INDEX

S No Title Page No
ABSTRACT
Learning Objectives/Internship Objectives

WEEKLY OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

Week-1
1 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) 1-2
Week-2
2 Introduction to Arduino 8-bit Microcontroller 3-4
Week-3
3 Using 3-LEDs Build a Traffic Light 5-6
Week-4
4 Proximity Sensors 7-8
Week-5
5 Humidity and Temperature Sensors 9-10
Week-6
6 Bluetooth Connection and Characters from Arduino 11
Week-7
7 Introduction to Android Application Development 12-13
Week-8
8 Connecting DHT Sensor 14-15
Week-9
9 Introduction to HTML 16-18
Week-10
10 Programming ESP8266 Module through Arduino 19
Week-11
11 NODEMCU - Open Source IoT Platform 20-22
Week-12
12 Interfacing DHT11 with ESP8266 NodeMCU Using Web 23
Server
Week-13
13 Introduction to Raspberry Pi 24-26
Week-14
14 Setting up Raspberry Pi 27
 Week-15
15 MQTT and Mosquitto 28
- Conclusion 29
- References 30
 ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects physical devices, such as sensors, appliances, and
industrial systems, allowing them to share data over the internet. This technology drives
automation and improved decision-making, offering benefits across consumer and industrial
applications. IoT devices can be found in smart homes, manufacturing, transportation, and
healthcare, where they enable remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process
optimization. Key components of IoT include wireless connectivity, data processing (through edge
computing and cloud platforms), and communication protocols like MQTT. While IoT offers
numerous advantages, it also presents security and privacy risks. Ensuring robust encryption,
security protocols, and compliance with data protection regulations is essential. IoT's impact
extends across various sectors. In smart cities, IoT is used to optimize traffic management, energy
consumption, and public services. In healthcare, IoT devices facilitate remote patient monitoring,
enabling personalized and proactive healthcare solutions. In industrial contexts, IoT supports
Industry 4.0 initiatives, improving manufacturing processes and enabling predictive maintenance
through real-time monitoring of equipment. Despite its potential, IoT also poses challenges related
to security, privacy, and data management. The widespread connectivity of IoT devices creates
vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malicious actors. Addressing these risks requires robust
security protocols, encryption, and data protection measures. Privacy concerns arise from the
collection and storage of personal data, necessitating transparent data handling practices and
compliance with regulations like GDPR. In summary, IoT is a transformative technology with the
potential to revolutionize industries, but it requires careful management of security and privacy
concerns to ensure sustainable growth and adoption.
 Learning Objectives/Internship Objectives
 Gaining Hands-On Experience: Internships provide a practical opportunity for
individuals to work with IoT technologies and platforms, allowing them to understand real-
world applications and challenges.

 Developing Technical Skills: Internship objectives should focus on honing the technical
skills needed for IoT, such as working with sensors, microcontrollers, data processing, and
networking. Interns learn to design, build, and troubleshoot IoT systems.

 Learning About IoT Architecture: Interns will gain an understanding of IoT architecture,
including data flow, connectivity options, communication protocols, and cloud integration.

 Understanding Data Analytics: IoT generates vast amounts of data. An internship

objective could involve learning how to collect, process, and analyze data to extract
meaningful insights, often using tools like Python, R, or cloud-based analytics platforms.

 Exploring Security and Privacy: Since security is a major concern in IoT, internship
objectives should include exposure to IoT security best practices, encryption methods, and
compliance with data protection regulations.

 Collaborating with Cross-Functional Teams: IoT projects often require collaboration

between software developers, hardware engineers, and data scientists. Internships can
focus on developing teamwork and communication skills in a cross-functional
environment.

 Learning About Industry Applications: Interns may work on projects in various

industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, smart homes, or agriculture, gaining insights
into how IoT is transforming these sectors.

 Contributing to Real-World Projects: Internships offer the chance to work on actual

projects, allowing interns to apply their learning and contribute to meaningful outcomes.
This objective can also help them build a portfolio of work to showcase to future
employers.
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WEEKLY OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

Week-1: Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices,
such as appliances and vehicles that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and
sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and
automated systems. Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain
electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions
amongst each other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based
technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead their
daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and
smart homes are just a few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established. IOT is a
system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer the data over
a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

History of IOT:

 1982 – Vending machine: The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending machine at Carnegie
Mellon University was connected to the internet to report its inventory and status, paving the
way for remote monitoring. 
 1990 – Toaster: Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet, allowing users to
control it remotely, foreshadowing the convenience of smart home devices.
 1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton): Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” to
describe the interconnected network of devices communicating and sharing data, laying the
foundation for a new era of connectivity. 

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 2000 – LG Smart Fridge: The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough, enabling users to check
and manage refrigerator contents remotely, showcasing the potential of IoT in daily life. 
 2004 – Smart Watch: The advent of smart watches introduced IoT to the wearable tech realm,
offering fitness tracking and notifications on-the-go.
 2007 – Smart iPhone: Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT capabilities with
apps that connected users to a myriad of services and devices, transforming smart phones into
hubs. 
 2009 – Car Testing: IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles with sensors for
real-time diagnostics, performance monitoring, and remote testing.
 2011 – Smart TV: The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living room, enabling
internet connectivity for streaming, app usage, and interactive content.
 2013 – Google Lens: Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image recognition, allowing
smart phones to provide information about objects in the physical world.
 2014 – Echo: Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa, demonstrated the
power of voice-activated IoT, making smart homes more intuitive and responsive. 
 2015 – Tesla Autopilot: Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in automobiles, introducing
semi-autonomous driving capabilities through interconnected sensors and software.

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Week-2: Introduction to Arduino 8-bit Microcontroller

FIG 1: ARDUINO 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino is a popular open-source platform designed to make it easier for users to create
interactive electronic projects. It is centered around an 8-bit microcontroller, providing an
accessible entry point for hobbyists, students, and professionals to build and program electronic
systems. This introduction outlines the key features and applications of Arduino's 8-bit
microcontrollers.

What is Arduino?

Arduino is a microcontroller-based platform that combines hardware and software to

enable users to create a wide range of electronic projects. The hardware consists of a simple,
programmable circuit board equipped with an 8-bit microcontroller, while the software includes
the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that allows users to write and upload
code to the microcontroller.

Arduino 8-bit Microcontrollers:

Arduino boards use various types of 8-bit microcontrollers, with the most common being
from the AVR series by Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology). These microcontrollers are
designed to be simple yet powerful, offering a range of digital and analog input/output pins, timers,
interrupts, and communication interfaces.

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Key Features of Arduino 8-bit Microcontrollers:

 Simplicity: Arduino's straightforward design makes it easy for beginners to start creating
projects without extensive electronics or programming knowledge.
 Flexibility: The platform is versatile, allowing users to build everything from simple LED-
based projects to more complex systems involving sensors, actuators, and wireless
communication.
 Compatibility: Arduino boards can be easily connected to other devices, components, and
sensors, enabling a wide range of applications.
 Open-Source: Arduino's open-source nature means that its hardware schematics, firmware,
and software are freely available, fostering a collaborative community of users and
developers.
 Community Support: The Arduino community is extensive, with numerous online
resources, tutorials, and forums where users can share projects, ask questions, and
collaborate.

Applications of Arduino 8-bit Microcontrollers:

Arduino's versatility has led to its adoption in various fields and projects, including:

 Prototyping: Arduino is commonly used for prototyping electronic circuits and projects
due to its flexibility and ease of use.
 Education: Many educational institutions use Arduino to teach electronics and
programming, offering a hands-on learning experience.
 Robotics: Arduino is often used in robotics projects, allowing users to control motors,
sensors, and other robotic components.
 Home Automation: Arduino can be used to create smart home devices, such as automated
lighting, temperature control, and security systems.
 Art and Interactive Installations: Artists and designers use Arduino to create interactive
installations and art projects.

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Week-3: Using 3-LEDs Build a Traffic Light

Creating a traffic light system using 3 LEDs is a foundational project in the field of the
Internet of Things (IoT). This concept demonstrates how simple electronic components can be
programmed to simulate a real-world system, showcasing the basics of IoT, automation, and
embedded systems. Here's a comprehensive outline for documenting this project:

Objectives:

 Learn to control LEDs: This project aims to teach the basics of controlling LEDs using a
microcontroller.
 Understand traffic light cycles: By building a simple traffic light system, you'll gain
insight into the logic and timing that underpin traffic control.
 Integrate IoT concepts: This project demonstrates how a simple IoT setup can simulate a
common real-world scenario.

Components and Tools:

 Microcontroller: An Arduino or similar microcontroller is required to control the LEDs

and manage the traffic light cycles.
 LEDs: Use three LEDs of different colors—typically red, yellow, and green—to
represent the traffic light signals.
 Resistors: Include appropriate resistors to protect the LEDs from excess current.
 Breadboard and Jumper Wires: These are needed to connect the components and create
the circuit.
 Software: Use the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to write and
upload the code to control the traffic light cycles.

Circuit Design:

The circuit design involves connecting each LED to a digital pin on the microcontroller.
Resistors are used in series with the LEDs to limit current and prevent damage. Here's a basic
wiring plan:

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 Connect the red LED to one digital pin with a resistor in series.
 Connect the yellow LED to another digital pin with a resistor in series.
 Connect the green LED to a third digital pin with a resistor in series.
 Connect the ground terminals of all LEDs to the microcontroller's ground.

Programming and Traffic Light Logic:

The logic for a basic traffic light system includes switching between the different light
signals with appropriate timing:

 Red Light: This typically represents "stop." Keep the red LED on for a set period.
 Yellow Light: This indicates "caution" or "prepare to stop." Light the yellow LED for a
shorter duration.
 Green Light: This represents "go." Keep the green LED on for a set period.
 Loop: Repeat the cycle to simulate a real traffic light system.

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Week-4: Proximity Sensors

A proximity sensor is a type of sensor that can detect the presence or absence of nearby
objects without any physical contact. It is widely used in various industries, from automotive to
manufacturing, for its ability to detect objects and trigger actions. Here are the key aspects of
proximity sensors:

Types of Proximity Sensors:

 Inductive Proximity Sensors: These sensors use electromagnetic fields to detect metal
objects. They are commonly used in industrial applications where metal detection is
required.
 Capacitive Proximity Sensors: These sensors can detect both metallic and non-metallic
objects by measuring changes in capacitance. They are often used in applications involving
liquids or granular materials.
 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors: These sensors use ultrasonic waves to detect objects,
making them suitable for detecting transparent or non-reflective objects. They are
commonly used in robotics and automotive applications.
 Infrared Proximity Sensors: These sensors use infrared light to detect objects, often used
in consumer electronics like remote controls and automatic doors.
 Photoelectric Proximity Sensors: These sensors use light beams to detect objects, making
them ideal for long-distance detection in industrial settings.

Advantages of Proximity Sensors:

 Non-contact detection: Reduces wear and tear, improving durability and lifespan.
 Fast response time: Enables real-time detection and action.
 Wide range of applications: Versatile across various industries.
 Robust design: Can operate in harsh environments.

Limitations of Proximity Sensors

 Limited range: Most proximity sensors have a limited detection range.

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 Susceptibility to interference: Some sensors can be affected by environmental factors,

like dust, moisture, or electromagnetic interference.
 Material dependency: Inductive sensors only detect metal, while capacitive sensors are
affected by dielectric constants of different materials.

Conclusion

Proximity sensors are crucial in many industries due to their non-contact operation,
durability, and versatility. They are used to improve safety, automate processes, and enhance user
experience in various applications. Understanding the type of sensor and its intended use is key to
leveraging its capabilities effectively. Proximity sensors are vital in today's technological
landscape, providing reliable non-contact detection that enhances safety, automation, and user
experience. Their versatility allows them to be used in a range of applications, from industrial
automation and robotics to consumer electronics and automotive safety. These sensors offer robust
performance in various environments, contributing to their durability and widespread adoption. As
technology advances, proximity sensors will continue to play a crucial role in emerging fields like
the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart homes, supporting further automation and innovation. By
understanding their types and unique features, industries can leverage proximity sensors to
improve operational efficiency, safety, and overall system reliability.

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Week-5: Humidity and Temperature Sensors

FIG 2 : Temperature And Humidity Sensors

Humidity and temperature sensors, pivotal components in the Internet of Things (IoT)
landscape, essential for environmental monitoring, HVAC systems, and various other applications.
This session will provide a comprehensive introduction to humidity and temperature sensors
commonly employed in IoT devices, elucidating their principles of operation, interfacing
techniques, and practical considerations for deployment in diverse environments. The session will
commence with an overview of humidity sensors, exploring the fundamental principles underlying
humidity measurement and the different types of humidity sensors available in the market.
Participants will gain insights into capacitive, resistive, and thermal conductivity-based humidity
sensing technologies, understanding their strengths, limitations, and suitability for different IoT
applications.

Subsequently, the focus will shift to temperature sensors, with participants learning about
the principles of temperature measurement and the various types of temperature sensors utilized
in IoT systems. The session will cover popular temperature sensing technologies such as
thermistors, thermocouples, and digital temperature sensors, providing an understanding of their
operating principles, accuracy, and response characteristics. Furthermore, attendees will learn
about the interfacing techniques employed to integrate humidity and temperature sensors with
microcontrollers and IoT platforms. Practical demonstrations and hands-on exercises will be

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conducted to illustrate the process of interfacing sensors with Arduino or other development
boards, acquiring sensor data, and transmitting it to cloud platforms for storage and analysis.

Throughout the session, real-world examples and case studies will be presented to
showcase the applications of humidity and temperature sensors in various IoT domains, including
smart agriculture, building automation, weather monitoring, and industrial process control. By the
conclusion of the session, participants will have acquired a thorough understanding of humidity
and temperature sensors, their operational principles, interfacing methods, and practical
considerations for incorporating them into IoT projects.

Types of Temperature Sensors:

 Thermocouples: Consist of two different metals joined at one end, producing a voltage
proportional to the temperature difference. They are robust and used in industrial
applications.

 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): Use the principle that resistance changes
with temperature, typically made from platinum. RTDs are highly accurate and stable.

 Thermistors: Temperature-sensitive resistors usually made of ceramic or polymer, that

change resistance with temperature. They are used in a wide range of applications due to
their sensitivity.

 Infrared Temperature Sensors (IR): Measure temperature by detecting infrared radiation

emitted by an object. These are non-contact sensors used in medical, industrial, and
automotive applications.

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Week-6: Bluetooth Connection and Characters from Arduino

Bluetooth technology has become ubiquitous in the realm of IoT, enabling the creation of
interconnected systems that facilitate data exchange and control over short distances without the
need for physical wires. The session will commence with an overview of Bluetooth technology,
elucidating the different Bluetooth versions, frequency bands, and communication modes
employed in IoT applications. Participants will gain insights into the Bluetooth protocol stack,
comprising the physical layer, link layer, and higher-level protocols, and understand the roles of
Bluetooth modules in enabling wireless communication. Subsequently, the focus will shift to the
practical aspects of establishing Bluetooth connections with Arduino microcontrollers.
Participants will learn about popular Bluetooth modules, such as HC-05 and HC-06, and their
compatibility with Arduino boards. Through hands-on demonstrations and interactive exercises,
attendees will acquire the skills necessary to configure Bluetooth modules, establish pairings with
external devices, and exchange data wirelessly between Arduino and other Bluetooth- enabled
devices.

Furthermore, participants will explore methods for sending and receiving data, known as
"characters," between Arduino and external devices via Bluetooth connections. Practical examples
will be provided to illustrate how Arduino can transmit sensor data, control actuators, or receive
commands from a smart phone or computer using Bluetooth communication. Throughout the
session, real-world applications of Bluetooth-enabled IoT systems will be discussed, ranging from
home automation and wearable devices to industrial monitoring and healthcare applications.
Participants will gain valuable insights into the potential of Bluetooth technology to enable
seamless connectivity and enhance the functionality of IoT solutions in diverse domains.

By the conclusion of the session, participants will have acquired a solid understanding of
Bluetooth communication principles, the process of establishing connections with Arduino micro
controllers, and the practical implementation of Bluetooth-enabled IoT projects. Armed with this
knowledge, attendees will be well-equipped to integrate Bluetooth connectivity into their Arduino-
based prototypes and develop innovative IoT solutions that leverage wireless communication for
enhanced versatility and functionality.

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Week-7: Introduction to Android Application Development

Android operating system is the largest installed base among various mobile platforms
across the globe. Hundreds of millions of mobile devices are powered by Android in more than
190 countries of the world. It conquered around 71% of the global market share by the end of 2021,
and this trend is growing bigger every other day. The company named Open Handset Alliance
developed Android for the first time that is based on the modified version of the Linux kernel and
other open-source software. Google sponsored the project at initial stages and in the year 2005, it
acquired the whole company. In September 2008, the first Android-powered device was launched
in the market. Android dominates the mobile OS industry because of the long list of features it
provides. It’s user-friendly, has huge community support, provides a greater extent of
customization, and a large number of companies build Android-compatible smartphones. As a
result, the market observes a sharp increase in the demand for developing Android mobile
applications, and with that companies need smart developers with the right skill set. At first, the
purpose of Android was thought of as a mobile operating system. However, with the advancement
of code libraries and its popularity among developers of the divergent domain, Android becomes
an absolute set of software for all devices like tablets, wearables, set-top boxes, smart TVs,
notebooks, etc.

FIG 3 : Major Devices Run On Android OS

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Features of Android:

Android is a powerful open-source operating system that open-source provides immense

features and some of these are listed below.

FIG 4 : Features of Android

 Android Open Source Project so we can customize the OS based on our requirements.
 Android supports different types of connectivity for GSM, CDMA, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.
for telephonic conversation or data transfer. 
 Using Wi-Fi technology we can pair with other devices while playing games or using other
applications.
 It contains multiple APIs to support location-tracking services such as GPS.
 We can manage all data storage-related activities by using the file manager. 
 It contains a wide range of media supports like AVI, MKV, FLV, MPEG4, etc. to play or
record a variety of audio/video.
 It also supports different image formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, MP3, etc.
 It supports multimedia hardware control to perform playback or recording using a camera
and microphone.
 Android has an integrated open-source Web Kit layout-based web browser to support User
Interfaces like HTML5, and CSS3.

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Week-8: Connecting DHT Sensor

FIG 5 : Connecting DHT Sensor

In this practical session, we will delve into the realm of sensor interfacing by learning how
to connect and integrate DHT sensors, which measure humidity and temperature, with Arduino or
other compatible microcontrollers. The session will commence with an overview of DHT sensors,
elucidating their principles of operation, technical specifications, and typical applications in IoT
(Internet of Things) projects. Participants will gain insights into the underlying mechanisms by
which DHT sensors measure humidity and temperature, as well as the protocols used for data
communication between the sensor and the microcontroller. Subsequently, attendees will engage
in hands-on activities to physically connect the DHT sensor to an Arduino board or similar
microcontroller platform. Guided by step-by-step instructions anddemonstrations, participants will
learn the proper wiring and pin configurations required to interface the DHT sensor with the
microcontroller, ensuring accurate data acquisition and transmission.

Once the physical connections are established, participants will proceed to implement the
necessary firmware or software code to initialize the sensor, read sensor data, and communicates
with the microcontroller. Through practical examples and code walkthroughs, attendees will gain
proficiency in programming techniques for interfacing with DHT sensors, including the

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utilization of libraries and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) for sensor data acquisition
and processing. Furthermore, the session will cover strategies for validating sensor readings and
troubleshooting common issues encountered during sensor integration, ensuring robust and
reliable operation in real-world IoT applications. Through practical examples and code
walkthroughs, attendees will gain proficiency in programming techniques for interfacing with
DHT sensors, including the utilization of libraries and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
for sensor data acquisition and processing.
Furthermore, the session will cover strategies for validating sensor readings and
troubleshooting common issues encountered during sensor integration, ensuring robust and
reliable operation in real-world IoT applications. Participants will have the opportunity to
experiment with different sensor configurations and environmental conditions, gaining insights
into the factors that influence sensor performance and accuracy. By the conclusion of the session,
participants will have acquired practical skills and knowledge essential for successfully connecting
and interfacing DHT sensors with microcontroller based IoT systems. Armed with this expertise,
attendees will be empowered to incorporate humidity and temperature sensing capabilities into
their IoT projects, enabling them to monitor and respond to environmental conditions with
precision and efficiency.

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Week-9: Introduction to HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is the standard markup language used
to create web pages. HTML is a combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext
defines the link between web pages. A markup language is used to define the text document within
the tag to define the structure of web pages. This language is used to annotate (make notes for the
computer) text so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text accordingly. Most markup
languages (e.g. HTML) are human-readable. The language uses tags to define what manipulation
has to be done on the text.

What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and it is used to create web pages. It uses
HTML tags and attributes to describe the structure and formatting of a web page. HTML consists
of various elements, which are responsible for telling search engines how to display page content.
For example, headings, lists, images, links, and more.

HTML Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>First HTML Code</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Welcome To GFG</h2>

<p>Hello Geeks</p>

</body>

</html>

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Features of HTML
 It is easy to learn and easy to use.
 It is platform-independent.
 Images, videos, and audio can be added to a web page.
 Hypertext can be added to the text.
 It is a markup language.

HTML Elements and Tags

HTML uses predefined tags and elements that tell the browser how to display the content. HTML
elements include an opening tag, some content, and a closing tag.
Remember to include closing tags. If omitted, the browser applies the effect of the opening tag
until the end of the page.

HTML Page Structure

The basic structure of an HTML page is shown below. It contains the essential building-block
elements (i.e. doctype declaration, HTML, head, title, and body elements) upon which all web
pages are created.
 <!DOCTYPE html> – This is the document type declaration (not technically a tag). It declares
a document as being an HTML document. The doctype declaration is not case- sensitive.
 <html> – This is called the HTML root element. All other elements are contained within it.

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 <head> – The head tag contains the “behind the scenes” elements for a webpage. Elements
within the head aren’t visible on the front end of a webpage. HTML elements used inside the
<head> element include:
 <style> – This HTML tag allows us to insert styling into our web pages and make them
appealing to look at with the help of CSS.
 <title> – The title is what is displayed on the top of your browser when you visit a website and
contains the title of the webpage that you are viewing.
 <base> – It specifies the base URL for all relative URL’s in a document.
 <noscript> – Defines a section of HTML that is inserted when the scripting has been turned off
in the user’s browser.
 <script> – This tag is used to add functionality to the website with the help of JavaScript.
 <meta> – This tag encloses the metadata of the website that must be loaded every time the
website is visited. For eg:- the metadata charset allows you to use the standard UTF-8 encoding
on your website. This in turn allows the users to view your webpage in the language of their
choice. It is a self-closing tag.
 <link> – The ‘link’ tag is used to tie together HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It is self-closing.
 <body> – The body tag is used to enclose all the visible content of a webpage. In other words,
the body content is what the browser will show on the front end.

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Week-10: Programming ESP8266 Module through Arduino

FIG 6 : Programming ESP8266 Module through Arduino

To program an ESP8266 module using Arduino, you can try these steps:

1. Connect the ESP8266 to your PC using an Arduino or USB TTL serial adapter.

2. Connect the reset pin of the Arduino to the ground, and the RX and TX pins to the RX and TX
pins of the ESP8266.

3. Connect the 3.3 volt pin of the Arduino to the VCC of the ESP8266 module, and ground to
ground on the PC side.

4. In the IDE, go to Tools, then Board, and select the generic ESP8266 module.

5. Note the available ports, plug in the Arduino via USB, and select the new port that appears.

6. Go to Files, then Examples, then ESP 8266, and select Blink.

7. Upload the sketch by clicking the arrow.

8. Before uploading, solder GPIO zero to ground, then press the push button to reset the ESP8266
module.

9. When the program is successfully uploaded, remove GPIO 0 from ground.

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Week-11: NODEMCU - Open Source IoT Platform

FIG 7 : NODEMCU - Open Source IoT Platform

Node MCU is an open-source IoT platform based on the ESP8266 microcontroller,

designed for easy development of Internet of Things (IoT) projects. The platform provides
hardware and software components, allowing users to create IoT applications with minimal effort.
Here is an overview of Node MCU, including its hardware features, software capabilities,
applications, and benefits

Hardware Features

 ESP8266 Microcontroller: The core of NodeMCU, this chip includes a built-in Wi-Fi
module, allowing wireless communication with IoT networks. It has a 32-bit architecture,
operating at 80-160 MHz, with 80 KB RAM and 4 MB flash memory.
 GPIO (General Purpose Input/output) Pins: NodeMCU has multiple GPIO pins for
connecting sensors, actuators, and other peripherals.

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 Analog Input: Includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) pin for reading analog
signals.
 Power Supply: Can be powered via USB or an external source with a wide range of
input voltages (3.3V to 6V).
 Compact Design: The board is compact, facilitating integration into various projects.

Software Features

 Lua Scripting Language: NodeMCU uses Lua, a lightweight scripting language, to

program the ESP8266. This makes it accessible to those with limited programming
experience.
 Support for Arduino IDE: NodeMCU can also be programmed using the Arduino IDE,
providing an alternative development environment with a wide range of libraries and
community support.
 Built-in Firmware: NodeMCU comes with pre-installed firmware, allowing quick
development and testing of IoT applications.
 Networking and Communication: The platform supports Wi-Fi communication,
including client and server modes, and integrates with common IoT protocols like MQTT
and HTTP.
 Compatibility with IoT Platforms: NodeMCU can be integrated with popular IoT
platforms like Thing Speak, Blynk, and Google Firebase.

Applications

 Home Automation: NodeMCU is used to control smart devices, such as lights,

thermostats, and door locks, over Wi-Fi.
 Weather Stations: By connecting sensors like DHT11 or DHT22, NodeMCU can create
IoT-based weather monitoring systems.
 Remote Monitoring and Control: It enables remote monitoring of environments and
control of devices through mobile applications or web interfaces.
 Wearable Devices: Node MCU's compact size and Wi-Fi capability make it suitable for
creating connected wearable’s.

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 Industrial IoT: The platform can be used in industrial settings for monitoring equipment
and processes remotely.

Benefits of NodeMCU

 Open Source: Being open source, NodeMCU benefits from a large community that
contributes to its development and provides extensive documentation and support.
 Cost-Effective: NodeMCU is relatively inexpensive, making it accessible for hobbyists
and small-scale projects.
 Ease of Use: With its scripting language and Arduino IDE support, NodeMCU is
beginner-friendly.
 Extensibility: Its GPIO pins and Wi-Fi capability allow extensive integration with
sensors, actuators, and other IoT devices.
 Rapid Prototyping: Node MCU's built-in firmware and compatibility with common
development tools make it ideal for quickly prototyping IoT solutions.

Limitations

 Limited Processing Power: The ESP8266 microcontroller has limited processing

capabilities compared to more powerful microcontrollers.
 Single Analog Input: NodeMCU has only one analog input, which might limit some
applications.
 Security Concerns: As with any IoT device, there can be security risks if not properly
configured and maintained.

Conclusion

Node MCU is a versatile and cost-effective platform for developing IoT projects. With its
open-source nature, support for Lua and Arduino IDE, and compatibility with popular IoT
protocols and platforms, Node MCU is a popular choice for hobbyists, makers, and engineers

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Week-12: Interfacing DHT11 with ESP8266 NodeMCU Using Web Server

FIG 8 : Interfacing DHT11 with ESP8266 Node MCU Using Web Server

To interface a DHT11 sensor with an ESP8266 NodeMCU using a web server, you can try these
steps:

1. Connect the DHT11 sensor to the ESP8266 by connecting the VCC pin to the 3.3 volts on the
NodeMCU, the ground pin to the ground on the DHT11 sensor, and the data pin to the GPR pin
of your choice.

2. Open Arduino IDE and go to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries.

3. Search for "DHT" and install the DHT library from Adafruit.

4. Type "Adafruit Unified Sensor" in the search box and install it.

5. Restart Arduino IDE.

6. Upload the following code to ESP8266 NodeMCU:

o #include

o #include “DHT.h”

o #define DHTTYPE DHT11

7. Get the IP of the webpage.

8. Open a browser on a PC or mobile device that is connected to the same network as the
NodeMCU.

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Week-13: Introduction to Raspberry Pi

FIG 9 : Introduction to Raspberry Pi 3

Raspberry Pi is a compact, affordable, and versatile single-board computer developed by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation in the UK. It was originally designed to promote computer science
education, but its adaptability and low cost have made it popular among hobbyists, educators, and
professionals for a wide range of applications. Here's an overview of the key concepts that could
form the foundation of an introduction to Raspberry Pi:

Purpose and Origin:

 Raspberry Pi was created to encourage computer science education and to provide an

accessible platform for learning programming and electronics.
 It was first released in 2012 and has since become a global phenomenon, with millions of
units sold and a vibrant community of users and developers.

Hardware Components:

 A Raspberry Pi consists of a single circuit board that integrates a microprocessor,

memory, USB ports, HDMI output, and GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) pins.
 Depending on the model, it may also include wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth),
Ethernet, and audio output.

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Models and Variants:

 The Raspberry Pi family includes various models with differing specifications, such as
the Raspberry Pi 3, Raspberry Pi 4, Raspberry Pi Zero, and others.
 Each model offers different levels of performance, memory, and connectivity, allowing
users to choose the right one for their needs.

Operating Systems and Software:

 The most common operating system for Raspberry Pi is Raspberry Pi OS (formerly

Raspbian), a Linux-based OS optimized for these devices.
 Users can also install other operating systems like Ubuntu, Retro Pie (for gaming), or
specialized operating systems for specific applications.
 The Raspberry Pi can run a variety of software, from Python and Scratch for
programming to media centers, web servers, and more.

Applications and Projects:

 The Raspberry Pi's versatility makes it suitable for a wide range of projects, including
home automation, IoT (Internet of Things), media centers, robotics, and educational
projects.
 Its GPIO pins allow for interfacing with sensors, motors, and other electronic
components, making it ideal for prototyping and experimentation.

Community and Support:

 The Raspberry Pi community is a rich source of knowledge, with extensive

documentation, forums, tutorials, and project ideas.
 There are also educational resources available for teachers and students, as well as
support for coding and electronics projects.

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Getting Started:

 To start using a Raspberry Pi, you need a few basic components, such as a micro SD card
for storage, a power supply, and optional peripherals like a keyboard, mouse, and display.
 Once set up, you can install an operating system, configure the device, and start exploring
the various applications and projects available.

Hardware Architecture

 Processor and Memory: Raspberry Pi uses ARM-based processors, with more recent
models incorporating multi-core CPUs for enhanced performance. Memory (RAM) also
varies among models, with newer versions offering up to 8 GB of RAM for more
demanding applications.
 Connectivity: Beyond USB and HDMI, newer Raspberry Pi models include Gigabit
Ethernet, dual-band Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth capabilities, making them suitable for networked
applications and IoT projects.
 Power Supply and Power Management: The Raspberry Pi typically requires a micro
USB or USB-C power source, depending on the model. Power management is crucial, as
certain peripherals or intensive tasks may require additional power.

GPIO and Expansion

 General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Pins: These pins are a key feature that allows
users to connect the Raspberry Pi to sensors, motors, LEDs, and other electronic
components. This flexibility is foundational for robotics, IoT, and automation projects.
 Add-on Boards (HATs): HATs (Hardware Attached on Top) are expansion boards that
connect to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to add additional functionality, such as motor
control, sensor interfaces, audio capabilities, and more.

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Week-14: Setting up Raspberry Pi

Here are some steps to set up a Raspberry Pi for the first time:

1. Write the Raspberry Pi OS to a microSD card.

2. Insert the microSD card into the Raspberry Pi.

3. Connect the Raspberry Pi to a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

4. Connect an Ethernet cable if you plan to use wired Internet.

5. Plug the Pi in to power it on.

6. Click on Next to start the setup.

7. Enter a new username and password for your Raspberry Pi and click on Next.

8. Set up your screen so that the Desktop completely fills your monitor.

9. Connect to your wireless network by selecting its name, entering the password, and clicking on
Next.

Setting Up Your Raspberry Pi's Power:

You can't set up a Raspberry Pi without a way to power it on. The Raspberry Pi 4 B and
Raspberry Pi 400 (which is just a 4 B inside a keyboard) are powered via a USB Type-C port,
which requires a charger that can output 5 volts and 3 amps. Most USB Type-C phone chargers
don't have enough amps to get the job done, unless they have USB PD capability, but USB-C
laptop chargers should all work. While it's unlikely to be a problem, note that Pi 4 models that
were manufactured in 2019 or early 2020 have a bug which prevents them from charging over
high-speed data cables that support USB 3.x 5 or 10 Gbps connections. All other Raspberry Pi
models, including the Raspberry Pi 3 B and Pi Zero / Zero W / Zero 2 W, get power via a micro
USB port, which means that you can give it juice by connecting it to just about any of the many
different third-party chargers or even by attaching it to one of your computer's USB ports. While
you can get away with giving the board a lot less electricity (the Pi Zero W runs perfectly off of
my laptop's USB port), the optimal power source for a Raspberry Pi 3 should have 5 volts and
2.5 amps, which also provides plenty of power for any peripherals you attach to its USB ports.

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Week-15: MQTT and Mosquitto

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) and Mosquitto are closely related. Here's an
overview of both

MQTT: It's a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for low-bandwidth,

high-latency, or unreliable networks. MQTT is commonly used in Internet of Things (IoT)
applications, where small devices need to communicate with servers or other devices over
constrained networks. It uses a client-server architecture, where clients can publish messages to
topics or subscribe to receive messages from topics.

Mosquitto: This is a popular open-source MQTT broker (or server), developed by the Eclipse
Foundation. It acts as a middleman, receiving messages from publishers and distributing them to
subscribers based on topics. Mosquitto is highly flexible, supporting various authentication and
authorization methods, SSL/TLS encryption for secure communication, and client persistence. It
is widely used in IoT projects due to its simplicity, reliability, and strong community support.

In summary, MQTT is a messaging protocol, while Mosquitto is an MQTT broker. If you're setting
up an IoT system or any application that requires real-time messaging, you'd likely use MQTT as
the communication protocol and Mosquitto as the broker to manage message distribution.

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CONCLUSION
The conclusion of my online IoT internship reflects the comprehensive learning experience
and growth I have achieved during this period. The internship, which spanned two months, was
conducted in a virtual environment with daily classes, providing an in-depth understanding of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in various domains. At the start, I was excited to
explore the vast field of IoT, but I had limited knowledge of its components and operations. As
the internship progressed, daily online classes provided a structured learning path, allowing me to
grasp the key concepts of IoT, including sensors, microcontrollers, connectivity, data processing,
and analytics. The continuous interaction with instructors and mentors made complex topics easier
to understand and apply in real-world scenarios. A significant aspect of the internship was the
hands-on projects and exercises, which played a crucial role in reinforcing theoretical knowledge
with practical experience. Through these projects, I learned to work with popular IoT platforms
like Arduino and Raspberry Pi, and I gained insights into different communication protocols, such
as MQTT and HTTP. The practical assignments also highlighted the importance of scalability,
interoperability, and security in IoT systems. Moreover, the internship's focus on security and
privacy in IoT was invaluable. The daily sessions covered various security challenges in IoT
systems and best practices for addressing them. This emphasis on security was crucial in
understanding the potential risks and how to safeguard IoT devices and data from unauthorized
access and cyber threats. Overall, the online IoT internship was a transformative experience that
deepened my understanding of IoT technology and its real-world applications. The daily classes,
hands-on projects, and collaborative environment not only expanded my technical skills but also
honed my problem- solving abilities and teamwork. This internship has laid a solid foundation for
my future endeavors in the IoT field, inspiring me to continue learning and contributing to the
ever- evolving world of the Internet of Things.

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REFERENCES

 https://aws.amazon.com/whatis/iot/#:~:text=The%20term%20IoT%2C%20or%20Internet
,as%20between%20the%20devices%20themselves

 https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things

 https://www.ibm.com/topics/internet-of-things

 https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-the-internet-
of-things

 https://www.iot-now.com/2023/04/05/97056-what-is-iot/

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/internet-of-things

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