1.

The Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was a landmark
international treaty that aimed to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. It was the first legally binding agreement where industrialized countries
committed to emission reduction targets.

Key Features of the Kyoto Protocol:

Legally Binding Targets:

The protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the
European Union. The targets varied by country, depending on their historical emissions and
economic capacity.

Commitment Periods:
The first commitment period was from 2008 to 2012, and the second was from 2013 to 2020
(Doha Amendment). Not all countries ratified the second period, limiting its effectiveness.

- **Mechanisms**: The protocol introduced flexible mechanisms such as Emissions Trading,

the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI), allowing
countries to meet their targets through market-based approaches (UNFCCC, 1998).

Flexible Mechanisms:
The Kyoto Protocol introduced market-based mechanisms to help countries meet their
targets cost-effectively:
- **Emissions Trading:** Countries could trade emission units with each other.
- **Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):** Allowed industrialized countries to invest in
emission reduction projects in developing countries and earn certified emission reduction
(CER) credits.
- **Joint Implementation (JI):** Enabled countries to earn emission reduction units by
investing in projects that reduce emissions in other developed countries.

- **Criticism and Limitations:**

- **Limited Scope:** The protocol only covered industrialized countries, excluding
developing nations like China and India, which became major emitters.
- **Withdrawal:** The United States, one of the largest emitters, never ratified the protocol.
Canada withdrew in 2011.

### **2. Conference of the Parties (COP 21)**

The 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) took place in Paris in December 2015 and
resulted in the adoption of the Paris Agreement, a landmark global climate accord.
#### **Key Features of COP 21 and the Paris Agreement:**

- **Global Participation:** Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement included both
developed and developing countries, making it a truly global effort.

- **Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):** Countries committed to reducing their

GHG emissions through NDCs, which they would set and update every five years. These
contributions are not legally binding but are subject to a review process.

- **Temperature Goals:** The Paris Agreement aimed to limit global temperature rise to
"well below 2°C" above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

- **Finance and Support:** Developed countries committed to mobilizing $100 billion per
year by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries. This commitment was to be
reviewed and possibly increased by 2025.

- **Transparency and Accountability:** The agreement established a transparency

framework to track progress and ensure accountability, including a global stocktake every
five years.

#### **Illustration:**
Think of COP 21 as a worldwide team effort where each country decided how much they
could contribute to reducing climate change. Everyone agreed on the importance of keeping
global warming in check, but each nation was responsible for setting its own goals and
reporting on progress, much like a class where students set personal study goals and
periodically check in with the teacher.

### **3. Conference of the Parties (COP 28)**

COP 28 is expected to take place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in November 2023. While
specific outcomes will depend on the negotiations, some anticipated focuses include:

#### **Expected Key Features of COP 28:**

- **Global Stocktake:** COP 28 will mark the first global stocktake under the Paris
Agreement, assessing collective progress towards the long-term goals of the agreement.

- **Finance and Adaptation:** The conference is likely to emphasize increasing financial

commitments for adaptation and loss and damage, addressing the needs of vulnerable
countries.

- **Scaling Ambition:** Countries may be encouraged to enhance their NDCs to close the
gap between current pledges and the goals of the Paris Agreement.
- **Technological and Market Mechanisms:** The role of technology, innovation, and
market mechanisms in achieving climate targets will likely be a central theme.

#### **Illustration:**
Imagine COP 28 as a massive progress report session for the Paris Agreement. Countries will
gather to see how well they’ve done, share what’s working, and decide on the next steps to
meet their collective climate goals.

### **Conclusion:**

The Kyoto Protocol laid the foundation for international climate agreements, but its
limitations highlighted the need for a more inclusive and flexible approach, leading to the
Paris Agreement at COP 21. COP 28 will build on these efforts, aiming to accelerate global
climate action in line with the Paris Agreement's goals. Each of these milestones reflects the
evolving nature of global climate governance, moving from legally binding targets for a few
to a more collaborative, global effort.

### **Illustrative Summary:**

- **Kyoto Protocol:** Binding targets for a few; limited scope.
- **COP 21 (Paris Agreement):** Global effort; self-determined goals; 1.5°C target.
- **COP 28:** Review of progress; potential increase in commitments; focus on finance and
technology.

The COP28 conference in Dubai has been a significant event in the ongoing global effort to
address climate change, particularly in terms of climate change mitigation strategies. Below
are some key takeaways and data-backed insights from the conference:

1. **Mitigation Targets and Fossil Fuels**: A central focus of COP28 was the commitment
to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For the first time, the conference
explicitly acknowledged the need to cut GHG emissions by 43% by 2030 and 60% by 2035
relative to 2019 levels. This ambitious target is crucial for limiting global warming to 1.5°C
above pre-industrial levels. However, there is also a recognition that transitioning away from
fossil fuels must be done in a just and equitable manner, taking into account the economic
realities of different nations【10†source】【11†source】.

2. **Global Stocktake and Loss and Damage Fund**: The first Global Stocktake was a key
component of COP28, which reviewed global progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
The Stocktake highlighted the importance of enhanced adaptation strategies and the
operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund, aimed at assisting vulnerable countries with
irreversible climate impacts. Although the fund was officially launched with initial
commitments, it still falls short of the estimated $580 billion needed by 2030【9†source】.

3. **Financial Commitments and Challenges**: The conference acknowledged the ongoing

financial gap, particularly for developing nations. Although COP28 saw the establishment of
a new climate finance goal, set to replace the previous $100 billion annual target, many
financial issues were deferred to COP29. The new target, named the New Collective
Quantitative Goal (NCQG), will have to address the financial needs estimated at $5.8 trillion
by 2030. The challenge remains to mobilize these funds effectively【10†source】.

4. **Inclusion and Non-State Actors**: COP28 emphasized the role of non-State actors,
including businesses, cities, youth, and Indigenous Peoples, in driving climate action. Their
involvement is crucial for translating the conference outcomes into tangible actions. This
inclusivity highlights the broadening of the climate action movement beyond just
governmental entities【11†source】.

In summary, while COP28 in Dubai set new, more aggressive targets for climate mitigation,
the success of these goals will depend heavily on securing adequate financing and the active
participation of a wide range of stakeholders. The conference laid important groundwork, but
much will hinge on the actions taken in the coming years.

ChatGPT
You said:
Hi AI, do u have a report on informations and or happenings that are beyond 2023?
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
I can provide insights and forecasts based on data and trends up to my last update in 2023.

However, I don't have direct access to information or events beyond that time. For future

predictions, I can discuss likely developments in technology, economy, or other areas based

on existing trends. If you need real-time or future-specific data, I can assist with predictions

or browse the web for current updates if that helps! What specific area are you interested in?

You said:
I am interested in the real facts and with data analysis on what happened at the conference of
parties (COP28) in Dubai as of recent on climate change mitigation strategies (20%). With
Clear illustrations
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Searched 5 sites
“COP28 Dubai recent developments on climate change mitigation strategies August 2024
report”
bing.com

COP28: Outcomes and Next Steps | World Resources Institute

wri.org
UNFCCC — COP28 Opens in Dubai with Calls for Accelerated Action, Higher Ambition
Against the Escalating Climate Crisis | UNFCCC
unfccc.int

UNFCCC — COP28 Agreement Signals “Beginning of the End” of the Fossil Fuel Era |
UNFCCC
unfccc.int

Carbon Brief — COP28: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Dubai - Carbon
Brief
carbonbrief.org
At the recent COP28 summit in Dubai, significant discussions and decisions were made

regarding climate change mitigation strategies, marking a pivotal moment in global climate

policy.

Key Outcomes of COP28:

1. Global Stocktake and Emissions Reductions:

○ The first-ever global stocktake under the Paris Agreement was a central
outcome, revealing that current efforts are insufficient to limit global warming
to 1.5°C. The stocktake highlighted that global greenhouse gas emissions must
be reduced by 43% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels. However, the world is
currently far off this trajectory, prompting urgent calls for increased ambition
and action by 2025.
2. Fossil Fuels and Energy Transition:
○ COP28 is seen as marking the "beginning of the end" of the fossil fuel era.
Although there was no definitive call for a complete phase-out of fossil fuels,
the agreement included significant commitments to accelerate the transition to
renewable energy, aiming to triple global renewable energy capacity and
double energy efficiency by 2030. However, the absence of a clear phase-out
timeline for fossil fuels led to frustrations among some nations and
environmental groups.
3. Climate Finance:
○ Financial commitments were a critical focus, with developed countries
pledging additional resources to support climate adaptation and the transition
to clean energy in developing nations. The Green Climate Fund received a
significant boost, and the Loss and Damage Fund, designed to support
countries affected by climate-induced disasters, was operationalized with
initial commitments exceeding USD 700 million. Despite these pledges, there
is widespread recognition that much more financing is needed to meet global
climate goals.
4. Adaptation and Resilience:
 ○ COP28 also made progress on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), setting
targets to enhance resilience to climate impacts. This includes the need for
increased support in finance, technology, and capacity-building for vulnerable
countries.
5. Inclusivity and Participation:
○ The conference emphasized the importance of inclusivity, with participation
from various stakeholders, including civil society, Indigenous Peoples, and
youth. This diverse representation is critical for ensuring that climate actions
are equitable and just.

Illustrations of the Data:

● The global stocktake data clearly illustrates the gap between current emissions
reduction efforts and the necessary targets to stay within the 1.5°C limit. The financial
pledges, while substantial, fall short of the trillions needed, particularly for developing
nations to transition to clean energy and build resilience against climate impacts.

Conclusion:

COP28 in Dubai has set the stage for a critical decade of climate action. The outcomes reflect

both progress and challenges, with the need for greater ambition and cooperation among

nations to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement by 2030 (UNFCCC) (UNFCCC) (Carbon

Brief).

2/2
You said:
Using the sites browsed for resources, write some references using the APA style of
reference?
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Here are APA-style references based on the sources used for information on COP28:

1. UN Climate Change. (2023, December 13). COP28 Agreement Signals “Beginning of

the End” of the Fossil Fuel Era. UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-agreement-
signals-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-fossil-fuel-era
2. UN Climate Change. (2023, November 29). COP28 Opens in Dubai with Calls for
Accelerated Action, Higher Ambition Against the Escalating Climate Crisis.
UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-opens-in-dubai-with-calls-for-accelerated-
action-higher-ambition-against-the-escalating-climate-crisis
3. Carbon Brief. (2023, December 13). COP28: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate
talks in Dubai. Carbon Brief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-
agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/