Chemistry Passage comprehension Type Questions:
Passage:-
Read the passage below and answer the following questions: [UNDERSTAND THE PASSAGE THEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
BELOW]
Passage:
In the early 19th century, scientists made significant strides toward classifying elements based on their properties. Two
notable attempts were made by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner and John Newlands.
1. Döbereiner’s Triads: Johann Döbereiner, a German chemist, attempted to classify elements based on their atomic
masses and chemical properties. He observed that certain elements could be grouped in sets of three, which he called
"triads." In these triads, the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average of the other two, and the
elements exhibited similar chemical properties. For example, the elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K)
form a triad. Sodium’s atomic mass is close to the average of lithium and potassium’s atomic masses.
2. Newlands' Law of Octaves: In 1864, English chemist John Newlands proposed another method of arranging the
elements. He noticed that when elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass, every eighth element showed
similar properties. He compared this periodic recurrence to the octaves in music, where every eighth note is similar. This
pattern became known as the "Law of Octaves." However, Newlands’ law was not widely accepted at the time, as it did
not apply well to elements beyond calcium.
Though these early attempts were limited, they set the foundation for later scientists, like Mendeleev, to develop more
comprehensive periodic tables.
The periodic properties of elements refer to the trends or recurring variations in the properties of elements that are
observed when they are arranged in the periodic table. These trends arise due to the periodic nature of the electronic
configurations of the elements. Some of the key periodic properties include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity,
and electronegativity.
1. Atomic Radius: The atomic radius of an element is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron. Across a period
(left to right), atomic radius decreases as the number of protons increases, pulling electrons closer to the nucleus. However,
down a group (top to bottom), atomic radius increases because additional electron shells are added.
2. Ionization Energy: This is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. Ionization energy
generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge, making it harder to remove an electron. Conversely, it
decreases down a group as atomic size increases, making it easier to remove an outer electron that is farther from the
nucleus.
3. Electron Affinity: Electron affinity refers to the energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a
negative ion. Across a period, electron affinity becomes more negative, as atoms become more eager to gain electrons to
achieve a stable octet configuration. Down a group, electron affinity becomes less negative due to the increased distance of
the added electron from the nucleus.
4. Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. It increases across a
period due to increasing nuclear charge and decreases down a group as atomic radius increases and the effective nuclear
charge felt by the outer electrons decreases
Answer The Questions below After reading each and every line twice :
