Solutions for Test-1

MATHEMATICS-III (MATH GC241)

First Semester 2007–2008
(1) (a) Check whether the following equation
" ! # " ! #
x x3 3
3 2 + 4y dy + 4 2 + dx = 0
y y y
is exact or not and then solve it by finding an integration factor.

Solution. Here !
x3 3
M (x, y) = 4 2 +
y y
and !
x
N (x, y) = 3 2 + 4y.
y
∂M 3
Then ∂y
= −8 xy3 − 3
y2
and ∂N
∂x
= 3
y2
. Therefore,

∂M ∂N
6=
∂y ∂x
and the given differential equation is not exact. We now calculate the integration factor
as !
1 ∂M ∂N 2
− = .
−M (x, y) ∂y ∂x y
This implies that the integration factor is µ(x, y) = y 2 . We multiply the integration
factor to the given differential equation and the resulting equation becomes an exact.

The general solution is

U (x, y) = x4 + y 4 + 3xy = C
where C is an arbitrary constant.

(b) Solve the following nonlinear equation

xy 2 y 0 + y 3 = x cos x, x > 0.
dy 1 dv
Solution. Take y 3 = v then y 2 dx = 3 dx
. This gives the linear differential equation
dv 3
+ v = 3 cos x.
dx x

1
2 Solutions for MATHEMATICS-III Test-1

The general solution for the above linear equation is

v = 3 sin x + 9x−1 cos x − 18x−2 sin x − 18x−3 cos x + Cx−3 ,

where C is an arbitrary constant. Now substituting v = y 3 and simplify, we get the

general solution y(x) for the given nonlinear equation.
(2) (a) Find a general solution of
d4 y
csc x + y csc x = sin 2x.
dx4
Solution. Rewrite the given differential equation as
d4 y 1
+ y = sin 2x sin x = (cos x − cos 3x) .
dx 4 2
The auxiliary equation is
 2 √ 2
m4 + 1 = m2 + 1 − 2m = 0.

This gives
1±i −1 ± i
m= √ , m= √ .
2 2
Therefore, the general solution for homogeneous equation is
  ! !!   ! !!
√1
x 1 1 − √1 x 1 1
yh = e 2
C1 cos √ x + C2 sin √ x +e 2
C3 cos √ x + C4 sin √ x .
2 2 2 2
The particular solution is
1 1
cos x − yp =
cos 3x.
4 164
Finally, the required general solution for a given differential equation is

y(x) = yh + yp
  ! !!
√1
x 1 1
= e 2
C1 cos √ x + C2 sin √ x
2 2
  ! !!
− √1 x 1 1 1 1
+ e 2
C3 cos √ x + C4 sin √ x + cos x − cos 3x,
2 2 4 164
where Ci , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are arbitrary constants.

(b) Find a particular solution of

2
y 00 − y = .
1 + ex
Solution. The auxiliary equation is

m2 − 1 = 0.
Solutions for MATHEMATICS-III Test-1 3

This gives m = ±1. Therefore, the general solution for homogeneous equation is

yh = C1 ex + C2 e−x ,

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Let y1 (x) = ex and y2 (x) = e−x then the
Wronskian is
ex e−x
W (y1 (x), y2 (x)) = x = −2 6= 0.
e −e−x
The particular solution is
yp = y 1 v1 + y 2 v2 ,
where
2
Z y2 (x) 1+e x
v1 = − dx
W (y1 (x), y2 (x))
and
2
Z y1 (x) 1+e x
v2 = dx.
W (y1 (x), y2 (x))
This gives
v1 = −e−x + log(e−x + 1), v2 = − log(1 + ex ).
Therefore, the particular solution is
 
yp = ex −e−x + log(e−x + 1) + e−x (− log(1 + ex )) .

(3) (i) Solve the initial value problem

y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0,
y(0) = α, y 0 (0) = 2,

where α is a constant. Then find α so that the solution approaches zero as x → ∞.

Solution. The auxiliary equation is

m2 − m − 2 = 0.

This gives m = −1, 2 and the general solution is

y(x) = C1 e−x + C2 e2x .

Using the initial conditions, we get

2(α − 1) 2+α
C1 = , C2 = .
3 3
Therefore, the required solution is

2(α − 1) −x 2 + α 2x
y(x) = e + e .
3 3
4 Solutions for MATHEMATICS-III Test-1

For α = −2, the solution approaches zero as x → ∞.

(ii) For what values of a and b the differential equation

y 00 + ay 0 + by = 0

have the solutions e−2x , 1.

Solution. a = 2 and b = 0.

(iii) Find the values of α and β such that the given differential equation

(αx2 y + βxy 2 ) dy + (x3 + xy 2 ) dx = 0

is exact.

Solution. α = 1 and β = 0.

(iv) Formulate the differential equation represented by the following function by elimi-
nating the arbitrary constants a and b.

y − a2 = a(x − b)2 .

Solution. 2
!2 ! dy
1 d2 y 1 d2 y  dx
y− = d2 y
 .
2 dx2 2 dx2 dx2

(v) Let y1 (x) = 1 and y2 (x) = log(x), x > 0 are two linearly independent solutions of
2
y 00 + (y 0 ) = 0.

Is y(x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x), the general solution, where C1 and C2 are arbitrary con-
stants. Justify your answer.

Solution. No. The principle of superposition is valid only linear homogeneous dif-
ferential equations.

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