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Chapter 1V

Uploaded by

ahmed.waasel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Manal Abdulelah Areqi

[email protected]
Why are we studying this course?

Programmer’s view of a
computer system

What happens in-between?


How is a computer designed using
logic gates and wires to satisfy
specific goals?

HW designer’s view of a
computer system
Digital logic as a model of
computation
Why are we studying this course?

Problem
Algorithm
SW
Program Language
Runtime System (OS)
Architecture
Organization
Logic
Circuits
Electronics
Designing Computers

All computers are more or less based on the same


basic design, the Von Neumann Architecture!
What is a Computer?
• Three key components
• Computation
• Communication
• Storage (memory)

5
Von-Neumann Computer Architecture

Model for designing and building computers, based


on the following three characteristics:
1. The computer consists of four main sub-systems:
❖Memory
❖ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
❖Control Unit
❖Input/Output System (I/O)
2. Program is stored in memory during execution.
3. Program instructions are executed sequentially.
Von-Neumann Computer Architecture) 1945(
Von-Neumann Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture
Computer Organization
• Attributes of a • Instruction set,
system visible to the number of bits used
programmer to represent various
• Have a direct impact data types, I/O
on the logical mechanisms,
execution of a techniques for
program addressing memory
Architectural
Computer
attributes
Architecture
include:

Organizational
Computer
attributes
Organization
include:
• Hardware details • The operational units
transparent to the and their
programmer, control
signals, interfaces
interconnections that
between the computer realize the
and peripherals, memory architectural
technology used specifications
Key Computer Architecture Computer Organization

Computer architecture explains Computer organization explains how a


Purpose
what a computer should do. computer works.
Computer architecture provides Computer organization provides structural
Target functional behavior of computer relationships between parts of computer
system. system.
It acts as the interface between It deals with the components of a
hardware and software. connection in a system.
Architecture involves Logic Organization involves Physical
Design
(Instruction sets, Addressing Components (Circuit design, Adders,
modes, Data types, Cache Signals, Peripherals)
optimization)
Actors in Computer architecture Actor in computer organization is
Actors
are hardware parts. performance.
Computer architecture is Computer organization is started after
designed first. finalizing computer architecture.
Order
Hierarchy of Computer Architecture
High-Level Language Programs
Assembly Language Programs

Software Application

Operating System

Compiler Firmware Instruction Set


Software/Hardware Architecture
Machine Language Program
Boundary Instr. Set Proc. I/O system

Datapath & Control


Hardware Digital Design
Circuit Design Microprogram
Layout

Logic Diagrams

Circuit Diagrams
What is Computer Organization?

Electronic Desired
Devices Behavior

The intended behavior and the workings of


the underlying electronic devices that will
actually do all the work to achieve this
behavior.
Role of General Purpose Computers

Computer
software
organization

General
Electronic Desired
Purpose
Devices Behavior
Computer
Structure and Function

Structure: The way in which the components are


interrelated.

Function: The operation of each individual


component as part of the structure.
Function
Function
There are four basic functions that a
computer can perform:
•Data processing
•Data storage
• Short-term
• Long-term
•Data movement
•Control
The
Computer:
Top- Level
Structure
I/O: moves data between the computer
and its external environment

Main memory: stores data


I/O Main
memory
System System
Bus Interconnection:
communication
between CPU, main
CPU memory, and I/O

Central processing unit (CPU):


controls the operation of the computer
and performs its data processing
Major structural components (CPU)
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Registers: Provide storage (ALU): Performs the
internal to the CPU computer’s data processing
function
Registers
ALU

Internal
CPU Interconnection:
Bus
communication between
the control unit, ALU, and
Control
Unit registers

Control Unit: Controls the


operation of the CPU and hence
the computer
Multicore Computer Structure

• Central processing unit (CPU)


• fetches and executes instructions
• Referred to as a processor in a system with a single
processing unit
• Core
• An individual processing unit on a processor chip
• May be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-
CPU system
• Processor
• A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores
• Referred to as a multicore processor if it contains
multiple cores
Multicore Computer Structure
Multicore Computer Structure

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