Heat

- Made by Bijita Ma’am

 What is Heat?
• Heat is a form of energy.
• Each object contains matter which is made of
molecules. These molecules are in a constant state of
motion. This gives them kinetic energy. Also, there is a
force of attraction between the molecules. This gives
them potential energy.
• Heat energy is the internal energy of these molecules.
More the internal energy, hotter is the body.
• We can define heat as a form of energy that flows.
• Heat is the form of energy transferred between two (or
more) systems or a system and its surroundings by
virtue of temperature difference.
 Units of Heat
• The SI unit of heat is joule (J)
• The CGS unit is Calorie.
• Additionally, the British thermal unit (BTU),
which is part of the imperial system, is also
used to measure or calculate heat.
• 1 cal = 4.186 J = 4.2 J
• 1 Btu = 1055.06 J
 Temperature
• The degree of the hotness of a body is
determined by a quantity known as
temperature.
• It also determines the direction of the flow of
heat.
• Heat flows from a body at higher temperature
to a body at lower temperature.
• The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin, denoted by K.
• Though the scientists commonly use the scale Celsius or
Centigrade (°C).
• Kelvin degree scale has the same measurement as the
Celsius degree scale.
• According to the Kelvin scale, the freezing point of water at
273.15K, and the boiling point is observed to be at
373.15K.
• Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in oC + 273
• There is another unit of temperature called degree
fahrenheit (°F).
 Specific Heat
➢ Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat
energy required per unit mass of a substance to change
(increase or decrease) its temperature by one unit.
➢ The SI unit for specific heat capacity is joule per
kilogram per kelvin (J kg-1 K-1). The SI unit of specific
heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
substance through 1 K.
➢ Specific heat capacity for a given substance is a
constant.
➢ It is different for different substances. For example
specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 K-1, which
is very high, and that of copper is 400 J kg-1 K-1.
• Due to the high specific heat
capacity of water, it requires
more heat energy to change
its temperature, which gives it
some advantages.
• Hence, water is used as a
coolant in car radiators, in hot
water packs for fomentation,
and for internal heating of
buildings in cold countries.
• Wind cycles, land breezes and
sea breezes are also caused
due to the high specific heat
capacity of water.
Thermal Expansion
✓ The expansion of a substance on heating is
called thermal expansion of that substance.
✓ Solids have a definite shape. Thus, its length,
area and volume, all increase on heating. The
increase in length is called linear expansion,
the increase in area is called superficial
expansion and the increase in volume is called
cubical expansion.
✓ Liquids and gases do not have definite shape,
so they only have superficial and cubical
expansion.
✓ Each substance is made up of molecules. When
the substance is heated, the average kinetic
energy of the molecules increases and they
start moving faster. This increases the mean
separation between the molecules, and hence,
there is expansion in length, area or volume of
the substance.
✓ On cooling, the average kinetic energy
decreases, and hence, the mean separation
also decreases. Thus, the substance contracts.
 Anomalous Expansion of Water

• Substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.

• However, water, silver iodide and silica are exceptions. These
substances contract on heating and expand on cooling within
a specific range of temperature. This is called anomalous
expansion.
• The expansion of water when it is cooled from 4°C to 0°C is
known as the anomalous expansion of water.
• Consequences of Anomalous Expansion of Water:
- Preserving of Aquatic Life in Very Cold Weather,
- Bursting of Water Pipes, Plant Capillaries and Rocks.
 Transfer of Heat
• Conduction:
Conduction is the process of transfer of heat
from the hotter part to the colder part of an
object without the movement of its particles
from their positions. In conduction, heat gets
transferred between substances that are in
direct contact with each other. The better the
conductor, the more rapidly does the heat
transfer take place.
• Based on their ability to conduct heat,
materials are classified
into conductors and insulators.
Conductors-
Materials that allow heat to flow through them
are called conductors. Copper, steel, silver, iron
and mercury are good conductors of heat.
Insulators
Materials that do not allow heat to flow through
them are called insulators. Wood, paper, rubber,
cork, glass, bakelite and ceramic are insulators of
heat.
• Practical Applications of Good Conductors
• Mercury, being a good conductor of heat, serves as a thermometric liquid.
• Metals, being good conductors of heat, are used to make cooking vessels which conduct heat to
food items.
• Copper, being a good conductor of heat, is used in car radiators, air conditioners and
refrigerators to conduct away the heat.

• Practical Applications of Bad Conductors of Heat

• In cold countries, double walled glass window panes with a layer of air trapped in between, are
used to prevent the conduction of heat from outside to the inside of the room in summer and
from the inside of the room to the outside in winter.
• Water pipes in cold countries are covered with poor conductors of heat which do not allow heat to
pass from water inside the pipe to the outside atmosphere to prevent water from freezing. So the
pipes are saved from bursting.
• Eskimos make igloos, which are double walled houses, using blocks of snow, so that the air
trapped between the two walls, prevent conduction of heat from inside the house to the out side
cold surroundings.
• Handles of cooking vessels are made of bad conductors so as to prevent heat conduction to our
hands.
• Woolen sweaters keep us warm in winter as the air trapped in the woolen yarn is a bad conductor
of heat. Quilts are filled with fluffy cotton that has air trapped in it. Both cotton and air are the bad
conductors of heat and they provide a good insulation and keeps us warm during the winter
season. Also, a newly made quilt is warmer than an old one because in an old quilt cotton gets
compressed and so a very little air remains trapped in it as compared to the new one.
• Convection

is the process of transfer of heat by the movement of particles of a medium from one
place to another.
• It takes place only in liquids and gases.
• Occurrence of wind currents, sea breeze, land breeze, the lower floor of a building
being cooler than the upper floor, water being warmer at the surface of a swimming
pool or lake, and the pleasant atmosphere at the sea shore are due to convection.
• Radiation

The process in which heat flows from one object to another either through a medium or
through vacuum, without heating up the space in between, is called radiation.
• The heat absorbed from the surroundings by a body increases its temperature.
• The sun warms up the earth through radiation. A camp fire, a microwave oven and a light
bulb are a few examples of objects that transfer heat by radiation.
• Black bodies are good absorbers of radiant heat, whereas white or shining bodies are poor
absorbers or good reflectors of heat.
• Conversely, hot black bodies are good radiators of radiant heat, while white shining bodies
are poor radiators of radiant heat.
 Change of State
❑ A change of state is a
physical change in a
matter.
❑ They are reversible
changes and do not
involve any changes in
the chemical makeup of
the matter.
❑ Common changes of the
state include melting,
freezing, sublimation,
deposition,
condensation, and
vaporization.
• Freezing, also known as solidification, is a phase transition where a liquid turns
into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.
• Melting is the process by which a substance changes from the solid phase to
the liquid phase. Melting is also known as fusion.
• Vaporization can be defined as the process in which liquid state changes into
the vapour state. As a result of an increase in temperature, the kinetic energy
of the molecules increases. Due to the increases in kinetic energy, the force of
attraction between the molecules reduces. As a result, they escape into the
surrounding in the form of vapours.
• Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into
the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization.
• The process of changing from a solid to a gas without passing through an
intermediate liquid phase is called Sublimation. Carbon dioxide, at a pressure
of one atmosphere, sublimates at about −78 degrees Celsius. Ice and snow on
the Earth's surface also sublimate at temperatures below the freezing point of
water.
• Deposition refers to the process in which a gas changes directly to
a solid without going through the liquid state. For example, when warm moist
air inside a house comes into contact with a freezing cold windowpane, water
vapor in the air changes to tiny ice crystals.
Differences between Evaporation and Boiling:

Basis of Comparison Evaporation Boiling

It is when the liquid or state Boiling is steaming or bubbling

Meaning
changes into a vapour up under the influence of heat

Boiling occurs throughout the

It occurs at the surface of the
Occurrence liquid because of the addition
liquid
of a lot of heat

It requires a temperature
Evaporations needs a little
Temperature which is greater than the
change in temperature
boiling point

Nature Evaporation is a natural process It is an unnatural process

It takes a longer time to Boiling requires a shorter

Time
complete period of time

A lot of energy adds in this

Energy It requires little to no energy
process
 Latent Heat
• Latent heat:
• The heat energy which has to be
supplied to change the state of a
substance is called its latent heat.
• Latent heat does not raise (or
increase) the temperature. But
latent heat has always to be
supplied to change the state of a
substance .The word ‘latent’
means ‘hidden’.
• The latent heat which we supply
is used up in overcoming the
forces of attraction between the
particles of substance during the
change of state. Latent heat does
not increase the kinetic energy of
the particles of the substance, so
the temperature of a substance
does not rise during the change
of state.
Thank You