Kabul University

Engineering Faculty
Civil Department

Wastewater Project

Prepared By: Group B

1402 ‫سال‬
Introduction
This comprehensive documents reflects the culmination of extensive
research, analysis and engineering efforts aimed at developing and
efficient and sustainable wastewater network. The project’s
multifaceted approach not only emphasizes effective pollutant removal
but also priorities resource efficiency and long term operational
viability. This report serves as testament to our commitment to
environmental preservation, public health and innovative engineering
solutions. In this project we are about to design a wastewater network
for a town that is consisted 80 mixed used, 780 residential houses, 2
schools, 4 mosques, 3 gymnasium, 2 health center. In this project we
have used SewerGem software.

Figure 1- location of project

1) Residential Wastewater and Mix use Biuldings

For this purpose, we need to determine the population of township. a)
Current Population. In this township we have 73 large residential

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building and 730 medium size residential building, we assume 6
persons for each apartment, 4 apartments per floor for large buildings
and 2 floor for medium size residential buildings, and each large
residential building have 12 floors.

Therefore,
Estimated current population = 80 building x 12 floor/building x 4 unit/floor x 6
person/apartment + 780 building x 8 person /unit = 30000

Area of Township = 650000 = 65 hectares

Population Concentration = 30000/65 = 462 person/hectare

b) Population at end of design period

We take a 30-year design period and for forecasting population at the end of design period we
use from geometric growth formula with growth rate of 3%.

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0(1 + 𝑟)𝑛
𝑃0 = 30000 𝑛 = 30 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑟 = 3% = 0.03

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0(1 + 𝑟)𝑛
𝑃30 = 30000 (1 + 0.03)30 = 75000

Population Concentration (after 30 years) = 75000/65 = 1154 person/hectare

c) Daily Wastewater Production:

For Afghanistan, 100 lit/capita/day water usage is considered for design of water supply
projects (Karim, 2020).
Usually 80-90% of the water supplied to an area is converted to wastewater, here we use 80%
for design of our collection system.
Wastewater production rate = 0.8 x 100 liter/capita/day = 80 liter/capita/day

2) Non-Residential Wastewater
Table 1 – Non-residential water usage calculation
(1) (2) (1) × (2)/100 × 𝑃 × 0.8

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 Water usage Non-Residential WW
Number (LPCD) No. of users Initial year Final year

Masjid 4 30 50% of Population 28253 46296

School 2 20 30% of Population 37671 61728

Gymnasium 2 15 35 % of population 21975 36008

Medical Center 2 60 100 36000 36000

Because each of the above flows are for 2 units, we must divide it by two to obtain wastewater
produced by one unit. And we use the divided values for sewer design calculation table.

3) Infiltration
Based on CPHEEO manual, we take infiltrations rate of 30000 Liter/hectare/day.
Table 2 – Infiltration rate minimum and maximum values (Source: CPHEEO, 1993)
Infiltration rate Minimum Maximum
Liters/hectare/day 5000 50000
Liters/km/day 500 5000
Liters/day/manhole 250 500

To convert it to liter/sec we use following relation.

Infiltration (lit/sec) = infiltration-rate (L/ha/d) x area x 1000/86400 = infiltration (liter/sec)

4) Peaking Factor
There are various equations for determining peaking factor (PF), we use the following equation
for calculating peaking factor. This equation is taken from Water and Wastewater engineering
Technology written by Mark J. Hammer.

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 2.5
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑄 0.145

(𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4) 𝑄 is average flow in MGD (million gallons per day)

5) Depth of Flow
Sewers are not designed to flow full, instead they are designed to flow partially filled. In design
of this wastewater collection system we take 𝑑/𝐷 = 0.8 for the end of design period. Where 𝑑
is depth of flow and 𝐷 is diameter of pipe.
This ratio can be obtained for each pipe from hydraulic elements graph, if we have the value of
𝑞/𝑄 or 𝑣/𝑉.

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6) Manning’s Equation
We use from manning’s equation for design of both sanitary sewer and storm sewer. The
manning equation is:

1 23 1
𝑉 = 𝑅ℎ 𝑆 2
𝑛
𝑛 is roughness coefficient of pipe material, commonly vitrified clay pipes are used for
sanitary sewers, and concrete pipes are used for storm sewers as we see in table below,
therefore, we can use 𝑛 = 0.013 for design of both sewers.

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7) Minimum and Maximum Flow Velocity
Based on different resources it is encouraged to consider a minimum velocity of 0.6m/s (2ft/s).
because velocity lower than this value will cause settlement of solid particle of wastewater and
can block pipes in future. And also, a maximum velocity of 3 m/s must also be considered.

8) Minimum Pipe Diameter

Based on Design criteria for sewers and watermain of Toronto, For sanitary sewer the minimum
pipe diameter is 8in (200 mm) and for storm sewers 12in (300mm).

8) Storm Water Calculations

The IDF curve for Kabul city is shown in figure:
This curve is prepared by US. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).

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By taking 60-minute duration and 10-year return period, we can obtain in rainfall intensity in
vertical axis equal to 22 mm/hr.
We can determine the quantity of flow in storm sewer as follow:

𝑄=𝐶×𝑖×𝐴

𝐶 = 0.80

𝑖 = 22 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟

𝐴= Tributary Area

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9) Determining Location of Manholes
Manholes must be provided at intersection of pipes, change in direction, change
in slope. For pipes with diameter of up to 300mm, spacing of 45m is
recommended by IS 1742:1960 standard but is not limited exactly to this value.

This is the proposed sewer network for the town drafted in SewerGIMS.

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10) Pipes Tributary Area
Tributary area for each pipe must be shown on the drawing, then using AutoCAD
measure toll tributary area for each pipe can be determined.

11) Sewer Design Table

Design of sewer is a trial and error process. And is accomplished using a table.
At first the slope of all pipes is assumed equal to minimum permissible diameter
(8in or 200mm for sanitary sewer and 12in or 300mm for storm sewer), then other
parameters such as velocity of flow and 𝑑/𝐷 ratio is monitored to not exceed the
limits. If they exceeded limits there is two ways increasing the pipe size or
increasing the pipe slope.
Both sanitary and storm sewers are designed using a table in excel spread sheet,
here we describe each of column of both tables.

Description of Sanitary Sewer Design Table:

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Only 17 rows of table are brought here, this table originally has 62 rows.

Column (1) Pipe number

Shows the number of pipes, pipes are numbered arbitrary and there is no special
rule for numbering of pipes. They are usually numbered from upstream to
downstream.
Column (2) Upstream MH
The MH number at pipe’s upstream
Column (3) Downstream MH
The MH number at pipe’s downstream stream
Column (4) Pipe Length
Length of pipe between manholes
Column (5) Incremental Tributary Area
Tributary area of pipe itself
Column (6) Accumulated Tributary Area
Tributary Area of pipe itself plus the tributary area of other pipes that are located
upstream from this pipe or their flow is going to pass from this pipe.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Population Total Population Per Capita Infiltration Inflow
Concentration for Each Pipe Wastewater (Liter/sec) (Liter/sec)
(person/hectare) Flow (LPCD)
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
Year Year Year Year Year Year
262 429 233 382 80 80 0.309 0
262 429 391 640 80 80 0.518 0
262 429 544 891 80 80 0.721 0
262 429 692 1133 80 80 0.917 0
262 429 836 1369 80 80 1.108 0
262 429 975 1596 80 80 1.292 0
262 429 1138 1864 80 80 1.508 0
262 429 210 343 80 80 0.278 0
262 429 374 613 80 80 0.496 0
262 429 539 882 80 80 0.714 0
262 429 703 1151 80 80 0.932 0
262 429 868 1421 80 80 1.150 0

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 262 429 1032 1690 80 80 1.368 0
262 429 1197 1960 80 80 1.586 0
262 429 1361 2229 80 80 1.804 0
262 429 1453 2379 80 80 1.925 0
262 429 196 321 80 80 0.260 0

Column (7) Population concentration (initial Year)

Concentration of population in current year
Column (8) Population concentration (final Year)
Concentration of population at the end of design period
Column (9) Total Population for each pipe (initial year)
Determined by multiplying Column (6) and Column (7)
Column (10) Total Population for each pipe (final year)
Determined by multiplying Column (6) and Column (8)
Column (11) Column (12) Per capita wastewater flow
This value is found previously and it is assumed that wastewater production and
water usage don’t change during 20-year life of this collection system.
Column (13) Infiltration
Obtained as follow: 30 x 100/86400 x Column (6)
Column (14) Inflow
Inflow is the amount of storm water that enters to the sewer and is assumed zero.
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Industrial Average Wastewater Peaking Factor Maximum
WW Flow (PF) Wastewater
(Liter/sec) (Liter/sec) Flow (Liter/sec)
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Year
Year Year Year Year Year (q1) (q2)
0 0.526 0.663 4.123 4.031 1.201 1.736
0 0.880 1.111 4.027 3.917 1.976 2.839
0 1.224 1.545 3.955 3.832 2.713 3.881
0 1.558 1.967 3.897 3.764 3.415 4.868
0 1.882 2.375 3.849 3.708 4.086 5.806
0 2.194 2.769 3.807 3.660 4.727 6.700
0 2.562 3.234 3.763 3.609 5.474 7.737

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 0 0.472 0.596 4.141 4.053 1.081 1.566
0 0.842 1.063 4.036 3.927 1.894 2.723
0 1.213 1.531 3.957 3.834 2.688 3.845
0 1.583 1.998 3.893 3.760 3.467 4.940
0 1.953 2.466 3.839 3.696 4.234 6.013
0 2.324 2.933 3.791 3.641 4.992 7.067
0 2.694 3.401 3.748 3.593 5.740 8.105
0 3.065 3.868 3.710 3.549 6.480 9.129
0 3.271 4.128 3.690 3.526 6.888 9.692
0 0.442 0.558 4.151 4.066 1.014 1.470

Column (15) Industrial wastewater

Wastewater produced by industries, because there is no industrial activity in this
township it is take zero.
Column (16) Average wastewater flow (initial Year)
Obtained as follow: [Column (11) + Column (9)]/86400 + Column (13)
Column (17) Average wastewater flow (final Year)
Obtained as follow: [Column (12) + Column (10)]/86400 + Column (13)
Column (18) Column (19) Peaking Factor
Determined using equation previously introduced.
Column (20) Maximum wastewater flow (initial Year)
Obtained by multiplying Column (18) and Column (16)
Column (21) Maximum wastewater flow (final Year)
Obtained by multiplying Column (19) and Column (17)

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ground Elevation Ground Pipe Pipe Bed Elevation Pipe
Natural Diamet Slope
Upstrea Downstrea Slope er Upstrea Downstrea (m/100
m MH m MH (m/100 (mm) m MH m MH m)
m)
123.30 121.00 5.111 200.00 121.300 119.000 5.111
121.00 118.90 4.667 200.00 119.000 116.900 4.667
118.90 118.10 1.778 200.00 116.900 116.100 1.778

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 118.10 116.80 2.889 200.00 116.100 114.800 2.889
116.80 113.80 6.667 200.00 114.800 111.800 6.667
113.80 111.50 5.111 200.00 111.800 109.500 5.111
111.50 109.40 3.818 200.00 109.500 107.400 3.818
123.00 121.80 2.667 200.00 121.000 119.800 2.667
121.80 120.10 3.778 200.00 119.800 118.100 3.778
120.10 117.70 5.333 200.00 118.100 115.700 5.333
117.70 115.70 4.444 200.00 115.700 113.700 4.444
115.70 114.00 3.778 200.00 113.700 112.000 3.778
114.00 112.20 4.000 200.00 112.000 110.200 4.000
112.20 109.00 7.111 200.00 110.200 107.000 7.111
109.00 106.90 4.667 200.00 107.000 104.900 4.667
106.90 106.30 2.400 200.00 104.900 104.300 2.400
118.70 119.50 -1.778 200.00 117.200 116.300 2.000

Column (22) Column (23) Ground Elevation

Elevation of ground at location of manhole, this is determined from the
topographic map of the township area. Column (24) Ground Natural Slope
Obtained as follow: [Column (22) - Column (23)] / [Column (4)] x 100
Column (25) Pipe Diameter (mm)
Pipe diameter is assumed equal to smallest permissible diameter (200mm)
Column (26) Column (27) Pipe bed elevation
Elevation of pipe bed that is obtained by subtracting the excavation depth from
ground elevation at that point. At first same excavation depth is taken for all
points to make the slope of pipe equal to slope of natural ground, but if the slope
was not sufficient to give velocity higher than minimum then the values of these
to column can be changed manually to obtain desired velocity.
Obtained as follow: [Column (26) - Column (27)] / [Column (4)] x 100
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Excavation
Depth (m)
UP DN
MH MH
2.360 74.112 0.016 0.350 0.826 0.085 0.023 0.410 0.968 0.105 2.3 2.00 2.00
2.255 70.817 0.028 0.445 1.004 0.120 0.040 0.480 1.083 0.135 2.1 2.00 2.00
1.392 43.709 0.062 0.555 0.773 0.170 0.089 0.620 0.863 0.220 0.8 2.00 2.00
1.774 55.718 0.061 0.555 0.985 0.170 0.087 0.615 1.091 0.200 1.3 2.00 2.00

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 2.696 84.642 0.048 0.515 1.388 0.150 0.069 0.577 1.555 0.180 3.0 2.00 2.00
2.360 74.112 0.064 0.560 1.322 0.175 0.090 0.620 1.463 0.205 2.3 2.00 2.00
2.040 64.056 0.085 0.610 1.244 0.195 0.121 0.704 1.436 0.250 2.1 2.00 2.00
1.705 53.532 0.020 0.400 0.682 0.100 0.029 0.448 0.764 0.120 1.2 2.00 2.00
2.029 63.716 0.030 0.445 0.903 0.120 0.043 0.496 1.006 0.140 1.7 2.00 2.00
2.411 75.706 0.036 0.465 1.121 0.130 0.051 0.518 1.249 0.152 2.4 2.00 2.00
2.201 69.110 0.050 0.515 1.133 0.150 0.071 0.576 1.268 0.180 2.0 2.00 2.00
2.029 63.716 0.066 0.565 1.146 0.175 0.094 0.624 1.266 0.206 1.7 2.00 2.00
2.088 65.564 0.076 0.590 1.232 0.185 0.108 0.653 1.363 0.221 1.8 2.00 2.00
2.784 87.418 0.066 0.565 1.573 0.175 0.093 0.625 1.740 0.206 3.2 2.00 2.00
2.255 70.817 0.092 0.620 1.398 0.200 0.129 0.687 1.549 0.241 2.1 2.00 2.00
1.617 50.785 0.136 0.695 1.124 0.245 0.191 0.770 1.245 0.295 0.6 2.00 2.00
1.476 46.360 0.022 0.420 0.620 0.110 0.032 0.445 0.657 0.120 0.9 1.50 3.20

Column (29) 𝑉𝐹 Velocity of full flow calculated using manning equation.

Column (30) 𝑄𝐹 Full flow = 𝑉𝐹 ×𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Column (31) 𝑞1/𝑄𝐹 Column (20) / Column (30)
Column (32) 𝑉1/𝑉𝐹 Determined from hydraulic elements graph using 𝑞1/𝑄𝐹
Column (33) 𝑉1 Column (32) x Column (29)
Column (34) 𝑑1/𝐷 Determined from hydraulic elements graph using 𝑞1/𝑄𝐹
Column (35) 𝑞2/𝑄𝐹 Column (21) / Column (30)
Column (36) 𝑉2/𝑉𝐹 Determined from hydraulic elements graph using 𝑞2/𝑄𝐹
Column (37) 𝑉2 Column (36) x Column (29)
Column (38) 𝑑2/𝐷 Determined from hydraulic elements graph using 𝑞2/𝑄𝐹
Column (39) 𝐻𝐿 Head loss = Column (4) x Column (28) / 100
Column (40) Excavation Depth (Upstream) Column (22) – Column (26)

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Figure showes the inserted data in SewerGIMS

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Results of the SewerGIMS analysis

After modeling and defining the design creteria the SewerGIMS showed no
problem.

The figure showes the manhols of the sewer system.

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The profiles of the sewers are generated by the Software.

The profiles can be showen in engineering mode for more details

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The output of the software also can be showen in tables.
The following table is the pipes or conduits of the network:
ID Label Start Invert Stop Invert Manning'sLength Slope Section
Dia
Node (Start) Node (Stop) n (Scaled) (Calculated)Type
(m) (m) (m) (m/m)

41co-1 MH-62 -2.23O-3 -2.26 0.008 5.9 0.005Circle

47co-2 MH-109 4.7MH-112 3.49 0.008 103.9 0.012Circle
53co-4 MH-112 1.94MH-115 1.66 0.008 55.3 0.005Circle
55co-5 MH-108 2.22MH-115 1.84 0.008 75.1 0.005Circle
60co-7 MH-106 4.58MH-107 3.91 0.008 57 0.012Circle
61co-8 MH-107 3.91MH-108 2.22 0.008 74.1 0.023Circle
64co-9 MH-115 1.66MH-120 1.38 0.008 55.5 0.005Circle
65co-10 MH-120 1.38MH-121 1.06 0.008 63.7 0.005Circle
73co-14 MH-79 1.53MH-82 1.24 0.008 57.3 0.005Circle
77co-16 MH-82 1.24MH-85 0.97 0.008 54.7 0.005Circle
98co-23 MH-70 4.24MH-71 3.75 0.008 41.7 0.012Circle
106co-24 MH-95 4.22MH-99 3.18 0.008 89.5 0.012Circle
107co-25 MH-99 1.63MH-100 1.33 0.008 59.6 0.005Circle
109co-26 MH-99 1.63MH-98 1.89 0.008 52.1 0.005Circle
119co-30 MH-121 1.06MH-126 0.58 0.008 97.7 0.005Circle
125co-31 MH-28 4.06MH-30 3.19 0.008 74.7 0.012Circle
126co-32 MH-30 3.18MH-29 4.04 0.008 74 0.012Circle
131co-33 MH-30 3.18MH-32 2.9 0.008 54.9 0.005Circle
133co-34 MH-27 3.98MH-32 3.12 0.008 73.7 0.012Circle
135co-35 MH-32 3.07MH-31 3.94 0.008 74.4 0.012Circle
138co-36 MH-32 2.9MH-34 2.63 0.008 54.4 0.005Circle
139co-37 MH-34 2.63MH-35 2.3 0.008 65.7 0.005Circle
140co-38 MH-26 3.92MH-34 3.05 0.008 74.3 0.012Circle
142co-39 MH-34 3.02MH-33 3.88 0.008 73.6 0.012Circle
147co-40 MH-47 3.86MH-48 3 0.008 73.7 0.012Circle
155co-42 MH-39 3.78MH-40 2.93 0.008 73.1 0.012Circle
162co-44 MH-43 3.72MH-44 2.85 0.008 74.4 0.012Circle
166co-46 MH-50 2.16O-4 -1.15 0.008 73.9 0.045Circle
169co-47 MH-42 2.28O-6 -1.15 0.008 87.2 0.039Circle
This is jusst the sample the table continues too long.

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The final draft From SewerGEMS of the Designed sewer network is showen as
follow:

Group B – Wastewater Project Report 19