype *

Cn-9
S.s, -As -my
-
Clauti Inequalub at
xelkdinsip
a an impnan &enmodynan
Secnd aw
an be døived iAt
Malthe atially
SlatA aa

cu
O2o > Ivehsibepocaes
T yclic
=o Rveneplow

Irporsile ycliuproca
do

f a
Intreae of epy Law Themednand
Prinipla lorolcy Seend

Tts Salim1nt follow,

lsonld stem duri
dunin a pew

The @nhopy a n
in u umu ing Care of a eversibla
nUrea, o ,
aways
alwas
mtas,rema% Csnstant
n voax
any Pvo
ao be Slatad a,
Tt Can
Intaese oF
Syste }lus
nCreene of enrpPX eal b
ual to z
Zo.
ov.

realo Bun (m
enhropy 2 Suroundurg8
A'snd
AS univ ASsent
ApdicationOf D Law Thenmaymmca OR) Eatropy Piniple
Enpy PAncipeà the uantitatie approach of L-o.T.
T due t ta whch n Cyeax
er ibibty pram
nGrcae Ireves S u t

T fllwig an

. TYafen Raat thrgk a finite temmpevalwu

difkren a
a. Micing of tuoo fuds
3. Man. wk obtainable fem bu fte bouis of
Eeperau T T 4
4. Man. Wok obbanalle frorn a fnte bory
themal ene Sexnvo.

1. aer DKok Brngha sinite eperalur diRrene

tse SmalU rezenvovs e e i 1T4
Coider
3.
esevov 2 T Te al enchanges ( ) from Vservo 1t»
aykem boundoby
for rbvovt 1, AS,=-
Js Tewwev 2, 4S, = T

Hnt brasfer fom Tseurirs t

Swvundii Coreridurud as nei

b olal entvop charge C enbry chog unersc
ASunw ASs =-Q -a
T

>12 Tt alw pohiuc yvemole prvco

4 T-T A Suniv 0 Revensbl prour
T-T ASuniv -Ve Tb a opoyrke
2. (18
M&uh Tw fuins
Cide a yskembaving
w Cub
ysberns. Sulas ybom 122
Cmam fuid o MAs m
m,GT
m,GT my
maT
B AM2, 1
speci ke Reat C4 C2 and
Temperal T T2ueetivcly
*The s ylem oe epeata hy a plli t n h an adinkalic

ill
encloswu when potin i rmve, tan te tee fuids
w dach ehe 4 atin e nml ezülibinum af tpeaa f

eneyy balene,
,,(-T) =m, C(T-T)
T- CTm,GT
Jo Swbsplem mctmz
,GeTm,c n
gorst Slneben 2, jc. m,Cn
As- m,cm
ASpriAS tAS
M , =m C-C-C
ASumiy mcm
Te d
T 2
ASmiv m c T+T) mC
4T
2mchnGDA
T
3. (19
MArmuro re rdies ck Tempenalu
olsaina
DRun fon T inil
OndL:
Coida two idenlial ribe bodies Cntamno tur Comant hual

apad vill tu Mws at u termpehaluus TA L

pectwely. Tu t final ernperaline T
whn e HE cpexalr4 blw TL, te Sna
TH
Prtion kuatC6,) from body 1 i
supliodto
H.E to cervent ioto Wosk (h). a anat 7jet ((ue- ,W
R
DAy22So te
kemp b 1 dereses

IncreoA.
Smlanaual the temp dy 2
T,
* Sme t u , lodves ill rah eulbirum Smk
hal enpene
Temperakou s T at unmal equaubin an h

Slops ibs vwig

W- r-0-G lTT2Y) - o
far boay143 As,- pla , As,
L
Pincple Incresngmbept, ASriATAS2
AStAS to zo

TL

GpAn2o
TT
n 20
UY MAN W00k on vevev
vos AS
An 2

TH T =
 0
wbsublt e Te Value in
epnD.
CpTr->lht) - VVi-2

. MAumum
hyo obtaimabie from fnibe ody turma
n Resor vvu.
rvider hea bronm bla
Poo
finte bnd at oinl emperala
T a burmd Aovv a t ump >W

Such thu T T R-W

Kuevin
By r y Printig Df rease of enry

ASm= AStAs AS

AS2-AsTeav
LTo
Tn-h+W W 8tTpn

WCT-T)-Tn

T aled hs energn o th hinite oody at lmp ),,

Definition
Gibbs Phase Rule
1.a p-V diagram of a substance that
contracts on freezing
1.b. p-V diagram of a substance that
expands on freezing
2. p-T diagram of a pure substance
3. T-v diagram of a pure substance
4. T-s diagram( For Water)
5. h-s diagram(Mollier Chart)
pvtpvt
 Steam tables
Table I : Saturated Pressure table
Table II : Saturated Temperature table
Table III : Superheated steam table
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF
STEAM
Important Formulae
For Non Flow Processes
For Flow Processes
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7(Non-flow Process)
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 11
Problem 12
Problem 13
Problem 14
Problem 15
Problem 16
Problem 17
Problem 18
Problem 19
Problem 20
Problem 21
Problem 22
Problem 23
Problem 24 (Flow Process)
Problem 25
Problem 26
Problem 27