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com/

Subject : Basic Mathematics (BMS)

Branch: CO, CE, ME, AN, IF and EE

Board: MSBTE

Subject Code: 311305

Scheme: K-scheme

Academic Year: 2024- 2028

Semester: First Semester

A product by MSBTE STORE

Title - Report on Trigonometry.

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Annexure – I
Report on Trigonometry.

1.0 Aims of the Micro-project

The aim of a report on trigonometry is to provide a comprehensive understanding of
the fundamental concepts, principles, and applications of trigonometry. Trigonometry is a
branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the angles and sides of
triangles. It has widespread applications in various fields, including physics, engineering,
architecture, navigation, and astronomy.

2.0 Course outcome addressed.

The course outcomes of a report on trigonometry can vary depending on the specific
educational program or course in which the report is being used. However, here are some
common course outcomes that can be achieved through a report on trigonometry:

1. Understanding of Trigonometric Concepts: Students will gain a deep understanding

of the fundamental concepts, principles, and properties of trigonometry, including
trigonometric functions, identities, ratios, and equations.

2. Application of Trigonometry: Students will learn how to apply trigonometry to solve

real-world problems in various fields such as physics, engineering, architecture,
navigation, and astronomy. They will be able to analyze and interpret trigonometric
models, make predictions, and solve practical problems using trigonometric
techniques.

3. Mathematical Reasoning and Problem-Solving Skills: Students will develop strong

mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills by working with trigonometric
concepts and applying them in different contexts.

4. Graphical Analysis: Students will learn how to analyze and interpret graphs of
trigonometric functions, understanding their key characteristics such as amplitude,
period, phase shift, and vertical shift.
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3.0 Proposed methodology

The methodology for reporting on trigonometry will involve several steps to gather
information, analyze the concepts, and present the findings in a coherent and organized
manner. Here is a suggested methodology for preparing the report:

1. Literature Review: Begin by conducting a comprehensive literature review on

trigonometry. Gather information from textbooks, academic papers, reputable
online resources, and other relevant sources. This will provide a solid foundation for
understanding the key concepts, principles, and applications of trigonometry.

2. Identify Key Topics: Based on the aim of the report, identify the key topics that need
to be covered. These topics may include basic trigonometric functions, trigonometric
identities, trigonometric equations, applications of trigonometry, graphs of
trigonometric functions, and any other specific areas you intend to explore.

3. Conceptual Analysis: Analyze each topic in-depth, breaking down complex concepts
into simpler components. Understand the underlying principles and derive key
formulas or equations. Use examples and diagrams to illustrate the concepts and
clarify any potential areas of confusion.

4. Real-World Applications: Explore the applications of trigonometry in various fields.

Research and provide real-world examples where trigonometry is used, such as
architecture, engineering, physics, navigation, and astronomy. Explain how
trigonometry is applied in these contexts and the relevance of its principles.

5. Data Collection (if applicable): If your report involves data collection or experiments,
outline the methodology for collecting relevant data. Define the variables,
measurement techniques, and experimental setup required.

6. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Analyze any collected data or relevant data from
other sources using appropriate trigonometric techniques. Interpret the results and
relate them to the concepts and principles discussed earlier. Explain the significance
and implications of the findings.
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4.0 Action Plan

Sr. Name of responsible team

Detail of activity Plan start date Plan finish date
No members

collect information on the

1
internet

2 create a micro project format

input micro project information

3
in ms word

create ms word file and show

4
file to guide

after confirmation print the

5
project report

5.0 Resources used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specifications Quantity

1 textbook Basic Mathematics (311305) 1

2 internet Wikipedia

3 PC windows 11 1

Name of Group Members

-------------------------------------------------------------

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Annexure-II

Report on Trigonometry.

Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the relationship between ratios
of the sides of a right-angled triangle with its angles. The ratios used to study this
relationship are called trigonometric ratios, namely, sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
cosecant. The word trigonometry is a 16th century Latin derivative and the concept was
given by the Greek mathematician Hipparchus.

Here in the below content, we shall understand the basics of trigonometry, the various
identities-formulas of trigonometry, and the real-life examples or applications of
trigonometry.

Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometry is one of the most important branches in mathematics. The word
trigonometry is formed by clubbing words ‘Trigonon’ and ‘Metron’ which mean triangle and
measure respectively. It is the study of the relation between the sides and angles of a right-
angled triangle. It thus helps in finding the measure of unknown dimensions of a right-
angled triangle using formulas and identities based on this relationship.
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Trigonometry Basics
basics deal with the measurement of angles and problems related to angles. There are
three basic functions in trigonometry: sine, cosine, and tangent. These three basic ratios or
functions can be used to derive other important trigonometric functions: cotangent, secant,
and cosecant. All the important concepts covered under trigonometry are based on these
functions. Hence, further, we need to learn these functions and their respective formulas at
first to understand trigonometry.

In a right-angled triangle, we have the following three sides.

Perpendicular – It is the side opposite to the angle θ.

Base – This is the adjacent side to the angle θ.
Hypotenuse – This is the side opposite to the right angle.
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Trigonometric Ratios
There are basic six ratios in trigonometry that help in establishing a relationship between
the ratio of sides of a right triangle with the angle. If θ is the angle in a right-angled triangle,
formed between the base and hypotenuse, then

● sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse

● cos θ = Base/Hypotenuse

● tan θ = Perpendicular/Base

The value of the other three functions: cot, sec, and cosec depend on tan, cos, and sin
respectively as given below.

● cot θ = 1/tan θ = Base/Perpendicular

● sec θ = 1/cos θ = Hypotenuse/Base

● cosec θ = 1/sin θ = Hypotenuse/Perpendicular

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Trigonometric Functions Graphs

Different properties of a trigonometric function like domain, range, etc can be studied
using the trigonometric function graphs. The graphs of basic trigonometric functions- Sine
and Cosine are given below:

The domain and range of sin and cosine functions can thus be given as,

● sin θ: Domain (-∞, + ∞); Range [-1, +1]

● cos θ: Domain (-∞ +∞); Range [-1, +1]

Click here to learn about the graphs of all trigonometric functions and their domain and
range in detail- Trigonometric Functions
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Unit Circle and Trigonometric Values

Unit circle can be used to calculate the values of basic trigonometric functions- sine, cosine,
and tangent. The following diagram shows how trigonometric ratios sine and cosine can be
represented in a unit circle.

Trigonometry Identities
In Trigonometric Identities, an equation is called an identity when it is true for all values of
the variables involved. Similarly, an equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is
called a trigonometric identity, if it is true for all values of the angles involved. In
trigonometric identities, you will get to learn more about the Sum and Difference Identities.

For example, sin θ/cos θ = [Opposite/Hypotenuse] ÷ [Adjacent/Hypotenuse] =

Opposite/Adjacent = tan θ

Therefore, tan θ = sin θ/cos θ is a trigonometric identity. The three important trigonometric
identities are:

● sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

● tan²θ + 1 = sec²θ

● cot²θ + 1 = cosec²θ
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Applications of Trigonometry
Throughout history, trigonometry has been applied in areas such as architecture, celestial
mechanics, surveying, etc. Its applications include in:

● Various fields like oceanography, seismology, meteorology, physical sciences,

astronomy, acoustics, navigation, electronics, and many more.

● It is also helpful to find the distance of long rivers, measure the height of the
mountain, etc.

● Spherical trigonometry has been used for locating solar, lunar, and stellar positions.

Real-Life Examples of Trigonometry

Trigonometry has many real-life examples used broadly. Let’s get a better idea of
trigonometry with an example. A boy is standing near a tree. He looks up at the tree and
wonders “How tall is the tree?” The height of the tree can be found without actually
measuring it. What we have here is a right-angled triangle, i.e., a triangle with one of the
angles equal to 90 degrees. Trigonometric formulas can be applied to calculate the height of
the tree, if the distance between the tree and boy, and the angle formed when the tree is
viewed from the ground is given.

It is determined using the tangent function, such as tan of angle is equal to the ratio of the
height of the tree and the distance. Let us say the angle is θ, then

tan θ = Height/Distance between object & tree

Distance = Height/tan θ

Let us assume that distance is 30m and the angle formed is 45 degrees, then
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Height = 30/tan 45°

Since, tan 45° = 1
So, Height = 30 m

The height of the tree can be found out by using basic trigonometry formulas.

Trigonometry Basics
Trigonometry Basics are the core concepts of trigonometry without which it can’t be
defined, some of these basics of trigonometry are as follows:

● Angles: The measure of space between two intersecting lines are known as angles.

● Right-angle Triangle: A triangle with one of its interior angles being the right angle
i.e., 90°, is called right angles triangle.

● Pythagoras Theorem: In right angles triangle, according to the Pythagoras theorem,

the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides,

● Trigonometric Ratios: Trigonometric Ratios are defined as the ratio of the sides of
the right angle triangles. As there are 3 ways to choose two sides out of three and
two ways for each chosen pair to arrange in ratio, thus there are 3×2 =6
trigonometric ratios which are defined for each possible pair of sides of the right
angle triangle.

Important Trigonometry Functions

The important trigonometric functions include sin and cos, as all the other trigonometric
ratios can be defined in terms of sin and cos.

● tangent or tan can be defined as the ratio of sin and cos i.e., tan x = sin x/cos x,

● cotangent or cot can be defined as the ratio of cos and sin i.e., cot x = cos x/sin x, and

● cosecant or cosec is the inverse of the sin .i.e, cosec x = 1/sinx,

● secant or sec is the inverse of cos i.e., sec x = 1/cos x.

That’s why the only two important trigonometric ratios are sin and cos.
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Trigonometric Ratios
In the study of Trigonometry, there are six trigonometric ratios i.e., sin, cos, tan, cot,
sec, and cosec. These trigonometric ratios as the name suggests are defined as the ratios
between two sides of a right-angle triangle. For the sin trigonometric ratio, we defined it as
the ratio of the perpendicular (opposite to the angle for which we are calculating sin,) to the
hypotenuse of the right-angle triangle i.e., for triangle ABC right angles at B,

Similarly, cos is defined as the ratio of the base and hypotenuse of the right-angle triangle,

and, trigonometric ratio tan is defined as the ratio of perpendicular to the base of the right-
angle triangle.
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Other, then sin, cos and tan, cot, sec, and cosec are also defined as the ratio of the sides of
right angle triangle as follows:

Note: sec, cosec, and cot are the reciprocals of the trigonometric ratios cos, sin, and tan
respectively.

Trigonometry Table
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Trigonometric Table is the table of values of trigonometric ratio at some standard angle
values. The table for the value of trigonometric ratios at different angles is given below:

Trigonometry Chart
To create a chart of different values of trigonometric ratios at different angles, we can use
the following algorithm. Using this trick we can complete the trigonometry chart without
remembering the exact values of the ratios for different angles. The steps required in this
algorithm are as follows:

Step 1: Write first five whole numbers with some distance between them.

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

Step 2: Divide each number by 4.

0 | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4

OR

0 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 3/4 | 1

Step 3: Take Square Root for each resulting number in step 2..

√0 | √(1/4) | √(1/2) | √(3/4) | √1

OR

0 | 1/2 | 1/√2 | √(3)/2 | 1

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Step 4: Resulting values for step 3, are the value of trigonometric ratio sine for angles 0°,
30°, 45°, 60°, 90°.

Step 5: Reverse the order of the resulting values in step 3, to get the value of cos for the
same angles.

1 | √(3)/2 | 1/√2 | 1/2 | 0

Step 6: Find the ratio of the results in step 3 to results in step 5, to get the value of cos for
angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°.

0÷1 | 1/2÷√(3)/2 | 1/√2÷1/√2 | √(3)/2÷1/2 | 1÷0

OR

0 | 1/√3 | 1 | √(3) | Not defined

Thus, using these steps, the resulting table is formed.

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1/√2 √(3)/2 1

cos 1 √(3)/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined

Trigonometry Angles
The angle for which the trigonometric ratio is defined is the trigonometric angle. Angles can
either be measured in degrees (°) or can be measured in radians (rad). Some standard
angles for which we create the table of trigonometric ratios are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°.
Other than these angles, we also sometimes need to deal with 15°, 18°, 75°, and 72°.

Application of Trigonometry
Trigonometry has so many applications in the real world, we can even say that is the most
used mathematics concept throughout mathematics. Some of the applications of
trigonometry are as follows:

● Trigonometry is very essential for modern-day navigation systems such as GPS or any
other similar system.
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● In most streams of engineering, trigonometry is used extensively for various kinds of

analysis and calculations, which helps engineers to make more sound decisions for
the construction of various kinds of structures.

● Various trigonometric concepts and formulas are used in the computer graphics of
the modern age, as computer graphics are created in 3-D environments so all the
calculations are done by the graphics processing unit of the computer to deliver the
computer graphics as output.

● Various astronomical calculations such as the radius of celestial bodies, the distance
between objects, etc. involve the use of trigonometry and its different trigonometric
ratios.

● In Physics, we use trigonometry to understand and evaluate many real-world

systems such as the orbits of planets and artificial satellites, the reflection or
refraction of light in various environments, etc.

Trigonometry Formulas List

In trigonometry, there are a lot of formulas or identities that relate the different
trigonometric ratios with each other for different values of angles. Some of these identities
are:

Pythagorean Trigonometric Identities

● sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

● 1+tan2 θ = sec2 θ

● cosec2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ

Sum and Difference Identities

● sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

● sin (A-B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B

● cos (A+B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

● cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

● tan (A+B) = (tan A + tan B)/(1 – tan A tan B)

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2.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specifications Quantity

1 textbook Basic Mathematics (311305) 1

2 internet Wikipedia

3 PC windows 11 1

3.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

The outcomes of a report on trigonometry are the achievements and knowledge gained
as a result of conducting the research, analyzing the concepts, and presenting the findings.
The specific outcomes will depend on the aim and objectives of the report, as well as the
individual’s engagement and learning experience. Here are some potential outcomes:

1. Comprehensive Understanding: The report aims to provide a comprehensive

understanding of trigonometry, including its fundamental concepts, principles, and
applications. As an outcome, readers or learners will have a solid grasp of
trigonometry and its relevance in various fields.

2. Knowledge of Trigonometric Functions and Identities: Through the report, readers

will gain knowledge of the basic trigonometric functions, such as sine, cosine,
tangent, and their relationships.

3. Problem-Solving Skills: By exploring applications of trigonometry and solving real-

world problems, readers will enhance their problem-solving skills. They will learn
how to apply trigonometric concepts to analyze and solve problems in fields such as
physics, engineering, and architecture.

4. Graphical Analysis: The report may include discussions on the graphs of

trigonometric functions, their characteristics, and how to interpret them.
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4.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

a) Computer skills increase.

b) Communication skills improved.

5.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

The application of a report on trigonometry can be diverse and can benefit various
stakeholders. Here are some potential applications of a report on trigonometry:

1. Education: The report can serve as a valuable educational resource for students,
teachers, and educators. It can be used as a reference material or supplementary
resource for trigonometry courses at different levels, including high school, college,
or university. Students can benefit from the comprehensive explanations, examples,
and real-world applications provided in the report to deepen their understanding of
trigonometry.

2. Self-Study and Reference: Individuals who are interested in learning or refreshing

their knowledge of trigonometry can use the report as a self-study guide or
reference material. The clear explanations, illustrations, and examples can help
individuals explore and grasp trigonometric concepts at their own pace.

3. Professional Development: Professionals in fields such as engineering, architecture,

surveying, physics, and navigation can benefit from the report’s applications of
trigonometry. They can apply the concepts and techniques presented in the report
to solve real-world problems, make accurate measurements, analyze data, and
design structures or systems.

4. Cross-Disciplinary Applications: The report can be used to demonstrate the

interdisciplinary nature of trigonometry and its connections to other fields.

In summary, the application of a report on trigonometry extends to education, professional

development, interdisciplinary research, curriculum development, and public awareness
initiatives. Its accessibility and comprehensive coverage make it a valuable resource for
students, educators, professionals, researchers, and the general public seeking to enhance
their understanding and application of trigonometry.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the report on trigonometry aimed to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the fundamental concepts, principles, and applications of trigonometry.
Throughout the report, we explored various topics, including basic trigonometric functions,
trigonometric identities, trigonometric equations, applications of trigonometry, graphs of
trigonometric functions, and more.

By delving into these topics, we gained insights into the importance and relevance of
trigonometry in various fields such as physics, engineering, architecture, navigation, and
astronomy. We explored real-world applications and learned how trigonometry is utilized to
solve practical problems, make predictions, and analyze complex phenomena.

The report also emphasized the development of problem-solving skills, mathematical

reasoning, and analytical thinking. Through examples, exercises, and applications, readers
were able to strengthen their abilities to analyze problems, apply trigonometric techniques,
and arrive at meaningful solutions.

Moreover, the report highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of trigonometry, showcasing

its connections to other fields such as computer graphics, signal processing, robotics, and
geology.
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Reference
1. https://msbtestore.com/

2. https://www.wikipedia.org/

3. https://www.google.com/
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