This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D3822/D3822M − 14 (Reapproved 2020)

Standard Test Method for

Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3822/D3822M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope particularly true for those properties dependent on the mea-

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile surement of elongation, since the shorter lengths increase the
properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of relative effect of slippage and stretching of the test specimens
sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile within the jaws of either clamp.
testing machine. 1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (fila- are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ment) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or used independently of the other, and values from the two
texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after systems shall not be combined.
removal of the crimp. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 1—Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this
test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
discontinued. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchange- mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ably throughout this test method. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken
from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into 2. Referenced Documents
fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes. D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring the D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
breaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibers D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
and for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
elongation, and breaking toughness. D2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Man-
1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both Made Textile Fibers Taken From Yarns and Tows (With-
conditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test method drawn 1995)3
is applicable to testing under a wide range of conditions. D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensile Sliver, or Tow for Testing
strength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensile D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
properties determined may decrease, which may require the E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
need to increase the number of test specimens. This is
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3822 – 14. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D3822_D3822M-14R20. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
 D3822/D3822M − 14 (2020)
3. Terminology TABLE 1 Fiber Tensile Properties Using a 25.4 mm [1 in.] Gauge
Length Critical Differences for the Conditions NotedA
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and Number of
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849. Properties, Limits Single- Within- Between
Observations
of Measure Operator Laboratory Laboratory
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: in Each
and Materials Precision Precision Precision
Average
breaking force, breaking tenacity, breaking toughness, chord
Breaking Tenacity, mN/tex:
modulus, corresponding elongation, corresponding force, Acetate 1 1.7 1.8 2.4
elongation, elongation at break, elongation at specified force, 10 0.5 0.8 1.8
fiber, filament, filament yarn, force at specified elongation, 20 0.4 0.7 1.8
40 0.3 0.6 1.8
initial modulus, linear density, secant modulus, tangent Aramid 1 137.8 137.8 137.8
modulus, tenacity, tow, yield point. 10 43.5 43.5 43.5
20 30.8 30.8 30.8
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to 40 21.8 21.8 21.8
Terminology D123. Nylon 1 7.6 7.6 8.0
10 2.4 2.6 3.6
4. Summary of Test Method 20 1.7 2.1 3.1
40 1.2 1.7 2.9
4.1 Single-fiber specimens are broken on a constant-rate-of- Polyester 1 5.2 5.2 5.6
extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine at a predeter- 10 1.7 1.7 2.7
20 1.2 1.2 2.5
mined gauge length and rate of extension. Using the force- 40 0.8 0.8 2.4
extension curve, the breaking force and elongation at break are Initial Modulus Mn/tex:
determined. The force-elongation curve and linear density are Acetate 1 71.8 108.0 163.2
10 22.7 83.8 148.3
used to calculate breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord 20 16.1 82.3 147.4
modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified 40 11.4 81.5 147.0
elongation, and breaking toughness. Aramid 1 2610 2783 3600
10 826 1270 2613
20 583 1129 2547
5. Significance and Use 40 413 1050 2513
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge Nylon 1 61.4 83.1 152.4
10 19.4 59.2 140.8
lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory 20 13.7 57.7 140.1
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test 40 9.7 56.8 139.8
method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance Polyester 1 214.2 279.7 382.4
10 67.8 209.4 323.9
testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were 20 47.9 186.2 320.3
obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm 40 33.8 183.1 318.5
[1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having Elongation at Break, %
Acetate 1 7.29 7.65 8.64
lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values 10 2.3 3.28 5.18
and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.) 20 1.63 2.84 4.92
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in 40 1.15 2.6 4.78
Aramid 1 1.25 1.25 1.53
reported test results when using Test Method D3822 for 10 0.39 0.39 0.97
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and 20 0.28 0.28 0.93
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if 40 0.2 0.2 0.91
Nylon 1 17.93 18.36 22.43
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent 10 5.67 6.92 14.63
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of 20 4.01 5.64 14.01
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 40 2.84 4.87 13.78
Polyester 1 14.97 15.09 17.82
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which 10 4.73 5.1 10.76
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test 20 3.35 3.85 10.23
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers 40 2.37 3.04 9.95
A
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite
degrees of freedom.
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that differentiate between the probable performance of fibers in
material in view of test results with consideration to the known processing and end-use performance. The breaking toughness
bias. is an indication of the durability of materials produced from the
5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking fiber.
force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental 5.3 It is recognized that computerized results are used
properties that are widely used to establish limitations on fiber extensively in the industry. When comparing results from two
processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. laboratories using computerized tensile testers, the algorithms
Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fiber to used to derive results must be examined for parity, that is, how
extension at forces below the yield point. The tangent modulus the maximum slope and specimen failure or rupture are
and tensile stress at specified elongation may be used to determined.

2
 D3822/D3822M − 14 (2020)
TABLE 2 Fiber Tensile Properties Using a 254 mm [10 in.] Gauge response characteristics to properly record the characteristics
Length Critical Differences for the Conditions NotedA of the force-elongation curve, or the stress-strain curve of the
Number of fibers under test at the rate of extension specified in Table 3.
Properties, Limits Single- Within- Between
Observations
of Measure Operator Laboratory Laboratory The capacity of the machine must be selected for the break on
in Each
and Materials Precision Precision Precision
Average the recorded curve to fall within 20 to 90 % of full scale,
Breaking Tenacity, mN/tex preferably within 50 to 90 % of full scale. It is permissible to
Acetate 1 1.86 2.06 2.26
10 0.59 0.98 1.27
use tensile testing machines that have a means of calculating
20 0.39 0.88 1.27 and displaying the required results without the use of an
40 0.29 0.88 1.18 autographic recorder. The tensile testing machine must be
Aramid 1 85.61 90.91 94.93
10 27.07 40.70 49.13
equipped with a tank to provide for breaking fibers immersed
20 19.12 35.99 45.21 in a liquid, if tests on wet immersed specimens are required.
40 13.53 33.34 43.15
Nylon 1 6.77 7.26 8.14 NOTE 2—Special force-measuring systems may be used to directly
10 2.16 3.24 5.00 record the tenacity in mN/tex.
20 1.47 2.84 4.81
40 1.08 2.65 4.61
6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimens
Polyester 1 6.77 7.65 7.75 and designed to minimize slippage in the clamps during the
10 2.16 4.12 4.22 test,
20 1.47 3.82 3.92
40 1.08 3.73 3.82
6.2.1 Tabs, when required, of thin plastic or other material
Initial Modulus, mN/tex for use with cementing techniques (See Annex A1); and
Acetate 1 39.42 47.27 51.88 6.2.2 Cement or Adhesive—The adhesive must be capable
10 12.45 28.93 35.99
20 8.83 27.56 34.91
of binding the tabs to the fibers without affecting the moisture
40 6.28 26.87 34.32 content of the specimen.
Aramid 1 1881 1881 2390
10 594 594 1591 NOTE 3—For wet testing, the tabs and adhesive must be waterproof.
20 421 421 1534
40 297 297 1505
6.3 Container, separate from the testing machine for wetting
Nylon 1 47.56 69.43 105.03 out specimens to be tested without immersion.
10 15.00 52.76 94.83
20 10.59 51.68 94.14 6.4 Auxiliary Equipment—The testing machine may be
40 7.55 51.09 93.95 equipped with auxiliary equipment to permit the automatic
Polyester 1 120.13 153.57 167.79 recording of data or the calculation of any required tensile
10 37.95 102.97 123.17
20 26.87 99.34 120.23 property. The auxiliary equipment must be capable of record-
40 19.02 97.58 118.76 ing data and performing calculations in a manner consistent
Elongation at Break, % with the definitions and instructions for calculations as de-
Acetate 1 8.23 8.65 8.82
10 2.6 3.72 4.1 scribed in this test method.
20 1.84 3.24 3.66
40 1.3 2.96 3.42
6.5 Area-Measuring Device—An integrating accessory to
Aramid 1 0.64 0.73 0.77 the tensile testing machine or a planimeter. The device shall
10 0.2 0.41 0.48 measure area with an accuracy of 61 %.
20 0.14 0.39 0.46
40 0.1 0.37 0.45 6.6 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting test specimens on tabs
Nylon 1 14.8 16.2 16.2 at the specified gauge length.
10 4.68 8.09 8.09
20 3.31 7.38 7.38 6.7 Distilled or Deionized Water, for use in wet specimen
40 2.34 7 7
Polyester 1 13.77 13.87 16.35
testing.
10 4.36 4.65 8.05 6.8 Wetting Agent, Nonionic—For wet specimen testing, for
20 3.08 3.49 7.44
40 2.18 2.72 7.11 example, Triton X-1004 to make 0.1 % aqueous solution using
A
The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite
water described in 6.7.
degrees of freedom
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sampling—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
5.4 The breaking strength of wet fibers tested in air may be take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
different from wet fibers tested while immersed.
5.4.1 Tests on wet specimens are usually made only on 4
Triton-X 100 is a registered trademark of Rohm & Haas.
fibers which show a loss in breaking force when wet or when
exposed to high humidity, for example, yarns made from TABLE 3 Rate of ExtensionA
animal fibers and man-made fibers based on regenerated and Estimated Elongation at Break Rate of Extension, % of Initial
modified cellulose. Wet tests are made on flax fiber to detect of Specimen, % Specimen Length/min
adulteration by failure to show a gain in breaking force. Under 8 10
8 to 100, incl. 60
6. Apparatus and Reagents Over 100 240
A
For the optimum degree of comparability, tensile properties of filaments should
6.1 Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Type Tensile Testing be measured at the same rate of extension.
Machine, conforming to Specification D76, having adequate